灰熔聚流化床粉煤气化炉制燃料气的工业运行

以云南文山铝业800kt/a氧化铝配套煤气工程的生产运行为例,分析了气化炉运行参数及气化炉工况稳定运行的影响因素。通过工业实践运行结果表明,灰熔聚气化炉能满足长周期生产稳定运行,使得该炉得到了推广应用。     

Online temperature estimation of Shell coal gasification process based on extended Kalman filter

Obtaining the temperature inside the gasifier of a Shell coal gasification process(SCGP) in real-time is very important for safe process operation. However, this temperature cannot be measured directly due to the harsh operating condition. Estimating this temperature using the extended Kalman filter(EKF)based on a simplified mechanistic model is proposed in this paper. The gasifier is partitioned into three zones. The quench pipe and the transfer duct are seen as two additional zones. A simplifi...     

造气炉气化层温度测量与控制技术

针对造气炉操作中温度控制存在的实际问题，采用气化层温度在线检测技术，改进传统的煤气化工艺操作方法，以实现造气炉温度控制生产操作自动化。     

运用Gibbs自由能最小化方法模拟气流床煤气化炉

基于 Aspen Plus工业系统流程模拟软件 ,运用 Gibbs自由能最小化方法建立了气流床煤气化炉的模型 .研究了气化炉的主要操作参数 (即水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、碳转化率和气化温度 )对气化结果的影响 .对模拟结果进行了分析 ,发现模型基本正确 ,可应用于一些反应机理复杂的气化工艺的化学和热力学平衡计算 .模拟结果表明 ,氧煤比和水煤浆浓度是影响气化炉出口煤气组成的主要因素 ,气化炉温度随着氧煤比的增加而增加 ,也随着水煤浆浓度的增加而增加 .结果还表明 ,氧煤比对气化结果的影响比水煤浆浓度的影响更为显著     

Performance Evaluation of a Two-Stage Entrained-Flow Coal Gasifier Using Numerical Simulation

An advanced air-blown two-stage entrained-flow coal Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) gasifier is numerically studied under actual conditions. The simulation results are verified first with actually measured data of an industrial MHI gasifier. Then, the effects of different parameters such as the sizes of pulverized coal particles, devolatilization parameters, and operating pressure on the gasifier performance are investigated. The results indicate that as the coal particle size increases, the syngas temperature at the gasifier exit rises while the reactivity of the coal particle decreases. Reducing the operating pressure can have a negative effect on the gasifier throughput while the opposite trend is observed for higher operating pressure.     

气化炉炉体关键部位温度分布研究

从通用传热模型出发，研究了气化炉炉体的传热模型。应用有限单元法进行了求解，以德士古气化炉炉体为具体实例，计算了气化炉炉体关键部位的温度分布，结果表明，该方法可以有效的计算出气化炉炉体上任意一点的温度，以气化炉的设计。运行和维护提供理论依据。     

气流床气化炉炉体三维传热模型研究

从通用三维传热模型出发,研究了气流床气化炉炉体的三维传热模型,应用有限差分法进行了求解,以德士古气体炉炉体为具体实例,研究了炉内温度、环境温度、耐火砖的导热系数变化对气化炉炉壁温度造成的影响。结果表明,该方法可以有效地计算出气化炉炉体上任意一点的温度,为气化炉的设计、运行,维护提供理论依据。     

灰熔聚流化床粉煤气化技术0.6MPa工业炉运行概况

介绍了中科院山西煤炭化学研究所开发的灰熔聚流化床粉煤气化技术及其适用范围、工业应用情况。灰熔聚流化床粉煤气化技术具有气化温度适中、氧耗量较低、煤种适应性宽、产品气不含焦油、气化炉耐火材料要求低等优点。同时,对0.6 MPa工业装置的运行情况进行了介绍,总结了0.6 MPa工业装置运行结果,并指出当前需要改进和完善之处。     

