自旋扭带强化传热及旋转特性

旋转扭带是在固定式扭带基础上发展而来的, 因其特殊结构所以能在管内流体作用下产生自旋效果。本文对自旋式扭带旋转特性及强化传热特性进行研究。通过理论及实验研究管内自旋扭带旋转特性后得出:扭率越小, 扭带克服阻力起始旋转需要的流体速度越小;扭带转速与管内流体流速呈一次线性关系, 且扭带节距不变时线性比例基本保持不变。通过实验研究后得出:自旋扭带能达到很好的强化传热性能, 扭率越小其强化传热性能越明显, 同时阻力特性也越明显, 在雷诺数为4×10³～4×10⁴、扭率为3～8时, 换热管内摩擦因子增至1.7～3.5倍, 努赛尔数增幅为10%～37%。本文使用评估指标η对扭带进行综合评价, 得出扭率为7的自旋扭带具有最佳的综合性能。并分别拟合出摩擦因子及努赛尔数与雷诺数、扭率之间的关联式, 提出一种工程上自旋扭带选型方法。     

盐浴螺旋盘管式焦炉上升管余热回收装置传热性能试验

对盐浴螺旋盘管式结构的焦炉上升管高温荒煤气余热回收装置进行了以烟气代替荒煤气的传热性能模拟试验,得到了上升管余热回收装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布、上升管内烟气侧的传热系数、环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数等试验研究结果。结果表明,装置螺旋盘管环形套筒的外壁温度分布并非均匀,随上升管内烟气温度的升高而波动增大;烟气侧对流传热系数在Re数高于2900后随Re数的增大而明显上升;螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热系数随熔盐温度的升高几乎不变。根据试验结果拟合出环形套筒内螺旋盘管外盐浴的自然对流传热关联式,为实际的工程应用提供参考。     

STEADY LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH TWISTED PIPES: FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN RECTANGULAR TUBES

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a twisted rectangular tube having an aspect ratio of two were studied using a numerical solution to the momentum and energy equations. Fluid flow solutions are presented for a fully developed laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid. Heat transfer results are presented for the case of axially uniform wall temperature. For the case of peripherally uniform wall temperature, the overall Nusselt number in a twisted rectangular tube was found to be higher than a straight tube by up to 30 percent over certain ranges of twist lengths. However, for the case of non-uniform wall temperature, the overall absolute Nusselt number increased very rapidly with decrease in the twist length     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of turbulent flow through a circular tube fitted with helical screw-tape inserts

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of circular tube fitted with full-length helical screw element of different twist ratio, and increasing and decreasing order of twist ratio set have been studied with uniform heat flux under turbulent flow conditions. The Reynolds number was varied from 2700 to 13 500. The experimental data obtained are compared with those obtained from plain tube published data. The maximum Nusselt number for the twist of 1.95 was obtained. The performance of the helical twist insert was compared with the twisted tape performance reported in the literature and found that it is better than twisted tape performance. The heat transfer augmentation for helical twist of increasing and decreasing order twist were also presented. The empirical correlations developed relating twist ratio and Reynolds number, are fitting the experimental data within ±13% and ±15% for Nusselt number and friction factor, respectively. The performance evaluation study has been presented to check the potential of using the helical twist insert.     

热负荷分配比例对抽凝-背压供热机组能耗影响

抽凝-背压供热模式是实现能量梯级利用、降低火力发电煤耗的有效途径,研究不同室外温度下供热凝汽器与尖峰加热器热负荷分配比例对机组能耗的影响,确定最佳热负荷分配比例,是抽凝-背压供热机组节能降耗的核心问题之一。本文利用热网变工况模型及Ebsilon软件仿真,以某310MW抽凝-背压供热机组为研究对象,分析了供热期不同温度下供热凝汽器与尖峰加热器热负荷分配比例不同时机组的发电功率及煤耗。结果表明：对于抽凝-背压热电联产机组,并非供热凝汽器热负荷比例越高而发电功率越高,供热期不同阶段,机组发电功率随供热凝汽器热负荷变化呈现不同规律;相同室外温度下,供热凝汽器与尖峰加热器热负荷分配比例对机组能耗影响很大,凝汽器热负荷比例不同时,其极差最小值和最大值分别为2.02g/（kW·h）和5.50g/（kW·h）。     

