基于EMMS介尺度模型的双分散鼓泡流化床的模拟

双分散气固鼓泡流化床中颗粒通常具有不同粒径或密度,导致产生颗粒偏析等现象,影响传递和反应行为。颗粒分离和混合与气泡运动密不可分,其中相间曳力起关键作用。最近Ahmad等提出了一种基于气泡结构的双分散介尺度曳力模型,能成功预测双分散鼓泡流化床的床层膨胀系数。本研究耦合该曳力模型与连续介质方法,模拟了两种不同的双分散鼓泡流化床,通过分析不同流化状态下的气泡运动、颗粒浓度比的轴向分布等参数,进一步检验模型的适用性。研究表明,当双分散颗粒处于完全流化状态时,耦合双分散介尺度曳力模型可合理预测不同颗粒的分离现象;而其处于过渡流化状态时,新曳力模型和传统模型均无法获得合理结果,此时调节固固曳力可改进模拟结果。     

气固流化系统多尺度跨流域EMMS建模

气固流化床反应器是典型的具有多尺度非均匀动态结构的复杂系统。实现对该类反应器定量描述和定向调控的关键是深入了解系统内介尺度结构的形成和演化特征。能量最小多尺度（EMMS）方法为气固非均匀系统的量化表征提供了一种通用的建模思路。首先回顾了EMMS理论在构建曳力本构关系方面的应用,重点介绍了本课题组在EMMS曳力模型普适化方面所做的部分工作;随后对介尺度结构时空动态演化行为的群平衡建模方法进行了论述,并给出了群平衡和结构曳力模型相耦合的连续介质模拟框架;最后讨论了EMMS原理在预测反应器宏尺度动力学方面的应用,包括模型在不同流域的拓展、操作相图的绘制以及循环流化床的全回路稳态建模方法等。     

循环流化床反应器理论研究进展

对循环流化床数学模型的实验依据和理论依据进行了分析研究,在此基础上对现有的数学模型进行了简单的分类,并将一维轴向模型和环-核流动模型与研究者发表的实验数据进行了比较,讨论了模型间产生差异的原因。     

循环流化床过渡段高度的简化计算

建立了循环流化床轴向“S”型分布过渡段高度的计算模型,实现了仅由操作条件和物料性质计算过渡段长度及对应的空隙率分布.与几种体系实验值的比较表明,模型计算结果与实际吻合较好.     

循环流化床锅炉灰平衡和循环倍率计算方法的研究

正确地确定循环流化床锅炉的灰平衡计算方法和循环倍率是循环流化床锅炉性能设计的基础。阐述了循环倍率和灰平衡计算的重要性，并从灰平衡计算方法分析出发，给出了各节点灰量和循环倍率的计算公式，找到了完善这一计算方法的关键参数ａｙｈ。     

压力循环流化床流体动力特性研究

运用多尺度能量最小（ＥＭＭＳ）整体动力学模型,从理论上研究了循环流化床内流体动力学特性随床压的变化规律,为压力循环流化床设备的设计与运行提供指导。     

循环流化床下行管内气固两相流流体力学模型与数值模拟

从流体力学和湍流理论出发，将ｋ－ε模型运用到气固两相流动体系中，建立了气固两相湍流模型。模型计算得出的轴径向颗粒浓度及速度与实测值相吻合，为下行管的设计放大提供了理论依据。     

循环流化床脱硫过程流场与反应的数值研究

在常规研究的基础上,本文选用了k-ε双方程两相模型与含湿颗粒反应化学动力学模型结合对循环流化床脱硫过程内部流场与化学反应过程进行了数值模拟计算,并对计算数据进行了分析,模拟的结果对于工程实践具有较好的应用价值。     

循环流化床相似准则及数值验证

基于适用于同一装置的Shi相似准则和适用于不同装置的Horio相似准则,本研究提出了不受颗粒直径与反应器直径比限制的循环流化床流动相似准则。通过数值模拟方式验证了已有Shi准则在同一装置中的适用性,同时也是对所采用数值模型的验证,随后在不同比例装置中对本研究所提出的相似准则进行了模拟。对不同比例装置中气速变化、颗粒直径变化以及气速和颗粒直径同时变化的工况进行模拟,结果表明所提出的相似准则在固相浓度轴向分布、固相浓度径向分布和无因次速度径向分布上具有相似性,进一步通过压力波动特征探讨了宏观相似下的介观分布特征。     

网格尺寸对循环流化床内气固两相流动的影响

将基于能量最小多尺度方法(EMMS)的曳力模型耦合到双流体模型中,并针对循环流化床内的气固两流动进行了模拟研究。采用全滑移壁面边界条件处理颗粒相,考察了3种网格尺度对轴向空隙率和出口颗粒循环量等气固流动特性的影响。计算结果表明,应用EMMS曳力模型处理相间作用力,同时在采用全滑移壁面边界条件处理颗粒相时,双流体模型能够正确预测轴向空隙率分布。采用网格尺寸为2.325 mm×20 mm时,模拟结果和实测数据吻合较好,表明在循环流化床的数值模拟中选择恰当的网格尺度是极为重要的。     

Modelling the internal flow structure of circulating fluidized beds

A simple hydrodynamic model for Circulating Fluidized Beds has been developed. The mathematical model, based on the core-annulus flow structure, is shown to be able to predict the two-phase flow characteristics and it requires only two measurable steady-state parameters, namely the experimental average voidage profile along the riser, or equivalently the pressure distribution, and the net solids circulation rate. The model has been successfully tested using recently obtained literature data covering a variety of reactor configurations and operating conditions.     

