自然循环反应堆流量分配优化研究

由于自然循环反应堆一回路产生的驱动力有限,回路循环总流量较小,因此堆芯流量分配设计与优化非常重要。合理的堆芯流量分配不仅能满足热工安全要求,还能直接提高堆芯的性能。基于以上原因,本文对自然循环反应堆流量分配优化问题进行了初步研究,对闭式并联通道,采用一维流动传热模型,建立了入口阻力系数优化初值求解模型并设计了精确解搜索算法,并耦合堆芯热工分析程序COBRA编写了相应的堆芯流量分配优化程序。选择一自然循环反应堆算例,采用该程序对堆芯寿期内的流量分配优化进行了计算和分析。结果表明,将各典型寿期节点流量分配优化得到的入口阻力优化设置方案取平均值,可获得相对整个循环寿期达到较好优化效果的入口阻力设置方案。针对取平均值这种人工设计方法难以获得全局最优解的缺点,参考现代优化计算方法,提出了一种自动实现循环寿期内流量分配最优化的方法。     

自然循环反应堆全寿期流量分配多目标优化研究

堆芯流量分配设计是自然循环反应堆堆芯结构优化的重点内容,对提升堆芯经济性和安全性具有重要意义。基于反应堆闭式并联多通道模型构建了局部最优流量分配计算模型,并对现有的流量分配方案进行分析,针对其局限性,提出了一种基于最佳时区的多目标综合评价法,可实现反应堆全寿期多目标流量分配优化计算;根据所提出的理论,结合TOPSIS综合评价法,以自然循环下最大输出功率、反应堆寿期内出口最大温差以及最大温差随时间变化标准偏差为属性值,开展小型长寿命自然循环铅铋快堆SPALLER-100的堆芯流量分配方案优化研究。研究结果表明,基于运行时间为3182 d功率分布所得SPALLER-100反应堆堆芯流量分配方案最佳,与基于寿期初功率分布所得流量分配方案相比,所得方案堆芯出口最大温差降低30 K,堆芯出口最大温差随时间变化的标准偏差降低41%,反应堆自然循环最大输出功率提高2.35%。      

铅铋反应堆堆芯流量分区智能优化方法研究

堆芯流量分区是实现堆芯出口温度展平的重要手段,合理地分区可以提高反应堆的安全性和经济性。本文将人工智能优化算法与单通道模型进行耦合,构建了反应堆堆芯流量分区计算模型,分别开展遗传算法、差分进化算法、量子遗传算法在反应堆流量分区问题上的收敛性分析。根据所得最优算法,分别以寿期初功率分布、各燃料组件在整个寿期内最大功率为样本数据,基于小型长寿命自然循环铅铋快堆SPALLER -100开展两种不同流量分区方案对比分析。研究结果表明,在3种智能优化算法中,量子遗传算法在反应堆流量分区问题上收敛性最佳,能较快地搜索到最优分区结果;基于寿期初功率分布样本数据所得燃料组件最大出口温度超出反应堆热工安全限值,而基于各燃料组件在整个寿期内最大功率所得燃料组件最大出口温度降低了140 K,且始终保持在热工安全限值之下;SPALLER-100反应堆最佳分区数为5,再增加分区数对提高反应堆热工安全性能影响较小。      

SCWR堆芯稳态物理-热工水力耦合计算程序系统CASIR的开发

针对超临界水冷反应堆(SCWR)堆芯冷却剂密度沿轴向变化剧烈的特点,开发用于SCWR堆芯稳态物理-热工水力耦合计算的程序系统CASIR。CASIR由改进的压水堆堆芯中子学计算程序和适用于SCWR燃料组件计算的子通道热工-水力程序组成,具备调整堆芯下腔室入口流量分配的功能。针对CSR1000双流程的SCWR首循环堆芯,通过与蒙特卡罗程序对比寿期初时刻计算结果的方式,初步验证CASIR计算SCWR堆芯中子学问题的准确性;通过SCWR堆芯燃耗模拟,以及调整堆芯流量分布使得最大包壳表面温度(MCST)满足设计限值的测试,表明CASIR满足SCWR堆芯设计的要求,可应用于方形燃料组件的SCWR堆芯概念设计。     