扭曲椭圆管管内传热与压降性能的研究

通过建立扭曲椭圆管单管传热与压降性能测试平台,利用光滑圆管,对测试平台测试结果的准确性进行了验证,同时对扭曲椭圆管的传热以及压降性能进行了实验测试,以测试结果为基础,验证了数值计算模型的准确性。对不同几何尺寸的扭曲椭圆管单管传热与压力性能进行了数值计算,分析了换热管几何参数对传热与压降性能的影响,结果显示:扭曲椭圆管传热性能随着扭曲椭圆管长短轴比A/B的增大而增大,随着扭曲椭圆管扭距S的减小而增大。同时以数值计算结果为基础,拟合得到了8×103相似文献   

高黏介质中内插扭带对换热管换热性能影响

某石化公司炼油厂第二套常减压装置中换热器的热交换介质为高黏度的原油及其附属产品,在对流换热过程中传热系数低,动能消耗大。针对这一现状,本文设计了一种换热管内插间歇半扭带,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent对内插间歇半扭带换热管在实际工况下的换热过程进行数值模拟,与光滑管、内插连续扭带换热管进行了对比,并给出了间歇半扭带传热元件的优化设计参数。结果表明:内插间歇半扭带大幅提高了换热管内流体的努塞尔数Nu,同时也使换热管内摩擦阻力系数f增大;间歇半扭带换热管的换热效率η比内插连续扭带换热管提高8%~12%;当间歇半扭带的扭曲率y为10、连接杆长度s为345mm时,换热效率η最高,达到2.06。研究结果为该常减压装置换热器强化传热的研究提供了理论依据。     

一种天然气液化和CO2捕集相结合的余热回收发电系统

针对余热回收和能源利用的问题,以液化天然气(LNG)作为冷源,稠油开采废气作为热源,提出了一种结合天然气液化和废气发电与CO₂捕集的余热回收利用系统。分析了关键热力学参数对系统热力学性能的影响。结果表明：对于有机朗肯循环和制冷循环,增加透平膨胀机的进口温度,降低其出口压力以及减少制冷循环压缩机进出口的压缩比,可获得最大净输出功为454.9 kW,余热回收效率为34.2%。对于天然气液化系统,采用C++进行非线性约束优化计算,以氮膨胀制冷循环压缩机总功耗为目标函数进行优化,得到压缩机最优总功耗为101.54 kW。降低天然气压缩机(K110)进口温度,氮气膨胀机(T3)出口压力以及氮气质量流量,可获得最大LNG调峰量为378.8 kg/h,反之,CO₂捕集量可提高28.6%。     

用于甲烷-氮气体系分离的膜技术研究进展

天然气作为一种高效、清洁的化石能源,在我国能源转型中扮演着重要角色。部分常规和非常规天然气含有较高浓度的氮气,会降低天然气的热值,无法满足管道输送的要求[氮气含量小于4%(体积分数)]。因此,天然气脱氮对实现化石能源的高效利用具有重要意义。相比于传统的气体分离技术,膜分离技术具有操作弹性大、投资少、能耗低等优点,在能源和环境领域均展现出广阔的应用前景。介绍了甲烷-氮气分离膜的传递机理,从甲烷优先渗透膜、氮气优先渗透膜两方面综述了甲烷-氮气膜分离技术的研究进展,同时针对不同的应用场合(常规天然气、页岩气和煤层气)进行了膜过程模拟研究,结合应用实例展望了膜技术在甲烷-氮气分离领域的发展及应用前景。     

Catalytic radiant burner for stationary and mobile applications

In present discussions on energy conversion processes aimed at producing both thermal and process heat, catalytic burners provide an alternative approach for future applications. Catalytic burners are advantageous in that they cause only low pollutant emissions during the process of converting chemical energy into heat. In addition, novel engineering concepts require the complete combustion of a variety of fuels and fuel mixtures. Against this background, a novel catalytic radiant burner was developed at the Research Centre Jülich. Under near-stoichiometric conditions, this catalytic burner burns both natural gas with hydrogen admixture in a heat recovery boiler for stationary heat production and methanol with hydrogen admixture in a reformer producing process heat to be used in a fuel cell drive system. The emission data of the catalytic heater were recorded at a nominal power of 11.5 kW, a nominal air/fuel ratio of 1.15 and different hydrogen ratios between 0% and 50% and were 7–3 mg/kW h for carbon monoxide and 3.3–3.9 mg/kW h for nitrogen oxides. The test runs for a catalytic burner to be used for heating a compact reformer in a fuel cell vehicle were carried out at a power density of 15–60 kW/m², a nominal air/fuel ratio of 1.1 and different hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water ratios. For nitrogen oxides emissions of less than 0.4 mg/kW h, the measured carbon monoxide amount ranges between 0 and 13 mg/kW h.     

