柔性Rushton搅拌桨的振动特性

采用数值模拟的方法分析了课题组前期开发的实验室规模的柔性叶片Rushton搅拌桨的振动特性,并采用丹麦的Brüel & Kj?r及中国的东华振动测试仪进行了实验研究。结果表明,桨轴系统的第1~6阶振型为弯曲型,第7~12阶振型为扭转型。模拟得到的固有频率与实验结果吻合较好,均表明存在集聚现象;与干模态固有频率相比,湿模态固有频率有所降低。承受高频交变激励载荷时,桨轴系统存在明显的应力和应变谐响应。桨轴系统的固有频率随转速的增大而减小,随介质黏度的增大而增大。研究结果为柔性叶片Rushton搅拌桨的放大设计及工业应用奠定了基础。     

柔性Rushton搅拌桨混合性能的实验研究

提高混合效率是流体搅拌混合领域的重点研究内容之一。几十年来,人们在开发新型搅拌桨及研发流体混合新技术方面做了大量工作。基于刚性Rushton桨,开发了一种柔性叶片Rushton搅拌桨,并以罗丹明6G为荧光剂,采用平面激光诱导荧光法对介质为水时该桨在湍流状态下的混合性能进行了实验测试研究。结果发现,标定实验结果表明,荧光剂强度与浓度呈线性关系,可以此为基准衡量同等实验条件下的宏观混合时间。荧光剂的扩散情况表明,与刚性桨相比,柔性桨具有更好的混合性能,尤其在混合的初始阶段,混合均匀程度及混合速度均有一定的优势。与刚性桨混合时间的对比表明,柔性桨的宏观混合时间较短,有助于提高流体混合效率。研究结果为该桨的工业应用奠定了基础。     

疏水Rushton搅拌桨的减阻性能

为了减小搅拌阻力与功耗,本研究提出了疏水叶片搅拌桨的设想。首先采用数值模拟的方法,对非疏水Rushton桨搅拌容器内的流场进行了模拟,通过与文献中实验结果的对比,验证了数值模型和模拟方法的可靠性。随后研究了湍流状态下疏水Rushton搅拌桨的流体动力学性能,分析了不同疏水状态下的流场结构、剪应力和压力分布以及减阻效果和搅拌功耗,并与非疏水桨进行了对比。结果表明,疏水处理后Rushton桨搅拌容器内的流场没有明显变化,但流体的轴向泵送能力有所增强,高速度区域略有扩大,超疏水时效果更明显。疏水处理可降低Rushton桨的剪应力和桨叶前后表面间的压差,具有减阻效果,超疏水时减阻幅度高达39.56%。另外,疏水Rushton桨的搅拌功耗有所降低,与非疏水桨相比,超疏水桨的功率准数降低了8.53%,具有显著的节能效应。     

刮壁桨搅拌功耗机理

刮壁搅拌功耗槽内流体阻力损耗和刮壁摩擦损耗，在层充域或过渡域两者存在一定的比例关系，在本实验范围内两者可以统一关联在一起，刮壁角对刮壁摩擦耗有影响但不是主要的，回归实验数据得同搅拌功耗的经验关联式。     

柔性Rushton搅拌桨的功耗与流场特性研究

基于传统的Rushton桨,开发了一种柔性叶片Rushton搅拌桨。采用数值模拟方法研究了柔性桨的功耗及层流和湍流流场特性,并分别采用扭矩测量法和粒子图像测速法进行了实验验证。结果表明,对于实验规模的搅拌容器,当介质黏度与甘油接近时,可用橡胶作为柔性桨叶制作材料。Reynolds数≤100时,柔性桨的功耗大于刚性桨;Reynolds数大于该值后,柔性桨的功耗小于刚性桨。柔性桨叶对被搅拌流体具有自适应特性,流固耦合作用下产生的变形增加了流体的径向流动能力。搅拌低黏度流体时,柔性桨能提升近桨区流体的速度,增加桨叶远端流体的循环流动能力;搅拌高黏度流体时,近桨区和桨叶远端流体的速度均大于刚性桨。就尾涡而言,柔性桨产生的涡量较小,耗能少。     

应用SST k-ω湍流模型计算Rushton搅拌釜流场

应用SSTkω-湍流模型对Rushton搅拌釜流场进行了计算,并与文献报道实验数据以及标准k-ε模型、RNGkω-模型预测结果进行了比较。结果表明SSTkω-模型所计算的排除流量准数与实验值相差较小,桨叶区速度场与实验数据吻合较好,略优于标准k-ε模型,同时也给出了近壁区的计算结果。在湍动动能的预报上,SSTk-ω模型值与标准k-ε模型比较接近,优于RNGkε-模型,但与实验值都还不同程度地存在着一些差异。     