深水池式低温供热堆堆芯子通道程序改进与计算分析

核能作为清洁能源,逐渐替代煤炭做为冬季供热的热源,池式常压低温供热堆具有良好的固有安全性,是最可行的方案之一。针对池式常压低温的堆芯结构、组件形式以及反应堆总体运行参数,使用子通道分析程序COBRA进行计算分析,对程序中的部分传热模型和CHF模型进行了修改,使之适用于低温常压状态运行的反应堆热工水力设计计算。使用改进的子通道分析程序COBRA计算分析了反应堆整个寿期内最危险时刻的反应堆热工水力参数,验证了堆芯稳态热工的安全性。通过对计算结果的分析表明,整个寿期内,堆芯稳态最小烧毁比(MDNBR)为3.485,燃料棒包壳表面最高温度为187℃,芯块中心最高温度为1 902℃,堆芯热工能够满足反应堆安全要求,并为反应堆的事故工况留有足够的安全裕量。     

秦山核电站二期反应堆堆芯流量分配数值分析

获得可靠的堆芯入口流量分配数据是改善压水堆堆芯热工水力性能的需要。应用计算流体力学方法研究了反应堆压力壳内复杂的流动现象,得到了秦山核电站二期600 MW反应堆1/4整体水力模型的堆芯入口流量分配状况,并对下腔室几何结构、冷管段入口流量等影响因素进行了敏感性研究。分析结果表明,双环路工况入口流量对堆芯入口流量分配影响较小;与双环路工况相比,单环路运行工况时流动特性显著变化,导致流量分配状况差异较大;堆芯入口流量再分配因子为0.05,与原型设计参数吻合。计算结果证实所采用研究方法有效,可为相关反应堆工程设计验证提供依据。     

基于CFD方法的自然循环反应堆冷却剂流动特性分析

运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对自然循环反应堆冷却剂流场进行计算模拟。分析发现,采用剪切应力传输模型(SST)与雷诺应力模型(SSG)进行流场计算,其结果基本一致;CFD流量计算结果与系统程序Relap5流量计算结果基本一致。对反应堆堆芯采用闭式通道和设置提升筒的方案进行论证分析发现,两种方案均对流量分配产生影响,使流量分配特性与堆芯径向功率分布更加接近,从而实现流量分区。     

反应堆压力容器下封头三维流场计算

精确分析反应堆压力容器下封头内流体流动特性是进行堆内结构优化设计和堆芯热工水力设计的前题.实验测定堆芯入口的流量分配耗费大量的人力物力,增加了设计成本.本文用计算流体软件CFX5.4.1计算反应堆压力容器下封头三维流场、压力分布以及堆芯入口流量分配.结果表明,理论计算与实验结果具有很好的一致性.理论计算的方法已经具有非常实际的工程应用价值.     

双环路压水堆非对称入口条件下物理-热工特性研究

双环路压水堆存在反应堆入口流量、温度不对称的非正常运行工况。本文建立了基于CFD方法的反应堆整体三维流场模型,并耦合中子动力学计算程序和RELAP5程序,对这种非对称入口条件下的反应堆物理-热工特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明：反应堆入口流量不对称会加剧堆芯入口流量分配的不均匀性,并进一步导致局部功率变化,对反应堆安全不利;在入口温度不对称的条件下,冷却剂在下腔室的混合非常不充分,并导致堆芯入口温度分布不均匀,引起局部功率变化较大,对反应堆安全不利。     