一种提高焦化加热炉热效率方法的经济性分析

焦化加热炉的燃料消耗在焦化装置能耗中占有很大的比例,提高焦化炉的热效率,减少燃料消耗,能够达到加热炉节能减排的目的。通过降低焦化加热炉外壁温度减少炉体散热损失是已知有效地提高加热炉热效率方法之一,然而减少炉壁散热损失就意味着增加投资,那么炉壁温度降低到什么程度最为合理,以国内常用的典型焦化炉炉型和应用了较为先进的附墙燃烧技术的炉型为例,以这两种炉型常用的衬里材料为参考依据,通过计算几种不同外壁温度下两种炉型的散热量和衬里用量的变化,进行了相应的经济性计算分析,结果显示在现行设计标准的基础上降低炉墙外壁温度,可以有效减少散热损失,进而提高焦化炉热效率是可行的,在多个炉墙外壁温度的比选中,以三年投资回收期来看,60℃的外壁温度最为经济合理。     

SCV耦合传热特性实验研究与数值模拟

浸没燃烧式汽化器（SCV）是液化天然气（LNG）接收站中一种必不可少的换热设备,主要通过水浴系统作为中间介质实现烟气与LNG之间的热量传递。搭建一套完整的SCV流动换热实验平台,对其内部复杂的传热特性进行研究。可视化实验结果揭示了汽化器内部一些独特的流体动力学现象（局部水浴结冰等）,同时通过建立的气液两相混合物与跨临界LNG耦合传热计算模型得到了换热管束内外局部流体温度和局部传热系数分布曲线,并分析了LNG进口压力、LNG入口速度、初始水位高度以及烟气进气量对NG出口温度和水浴温度的影响规律。研究成果能够为SCV国产化设计提供重要参考。     

Optimization of the Heat Transfer Rate and Pressure Drop of Inside Profiled Tubes – Part 1

Nine inside profiled tubes were developed and investigated for optimization of the heat transfer rate and pressure drop behavior. The results of this work are presented in two parts. This part describes the comparative investigation of five tubes with different inside profiles to simulate the heat transfer and friction loss of fired tubular heaters in petrochemical processes. In part 2, a further four tubes with different inside profiles will be compared. To test the efficiency of the new profiles a test rig was modified. Using the similarity laws by Reynolds, the Reynolds number calculated for the gas flow in the heater tubes was converted into the flow rate, as well as the pressure and temperature of a distilled water system. Axial and peripheral velocities were measured using a Laser‐Doppler‐Velocimeter (LDV). Friction pressure drop and heat transfer were measured to determine the efficiency of each tested tube under the constant conditions of the distilled water system. The results of the investigations on these five inside profiles showed that profiles with eight flat and symmetrically distributed straight fins (tube III) or with a twist angle of 30° to the tube axis (tube IV), produced heat transfer rates higher that that of the bare tube by 120 % and 156 %, respectively, with increases in pressure drop only 46 % and 76 %, respectively.     

石油二厂硫酸装置扩能及节能改造设计

针对石油二厂硫酸装置现状,通过优化自热平衡的转化工段第1-4换热器换热面积;采用空气预热器,提高裂解炉燃烧用空气温度,以减少裂解炉燃烧用瓦斯用量来达到了扩能及节能目的.     