壳牌气化炉热负荷用于控制反应温度的论析

提出了通过气化炉热负荷的变化,控制壳牌气化炉内气化反应温度的新思路。论述了气化炉热负荷的计算方法及其用于控制气化炉反应温度的优势;通过生产运行数据,对比了不同参数变化对气化炉热负荷和蒸汽产量的影响;结果表明,气化炉热负荷参数能够更真实地反映气化炉的操作状态。     

Modeling of an oxygen-staged membrane wall gasifier: effects of secondary oxygen

A new type of entrained flow gasifier with membrane wall and two-stage oxygen supply is being developed in China. The fraction of the secondary oxygen in total oxygen (FSO) is an important parameter for this kind of gasifier. A dynamic reduced order model (ROM) based on a reactor network model (RNM) is developed for this gasifier, which is used to investigate the effects of FSO on the slag layer thickness profile on the wall and explore the potential of FSO in dynamic slag control. The ROM adopts a flexible RNM blocking method, which varies with FSO to account for the influence of FSO on the flow pattern in the gasifier. Available industrial data was used to validate the model and a detailed sensitivity analysis for the calculation of slag layer thickness was performed. Static analyses show that FSO has a marked effect on the slag thickness distribution and higher FSO leads to lower heat loss through the wall. Finally, a slag control system, which introduced FSO as an auxiliary regulator, is proposed. Dynamic simulation shows that the new control system offers an improved performance in slag control and can broaden the regulating range of operating temperature.     

Identification of reaction zones in a commercial Sasol-Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom gasifier operating on North Dakota lignite

The Sasol-Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom gasification technology has the biggest market share in the world with 101 gasifiers in operation. To be able to further improve the technology and also to optimise the operating plants, it is important that the fundamentals of the process are understood. The main objective of this study was to determine the reaction zones occurring in the Sasol-Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom (S-L FBDB) gasifier operating on North Dakota lignite. A Turn-Out sampling method and subsequent chemical analyses of the gasifier fuel bed samples was used to determine the reaction zones occurring in the commercial MK IV, S-L FBDB gasifier operating on North Dakota lignite. The reaction zones were further compared with the same reactor operating on bituminous coal.Based on the results obtained from this study it was found that about two thirds of the gasifier volume was used for drying and de-volatilising the lignite thus leaving only about a third of the reactor volume for gasification and combustion. Nonetheless, due to the high reactivity of the lignite, the char was consumed within a third of the remaining gasifier volume. Clear overlaps between the reaction zones were observed in the gasifiers thus confirming the gradual transition from one reaction zone to another as reported in literature. Due to the high moisture content in the lignite, the pyrolysis zone in the gasifiers operating on North Dakota lignite occurred lower/deeper in the gasifier fuel bed as compared to the same gasifier operating on South African bituminous coal from the Highveld coalfield. All the other reaction zones in the gasifier operating on bituminous coal were also higher in the bed compared to the lignite operation. This can therefore explain the higher gas outlet temperatures for the S-L FBDB gasifiers operating on higher rank coals when compared to the gasifiers operating on lignite. The fact that the entire reactor volume was utilized for drying, de-volatilisation, gasification and combustion with carbon conversion of >98% makes the S-L FBDB gasifier very suitable for lignite gasification.     

多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉操作温度的控制

介绍了多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉工艺流程及气化炉炉温控制的重要性。分析了气化炉炉温控制的影响因素，介绍了多喷嘴对置式新型气化炉装置操作温度的控制方法，并阐述了更换煤种和炉壁超温工况下的炉温调整方法。     

Shell粉煤气化炉炉温控制方案的探讨

Shell粉煤气化炉的反应温度无法直接测量。目前通过测量出气化炉合成气中CO2含量来控制气化炉的O2/C，从而控制炉温，滞后时间太长。提出用带有前馈信号的二氧化碳控制器来控制炉温，提高温度控制的及时性和可靠性。     