运动条件下铅铋反应堆热工水力特性研究

为研究运动条件下铅铋反应堆热工水力特性,开发了运动条件铅铋反应堆瞬态分析系统程序,并完成了对设计的5 MW自然循环小型模块化铅铋反应堆的建模,分析了运动条件对反应堆自然循环热工水力特性的影响。计算结果表明,倾斜条件下,堆芯流量减小,堆芯出口温度升高,在计算最大倾斜角度下,流量减小20%,冷却剂堆芯出口温度升高20 ℃。起伏条件下,起伏幅度和起伏周期越大,对反应堆影响越大,由于系统阻力影响,流量变化较起伏加速度有小于1 s的延时。摇摆条件下,摇摆角度越大和摇摆周期越小,对反应堆影响越大,燃料包壳峰值温度较稳态值高20 ℃以内,对反应堆正常运行时安全性影响较小。     

Analytical evaluation of two-phase natural circulation flow characteristics under external reactor vessel cooling

This work proposes an analytical method of evaluating the effects of design and operating parameters on the low-pressure two-phase natural circulation flow through the annular shaped gap at the reactor vessel exterior surface heated by corium (molten core) relocated to the reactor vessel lower plenum after loss of coolant accidents. A natural circulation flow velocity equation derived from steady-state mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for homogeneous two-phase flow is numerically solved for the core melting conditions of the APR1400 reactor. The solution is compared with existing experiments which measured natural circulation flow through the annular gap slice model. Two kinds of parameters are considered for this analytical method. One is the thermal–hydraulic conditions such as thermal power of corium, pressure and inlet subcooling. The others are those for the thermal insulation system design for the purpose of providing natural circulation flow path outside the reactor vessel: inlet flow area, annular gap clearance and system resistance. A computer program NCIRC is developed for the numerical solution of the implicit flow velocity equation.     

Effect of inlet geometry on hot-leg U-bend two-phase natural circulation in a loop with a large diameter pipe

In relation to nuclear reactor accident and safety studies, experiments on hot-leg U-bend two-phase natural circulation in a loop with a relatively large diameter pipe (10.2 cm ID) was performed for understanding the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWR. The loop design was based on the scaling criteria developed under this program and a horizontal section was inserted between the gas injector and the hot leg in order to investigate the effect of the vapor phase inlet section on the flow regimes and flow interruption. The loop was operated either in a natural circulation mode or in a forced circulation mode using nitrogen gas and water. Various tests were carried out to establish the basic mechanism of the flow termination as well as to obtain essential information on scale effects of various parameters such as the loop frictional resistance, thermal center, and pipe diameter. The void distribution in a hot leg, flow regime and natural circulation rate were measured in detail for various conditions. The termination of the natural circulation occurred when there was insufficient hydrostatic head in the downcomer side. The superficial gas velocity at the flow termination could be predicted well by the simple model derived from a force balance between the frictional pressure drop along the loop and the hydrostatic head difference. The bubbly-to-slug flow transition was found to be dependent on axial locations. It turned out that the inlet geometry affected the flow regime at the inlet of the hot leg, namely the void distribution in the hot leg.     

铅铋自然循环热工水力分析程序开发

铅铋堆内冷却剂的自然循环对于反应堆的正常运行以及事故工况下的堆芯热量导出均至关重要,相关热工水力分析工作对于支持设计及安审均有重要意义。通过对铅铋堆内一回路系统内主要部件,包括堆芯、热交换器、管道等建立热工水力物理模型,开发了适用于铅铋自然循环瞬态过程模拟的热工水力分析程序,并利用铅铋自然循环回路内开展的自然循环启动实验、功率台阶影响实验等的结果进行了程序的初步验证。结果表明,程序计算得到的结果与实验结果符合较好,能够较好模拟铅铋自然循环的瞬态过程。该程序可以为铅铋堆研发过程中自然循环热工水力分析工作提供支持。     

非对称条件下铅冷双环路自然循环系统抗扰动能力分析

自然循环铅冷快堆热交换器服役在高温、高压差、高密度和高腐蚀的恶劣环境下,易诱发传热管破裂和堵流事故,导致反应堆非对称热负荷或非对称阻力运行,对反应堆的安全稳定运行具有重要影响。本文以铅冷双环路自然循环系统为研究对象,采用无量纲分析方法,推导双环路系统自然循环流量理论解;分别开展不同负荷差或阻力差下自然循环系统扰动特性分析,采用拟合逼近的方法建立表征自然循环抗扰动能力的特征参数,并获得最佳抗扰动区间。研究结果表明,当系统引入一定的热负荷扰动和阻力扰动后,环路流量变化不大,此时系统抗扰动能力较强。      