变扭率扭旋叶片强化传热特性

为探究扭旋叶片的结构参数--扭率变化率Tv对管道换热的影响,以水为介质,在Tv=-5~5范围内,采用实验和数值模拟方法研究了恒壁温条件下流体的传热和阻力特性,并分析了综合传热性能及强化传热机理。结果表明,沿流动方向Tv>0的扭旋叶片安装方式强化传热效果优于Tv=0,研究范围内Tv=2.5时综合强化传热比最高,相对Tv=0平均提高5.0%。而Tv<0时强化传热效果劣于Tv=0,应避免此种叶片安装方式。扭率的变化影响了流场结构,当Tv>0时,在近1/2流动区域内绕流旋涡的涡量和影响区域明显增加,同时,在绕流旋涡流动区域,压力、速度和温度的三场协同程度得到提高,进而强化了换热管道的传热效果。     

Improved area—energy targeting for fired heater integrated heat exchanger networks

Effective integration of various subsystems into the overall process, results in an energy efficient and economic plant design. In this paper, issues related to the area-energy targeting for fired heater integrated heat exchanger networks are studied. Performance of a fired heater is affected by the variables such as fuel fired and air-preheat temperature. These variables along with the minimum approach temperature difference for the heat recovery of the background process, affect the performance of the overall system. A methodology is proposed for the area-energy targeting for fired heater integrated processes. In the proposed methodology, the fired heater heat duty split between the radiation and the convection section is determined using the one gas zone furnace model.     

内置偏心多螺旋扭带换热管的传热特性研究

通过数值模拟对内置偏心多螺旋扭带换热管的传热特性进行了计算与分析,结果表明:换热管的对流传热强度随着扭带数量的增加而提高,随着扭带扭率的减小而提高。流动阻力损失相对于空管有很大程度的提高。传热性能评价指标在湍流时普遍较低,故多螺旋扭带换热管的使用应考虑流动阻力损失的影响。     

Optimization of a natural gas SI engine employing EGR strategy using a two-zone combustion model

Natural gas has been recently used as an alternative to conventional fuels in order to satisfy some environmental and economical concerns. In this study, a natural gas spark-ignition engine employing cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy in a high pressure inlet condition was optimized. Both engine compression ratio and start of combustion timing were optimized in order to obtain the lowest fuel consumption accompanied with high power and low emissions. That was achieved numerically by developing a computer simulation of the four-stroke spark-ignition natural gas engine. A two-zone combustion model was developed to simulate the in-cylinder conditions during combustion. A kinetic model based on the extended Zeldovich mechanism was also developed in order to predict NO emission. In addition, a knocking model was incorporated with the two-zone combustion model in order to predict any auto-ignition that might occur. It was found that the value of the compression ratio at which the minimum fuel consumption occurs varies with the engine speed. A minimum fuel consumption of about 200 g/kW h was achieved at an engine speed of 1500 rpm, inlet conditions of 200 kPa and 333 K, and a compression ratio of about 12. Also, it was found that cooled EGR can significantly reduce NO emission at high compression ratio conditions. NO emission decreased by about 28% when EGR was increased from 20% at compression ratio of 10 to 27% at compression of 12 at the same engine speed of 3000 rpm.     

沉浸式汽化器壳程流体传热实验与数值模拟

沉浸式汽化器广泛应用于LNG接收站调峰系统,其中壳程水浴流动传热特性是影响汽化器换热效率的关键因素。为此,利用可视化实验研究与数值模拟两种手段研究了初始水位高度、烟气进气量和进气温度对水浴传热系数的影响规律。研究结果表明：壳程水浴能够吸收烟气携带的显热和水蒸汽冷凝释放的潜热,排烟温度与水浴平衡温度基本相当;水浴在大量换热气泡诱导作用下,通过围堰溢流形成的循环水流能有效冲刷管壁,减薄流动边界层,起到强化传热作用;初始水位高度和进气量匹配关系影响水浴溢流情况,溢流后水浴传热系数明显增加;燃料量和空气量配比情况影响烟气温度和水浴湍流动能,水浴湍流动能较小时,即使烟气进气温度增加水浴传热系数反而减小。本研究可以为沉浸式汽化器的设计提供参考。     

Mass transport in the cathode of a free-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

In small fuel cell applications, it is desirable to take care of the management of reactants, water and heat by passive means in order to minimize parasitic losses. A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, in which air flow on the cathode was driven by free convection, was studied by experimental and modelling methods. The cathode side of the cell had straight vertical channels with their ends open to the ambient air. A two-dimensional, isothermal and steady state model was developed for the cathode side to identify the limiting processes of mass transport. The modelled domain consists of the cathode gas channel and the gas diffusion layer. Experimental data from current distribution measurements were used to provide boundary conditions for oxygen consumption and water production. The model results indicate that at the cell temperature of 40 °C the performance of the cell was limited by water removal. At the cell temperature of 60 °C, the current distribution was determined by the partial pressure of oxygen.