循环流化床中颗粒聚团特性的模拟

考虑到循环流化床中分散颗粒和颗粒聚团同时存在的多尺度结构,确定了密相和稀相加速度与计算网格局部参数之间的关系,建立了多尺度曳力消耗能量最小的稳定性条件,基于双变量极值理论,构建了考虑颗粒团聚效应的多尺度气固相间曳力模型。结合双流体模型,对循环流化床内气固流动特性以及颗粒聚团特性进行了模拟研究。通过与实验值比较,考虑颗粒聚团影响的计算模型可以更好地贴近实验结果,颗粒聚团直径随颗粒浓度增大呈现先增大后减小的分布趋势,气体和颗粒的加速度在模拟中与重力加速度同处一个数量级,求解过程中不能被忽略。     

A computational fluid dynamics design of a carbon dioxide sorption circulating fluidized bed

A kinetic theory based hydrodynamic model with experimentally determined sorption rates for reaction of CO₂ with K₂CO₃ solid sorbent is used to design a compact circulating fluidized bed sorption‐regeneration system for CO₂ removal from flue gases. Because of high solids fluxes, the sorber does not require internal or external cooling. The output is verified by computing the granular temperatures, particle viscosities, dispersion, and mass transfer coefficients. These properties agree with reported measurement values except the radial dispersion coefficients, which are much higher due to the larger bed diameter. With the solid sorbent prepared according to published information, the CO₂ removal percentage at the riser top is 69.16%. To improve the CO₂ removal, an effort is needed to develop a better sorbent or to simply lower the inlet gas velocity to operate in a denser mode, leading to a larger system. Also, the effect of temperature rise on the removal efficiency is investigated. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Triboelectric charging of monodisperse particles in fluidized beds

To investigate the interplay between particle charging and hydrodynamics in fluidized beds, models for triboelectric charging and electrostatic forces were built into a computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element method model. Charge transfer was governed by the difference in effective work function between contacting materials as well as the electric field at the point of contact. Monodisperse particles were fluidized with an effective work function difference between the particles and the conducting walls. For smaller work function differences, hydrodynamics were not changed significantly as compared with an uncharged case. In these simulations, the average charge saturated at a value much lower than the value anticipated based on the work function difference, and a unimodal distribution of charges was observed. For larger work function differences, particles stuck to walls and bed height oscillations due to slugging were less pronounced. For these cases, a bimodal distribution of charges emerged due to effects from strong electric fields. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1872–1891, 2017     

Demarcation of a new circulating turbulent fluidization regime

Transient flow behaviors in a novel circulating‐turbulent fluidized bed (C‐TFB) were investigated by a multifunctional optical fiber probe, that is capable of simultaneously measuring instantaneous local solids‐volume concentration, velocity and flux in gas‐solid two‐phase suspensions. Microflow behavior distinctions between the gas‐solid suspensions in a turbulent fluidized bed (TFB), conventional circulating fluidized bed (CFB), the bottom region of high‐density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB), and the newly designed C‐TFB were also intensively studied. The experimental results show that particle‐particle interactions (collisions) dominate the motion of particles in the C‐TFB and TFB, totally different from the interaction mechanism between the gas and solid phases in the conventional CFB and the HDCFB, where the movements of particles are mainly controlled by the gas‐particle interactions (drag forces). In addition, turbulence intensity and frequency in the C‐TFB are significantly greater than those in the TFB at the same superficial gas velocity. As a result, the circulating‐turbulent fluidization is identified as a new flow regime, independent of turbulent fluidization, fast fluidization and dense suspension upflow. The gas‐solid flow in the C‐TFB has its inherent hydrodynamic characteristics, different from those in TFB, CFB and HDCFB reactors. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Phase holdup and liquid dispersion in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.     

气液固流化床流动介尺度模型研究进展

气液固流化床是一类重要的多相反应器,在化工及相关过程工业中有着广泛的应用。然而,由于对该类反应器内复杂的多相流动结构的定量描述十分有限,目前其设计和放大仍主要依赖经验,致使放大成功率低,反应结果达不到预期效果。因此,建立和完善气液固流化床内的三相流动机理模型,是实现该类反应器科学设计和放大的关键环节。对气液固流化床内的三相流动机理模型的研究进展进行了分析,着重总结了三相流动介尺度机理模型研究的新进展,并指出了存在的问题和进一步研究的方向,希望为该类反应器的基础研究和工业应用提供参考。     

A hybrid approach to computing electrostatic forces in fluidized beds of charged particles

In particulate flow devices particles acquire electric charge through triboelectric charging, and resulting electrostatic forces can alter hydrodynamics. To capture this effect, the electrostatic force acting on individual particles in the device should be computed accurately. Electrostatic force is calculated using a hybrid approach consisting of: (1) long‐range contributions from an Eulerian electric field solved using the Poisson equation (2) short‐range contributions calculated using a truncated pairwise sum and (3) a correction to avoid double counting. Euler‐Lagrange simulation of flows incorporating this hybrid approach reveals that bed height oscillations in small fluidized beds of particles with monopolar charge decreases with increasing charge level, which is related to lateral segregation of particles. A ring‐like layer of particles, reported in experimental studies, forms at modestly high charge levels. Beds with equal amounts of positively and negatively charged particles are fluidized in a manner similar to uncharged particles. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2282–2295, 2016