摇摆条件下小型反应堆堆芯入口流量分配特性数值分析

为研究摇摆条件下小型反应堆强迫循环时堆芯入口处冷却剂的流量分配特性,采用数值计算的方法,使用计算流体力学（CFD）软件STAR-CCM+建立小型反应堆模型,完成模型验证,开展摇摆条件下反应堆堆芯入口流量分配特性研究。结果表明,堆芯入口位置距摇摆轴的距离越大,摇摆幅度越大,堆芯入口冷却剂流量波动越大;长周期摇摆对流量影响较小,但随着摇摆周期减小,冷却剂流量会发生跃变。堆芯入口冷却剂分布不均匀程度随摇摆幅度的增加而增加,但对摇摆周期变化并不敏感。     

超长寿命小型自然循环铅铋快堆堆芯概念设计研究

以提高铅铋快堆的经济性与固有安全性为目标,开展100 MWt超长寿命小型自然循环铅铋快堆SPALLER-100概念设计,在选用PuN-ThN燃料和²⁰⁸Pb-Bi冷却剂的基础上,提出了一种添加固体慢化剂BeO的燃料组件设计方案,开展了堆芯布置研究和控制棒系统设计,分析了堆芯物理特性与稳态自然循环特性。结果表明：在低燃料装载量和小堆芯体积条件下,SPALLER-100堆芯换料周期达32 a,平均卸料燃耗高达210.38 MW·d/kg(HM),整个寿期内的反应性系数均为负值。稳态运行工况下燃料包壳、芯块最大温度均小于安全限值,反应堆具备一回路自然循环能力和一定流量自动分配能力。     

Experimental study on two-phase natural circulation and flow termination in a loop

In order to study the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWR, a hot leg U-bend simulation loop has been built based on the two-phase flow scaling criteria developed under this program. The nitrogen-water system has been used to isolate the key hydrodynamic phenomena from heat transfer problems. Various tests were carried out to establish the basic mechanism of the flow termination and reestablishment as well as to obtain essential information on scale effects of various parameters such as the loop frictional resistance, thermal center, U-bend curvature, and inlet geometry. It was found that the permanent termination of the natural circulation was related to the head balance between the hot and cold legs. The local flow condition at the inverted U-bend could produce intermittent flow, however was not related to the permanent flow termination. The void distribution in a hot leg, flow regime, and natural circulation rate have been measured in detail for various conditions. Significant effects of the inlet geometry on these were observed. Near the flow termination condition, large amplitude flow oscillations occurred. The occurrence of this type of flow instability is important for safety analyses, because it may lead to loop-to-loop oscillations or flow excursions in a prototype system which has a multi-loop configuration.     

Two-group interfacial area transport equations at bubbly-to-slug flow transition

In relation to nuclear reactor accident and safety studies, experiments on hot-leg U-bend two-phase natural circulation in a loop with a relatively large diameter pipe (10.2 cm inner diameter) were performed for understanding the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWRs. The loop design was based on the scaling criteria developed under this program and the loop was operated either in a natural circulation mode or in a forced circulation mode using nitrogen gas and water. Various tests were carried out to establish the basic mechanism of the flow termination as well as to obtain essential information on scale effects of various parameters such as the loop frictional resistance, thermal center and pipe diameter. The void distribution in a hot-leg, flow regime and natural circulation rate were measured in detail for various conditions. The termination of the natural circulation occurred when there was insufficient hydrostatic head in the downcomer side. The superficial gas velocity at the flow termination could be predicted well by the simple model derived from a force balance between the frictional pressure drop along the loop and the hydrostatic head difference. The bubbly-to-slug flow transition was found to be dependent on axial locations. It turned out that the formation of cap bubbles in the large diameter pipe caused the increased drift velocity, which would affect the prediction of the void fraction in the hot leg.