搅拌槽内的Rushton桨叶周围流场的PIV测量

In this paper, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the mean and root mean square(RMS) velocity in the stirred tank with six-flat blade Rushton turbine and with no baffles. Two types of motion patterns were studied. One was that the impeller runs at constant speed, the other was that the impeller runs at time-dependent speed and in a periodic way. The emphasis of the paper was on the comparison of mean and RMS velocity vector maps and profiles between these two types of motion patterns, and especial attention was paid to the comparison of the mean velocity, time-averaged RMS velocity, phase averaged RMS velocity between the constant 3 RPS (revolution per second) and time-dependent operation. The Reynolds number was between 763 and i527. The study explained the mechanism that time-dependent RPS is more efficient for mixing than that of constant RPS.     

Rushton涡轮搅拌槽内流场特性及颗粒运动行为数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用大涡模拟（LES）和拉格朗日颗粒追踪技术计算了Rushton涡轮搅拌槽内流场特性及三种St颗粒的运动行为。平均流场（切向速度、轴向速度和径向速度）、颗粒速度及浓度分布方面与实验值的吻合度较好,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明,搅拌流场及颗粒运动均呈现循环流特性,当转速N=313r/min不变时,St=0.24的小颗粒几乎实现了均匀分布;而St=37.3的大颗粒与流体的跟随性较差,底部沉积率较高,容器顶部会出现一定的颗粒空白区。叶轮附近产生一系列的湍流涡结构,并且由于剧烈的颗粒-壁面碰撞,该位置颗粒拟温度最高;小颗粒（St=0.24）的运移主要受叶片后方尾涡的控制,均匀分布在低涡量区;而大颗粒（St=37.3）由于具有较大的惯性,运动不再由涡主导,很快被叶轮甩向边壁,穿过了尾涡所形成的高涡量区,故而叶轮对附近大颗粒的搅拌效果较差。     

一种计算搅拌槽混合时间的新方法

基于对混合时间定义的思考,提出了一种新的定义方法,在湍流流场数值计算的基础上通过求解示踪剂的浓度输运方程,研究了单层涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程。结果表明：搅拌转速和搅拌桨安装位置都影响混合时间的大小,而进料位置对混合时间的影响不大。对于不同的搅拌转速而言,随搅拌转速的增大,相同体积分数对应的混合时间逐渐减小。当搅拌桨安装在槽中间位置时所对应的混合时间最小。利用适宜的尺寸和安装位置的导流筒可有效降低混合时间。     

各向异性k-ε湍流模型在Rushton桨搅拌槽三维流场整体数值模拟中的应用

根据搅拌槽内的流动呈各向异性的特点 ,引入适用于强旋转流场的各向异性k -ε湍流模型 ,用改进的内外迭代法对有挡板的Rushton桨搅拌槽进行了整体数值模拟 .利用文献中对搅拌槽内流场测定结果 ,给出了适用于Rushton桨搅拌槽的各向异性湍流黏度系数值 .模拟计算得到了搅拌槽内的流场分布和脉动速度分布 ,并同标准k -ε湍流模型计算结果及文献数据进行比较 .结果表明 ,各向异性k -ε湍流模型能成功反映Reynolds应力、湍流动能等湍流特征量 ,明显优于标准k -ε湍流模型 .     

Transitional flow in a Rushton turbine stirred tank

The way in which the single phase flow of Newtonian liquids in the vicinity of the impeller in a Rushton turbine stirred tank goes through a laminar‐turbulent transition has been studied in detail experimentally (with Particle Image Velocimetry) as well as computationally. For Reynolds numbers equal to or higher than 6000, the average velocities and velocity fluctuation levels scale well with the impeller tip speed, that is, show Reynolds independent behavior. Surprising flow structures were measured—and confirmed through independent experimental repetitions—at Reynolds numbers around 1300. Upon reducing the Reynolds number from values in the fully turbulent regime, the trailing vortex system behind the impeller blades weakens with the upper vortex weakening much stronger than the lower vortex. Simulations with a variety of methods (direct numerical simulations, transitional turbulence modeling) and software implementations (ANSYS‐Fluent commercial software, lattice‐Boltzmann in‐house software) have only partial success in representing the experimentally observed laminar‐turbulent transition. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3610–3623, 2017     