Effects of operating factors in the coal gasification reaction

The effects of operating factors on a gasification system were reviewed by comparing a computational simulation and real operation results. Notable operation conditions include a conveying gas/coal ratio of 0.44, an oxygen/coal ratio of 0.715, a reaction temperature of 1,000 °C, and reaction pressure of 5bar in the case of Adaro coal; based on this, the cold gas efficiency was estimated as 82.19%. At the point of the reaction temperature effect, because the cold gas efficiencies are more than 80% when the reaction temperatures are higher than 900 °C, the gasifier inner temperature must remain over 900 °C. At high reaction temperature such as 1,400 °C, the reaction pressure shows little effect on the cold gas efficiency. The addition of steam into the gasifier causes an endothermic reaction, and then lowers the gasifier outlet temperature. This is regarded as a positive effect that can reduce the capacity of the syngas cooler located immediately after the gasifier. The most significant factor influencing the cold gas efficiency and the gasifier outlet temperature is the O₂/coal ratio. As the O₂/coal ratio is lower, the cold gas efficiency is improved, as long as the gasifier inner temperature remains over 1,000 °C. With respect to the calorific value (based on the lower heating value, LHV) of produced gas per unit volume, as the N₂/coal ratio is increased, the calorific value per syngas unit volume is lowered. Decreasing the amount of nitrogen for transporting coal is thus a useful route to obtain higher calorific syngas. This phenomenon was also confirmed by the operation results.     

紧急停车系统（ESD）在清华气化炉中的应用

ESD简称为紧急停车系统,适用于高温、高压、易燃、易爆等连续性生产装置的安全保护系统。大唐呼伦贝尔化肥有限公司合成氨装置清华气化炉采用了康吉森公司的TRICON ESD系统。介绍了清华气化炉的工艺特点;简述了气化炉ESD系统的硬件构成和软件构成,阐明了工艺条件下紧急停车系统的联锁逻辑和操作要求。应用效果表明,采用ESD系统的2套清华炉实现了安全联锁的要求,保障了气化炉的安全稳定运行。     

壳牌煤气化技术在国内的应用与技术创新

壳牌煤气化技术进入中国已近10年,随着其工艺技术的完善、运转经验的积累和操作水平的提高,目前大多数装置已能实现长周期稳定运行。简述了国内壳牌煤气化装置的建设概况及总体使用情况;分析了装置运行中普遍存在的问题及其原因;总结了控制气化炉炉温、测量粉煤输送速度等操作经验;介绍了合成气冷却器积灰结垢等故障处理办法;概述了壳牌煤...     

煤气化过程的模型和模拟与优化操作

介绍了煤气化过程的模型和煤气化过程采用机理模型的理由，固定床煤气化过程机理模型的建立以及模拟计算的结果，并探讨了固定床水煤气化炉和流化床水煤气炉制气过程优化操作参数的确定。开发的数学模型已用于制气炉的模拟计算，与实测数据比较符合，由气化过程的数学模拟气化过程不同条件下各种参数的变化规律，进而可得出气化过程的优化操作条件，其确定过程比试验法安全，省时，省料。     

工艺操作对多喷嘴气化炉拱顶砖的影响

分析了煤种、炉温、运行管理、装置开停车及烧嘴等对多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉运行和拱顶耐火砖使用寿命的影响。通过优化操作,拱顶耐火砖运行周期已延长至15000h,标志着多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术的工业应用更趋成熟、完善。     

基于IGCC两段式干煤粉加压气化炉温度测量元件的研究

气化炉温度,作为设备运行的重要控制参数,其测量准确性对工况的控制存在重要意义。气化炉内环境复杂,对温度元件材质要求极高,使用过程中经常出现严重磨损,元件损坏,影响测量,通过对气化炉内温度的长期研究。论述了气化炉炉温的合理选型方法。     

气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制

气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制关系到气化炉及气化装置的安全,对于稳定料浆气化过程,延长气化炉的使用寿命具有重要的意义。本文介绍了气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制方法,论述了用双法兰差压变送器测量气化炉激冷室液位时,变送器的量程和迁移量的计算方法以及保护双法兰差压变送器所采取的措施。