涡轮桨搅拌槽内流动特性的大涡模拟

利用大涡模拟方法研究了涡轮桨搅拌槽内的流动特性,采用了三种亚格子模式:标准Smagorinsky-Lilly模式(SLM)、Smagorinsky-Lilly动力模式(DSLM)和亚格子动能动力模式(DKEM),并将模拟结果与标准k-ε模型及文献实验数据进行了详细的比较.结果表明:大涡模拟方法可获得搅拌槽内的瞬态流场;对桨叶区时均速度及湍流动能的预测与实验数据相吻合,比标准k-ε模型计算结果有明显改进,三种亚格子模型中DSLM和DKEM模拟结果更好.同时分析了大涡模拟中桨叶端部附近湍流动能估计偏差的原因,发现主要是由于对轴向湍流均方根速度的预测偏差造成的.大涡模拟方法为搅拌槽内非稳态、周期性的湍流流动和湍流特性的研究提供了强有力的工具.     

涡轮桨搅拌槽内流场特性的V3V实验

用体三维速度测量技术（volumetric three-component velocimetry measurements,V3V）实验研究了涡轮桨搅拌槽内桨叶附近流场。通过速度数据得到三维流场特性,确定尾涡三维结构;分析了叶片后方30°截面轴向、径向和环向速度沿径向分布规律;对比了V3V和2D-PIV（particle image velocimetry）径向和轴向速度,发现速度分布吻合较好,特别是尾涡所在的射流区。用2D-PIV方法对尾涡发展规律进行研究,发现受流体自由液面影响,尾涡轨迹向上倾斜,并与水平方向成10°,上、下尾涡运动轨迹不对称,下尾涡运动比上尾涡稍快,衰减亦较快,这与V3V实验结果一致;叶片后方60°尾涡依然清晰可见。用V3V和2D-PIV方法对桨叶附近湍流各向同性假设进行了分析,发现桨叶区和尾涡所在位置湍动能被各向同性假设近似法高估了25%~33%,桨叶区和尾涡所在位置趋向于各向异性。     

Characterization on the hydrodynamics of a covering-plate Rushton impeller

A modified Rushton impeller with two circular covering-plates mounted on the upper and lower sides of the blades was designed. There are gaps between the plates and the blades. The turbulent hydrodynamics was analyzed by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Firstly, the reliability of the numerical model and simulation method was verified by comparing with the experimental results from literature. Subsequently, the power consumption, flow pattern, mean velocity and mixing time of the covering-plate Rushton impeller (RT-C) were studied and compared with the standard Rushton impeller (RT) operated under the same conditions. Results show that the power consumption can be decreased about 18%. Compared with the almost unchanged flow field in the lower stirred tank, the mean velocity was increased at the upper half of the stirred tank. And in the impeller region, the mean axial and radial velocities were increased, the mean tangential velocity was decreased. In addition, the average mixing time of RT-C was shortened about 4.14% than the counterpart of RT. The conclusions obtained here indicated that RT-C has a more effective mixing performance and it can be used as an alternative of RT in the process industries.     

Power and mean flow characteristics in mixing vessels agitated by hyperboloid stirrers

The mean flow and energy consumption in vessels powered by hyperboloid stirrers was investigated. The Newton number followed an inverse linear law for Reynolds numbers below approximately 200, which had values more than twice higher the corresponding Newton number for a standard Rushton turbine. At high Reynolds number flows the Power number varied between 0.5 for a D/T = 0.78 impeller to 0.95 for a D/T = 0.24 impeller, as compared to a value of 5 for the standard Rushton stirrer, and to values of 0.31 and 1.58 for the Chemineer and Prochern hydrofoils. The power consumption did not change with the fluid height and was double for the double-stack configuration. The shear ribs below the impeller were the main contributor to the increased energy loss relative to a non-shear ribbed impeller and the small clearance had no major effect upon the power consumption. For the D/T= 1/3 hyperboloid stirrer the flow in the whole tank was rather gentle, defining a circulation number of 0.57, thus leading to a circulation efficiency more than 7 times lower than that of the hydrofoils.     

最大叶片式桨在假塑性流体中的搅拌流场模拟

为研究最大叶片式桨在高黏假塑性流体中的搅拌流动行为,以黄原胶溶液为研究体系,采用计算流体力学方法重点研究了釜内流体的功耗特性、速率分布、剪切速率、表观黏度分布和总体流动状况。结果表明:最大叶片式桨具有与大多数径流桨相似的"双循环"流型结构,且预测的功耗特性与实验数据一致性良好。最大叶片式桨适用于高黏假塑性流体的混合,而对于高黏牛顿流体的混合则效果不佳。釜内的剪切速率分布较宽泛,且受转速影响较大。转速可作为该桨改善黄原胶体系混合效率的重要参数之一。