铁离子改性碳分子筛对氮气/甲烷分离性能的研究

针对碳分子筛对氮气/甲烷分离体系分离比低的问题,采用浸渍法以市售空分碳分子筛（CMS）为基体,制备了分离氮气/甲烷的铁离子改性碳分子筛。通过静态吸附量、分离比、吸附动力学及热力学性质考察了铁离子负载量对碳分子筛吸附分离氮气/甲烷性能的影响。结果表明：铁（Ⅲ）的负载减小了CMS的比表面积、微孔体积和孔径,使CMS超微孔的孔径分布呈现更集中的趋势。这种集中性以动力学性能下降为代价,明显提高了碳分子筛对氮气/甲烷的吸附分离比。在303 K、0.7 MPa条件下,综合性能优异的0.3%铁改性CMS具有6.03的氮气/甲烷吸附分离比。     

CH4-N2在MOFs结构材料中的吸附分离性能

针对甲烷氮气的分离难题,通过溶剂热法大量合成了6种典型的由单齿、多齿与多元配体构建的金属有机框架材料,并利用单组分静态与双组分动态吸附法分别研究了甲烷与氮气在材料中的吸附行为。研究结果表明,MOFs材料相对较弱的极性,致使其甲烷氮气的分离选择性明显优于Si/Al分子筛;多齿配体MOFs材料因配体较长,孔道较大,具有与活性炭相当的甲烷氮气分离选择性;MOFs中的不饱和金属位增大了孔道极性,不利于分离性能的提高;单齿甲酸配体构建的超微孔[Ni₃(HCOO)₆]框架具有非常优异的CH₄/N₂分离性能,其选择性高达7.0,是Si/Al分子筛与活性炭的2倍。这为高效甲烷氮气分离材料的设计提供了新的参考依据。     

淀粉基多孔碳材料的制备及其吸附CO2/CH4性能

以淀粉为原料,使用水热法将其碳化后用活化剂KOH对其活化,制备了淀粉基多孔碳材料,并对其进行结构表征和CO₂/CH₄的吸附性能测试,计算吸附热以及材料对CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性,讨论了碳材料结构对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明：在制备过程中,随着活化剂KOH用量比例的增大,所制得的材料其比表面积和孔容增大,其孔径分布也就越宽。所制得的碳材料其比表面积可达2972 m²·g^-1。这些淀粉基多孔碳材料对水蒸气的吸附等温线呈现出Ⅳ类等温线。所制备材料对CO₂吸附容量主要取决于其孔径小于0.8 nm的累积孔容（Vd < 0.8 nm）。材料的超微孔的孔容越大,其对CO₂吸附容量也越大。所制备的C-KOH-1材料在101325 Pa和298 K条件下,对CO₂的吸附量达到4.2 mmol·g^-1,其对CO₂的吸附热明显高于其对CH₄吸附热,其对CO₂/CH₄吸附选择性为3.7～4.26,同时本文通过对材料的水蒸气吸附等温线进行测试,结果表明所得材料主要表现为中等憎水性,这对材料在实际工况的应用奠定了基础。     

PREPARATION AND TESTING OF CARBON/SILICALITE-1 COMPOSITE MEMBRANES

Methods for preparation of carbon/silicalite-1 composite membranes have been developed. First, silicalite-1 membranes were prepared by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis on both porous alumina and metal disks. Preparation of the carbon/silicalite-1 composite membranes was accomplished by polymerizing furfuryl alcohol on the surface of the silicalite-1 membrane, followed by carbonizing the polymer layer in an inert atmosphere at 773 K. The pure silicalite-1 membrane showed no selectivity for single gases, indicating the presence of intercrystalline diffusion and viscous flow as the dominant transport mechanism. The carbon/zeolite composite membrane exhibited ideal selectivities for He/N₂, CO₂/N₂, and N₂/CH₄ of 11.99, 17.12, and 3.58 at room temperature. No permeation of n-butane and i-butane for the composite membrane was detected up to temperatures of 453 K, indicating that the pore size for the composite membrane was approximately 0.4 nm. By carefully oxidizing the carbon layer in air at 623 K, the pore size of the composite membrane was adjusted such that n-butane permeation could be detected. No permeation of i-butane was apparent, suggesting that the pore size of the composite membrane had been enlarged to approximately 0.5 nm. Further oxidation of the carbon layer produced a finite n-/i-C₄H₄ ideal selectivity, indicating that the pore size of the membrane was now larger than 0.55 nm. Therefore, selective oxidation of the carbon layer can be used to control the pore size of the composite membrane.     

AC/X-G吸附剂的制备及CH4/N2吸附分离性能

采用浓度为0.2g·ml^-1的葡萄糖溶液对13X沸石/活性炭复合材料(AC/X)进行碳沉积,研究沉积次数对复合吸附剂(AC/X-G)孔结构、表面性质和CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能的影响。通过X射线衍射,77K下的N₂吸附/脱附,扫描电镜,CO₂-TPD以及红外光谱表征样品的晶型、孔结构和表面性质,在298K、100kPa下对其CH₄和N₂吸附等温线进行测定,并将吸附结果与文献中碳材料和13X沸石的吸附性能进行比较。结果表明:随着沉积次数的增加,AC/X-G吸附剂中X型沸石的相对含量降低,微孔比表面积和微孔体积减少。AC/X-G的表面被碳膜覆盖,碱量降低,但出现强碱位和含氧基团C-O键。AC/X-G的CH₄和N₂吸附量下降,但吸附分离系数提高,沉积3次的样品AC/X-G-3的CH₄/N₂吸附分离系数达到3.0,表面的含氧基团有利于提高复合材料的CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能。     

CH_4/N_2 separation on methane molecules grade diameter channel molecular sieves with a CHA-type structure

Samples of methane molecules grade diameter channel CHA-type molecular sieves(Chabazite-K, SAPO-34 and SSZ-13) were investigated using the adsorption separation of CH_4/N_2 mixtures. The isotherms recorded for CH_4 and N_2 follow a typical type-Ι behavior, which were fitted well with the Sips model(R~20.999) and the selectivity was calculated using IAST theory. The results reveal that Chabazite-K has the highest selectivity(SCH_4/N= 5.5).2 SSZ-13 has the largest capacity, which can adsorb up to a maximum of 30.957 cm~3·g~(-1)(STP) of CH_4, due to it having the largest pore volume and surface area, but the lowest selectivity(S_(CH_4/N_2)= 2.5). From the breakthrough test, we can conclude that SSZ-13 may be a suitable candidate for the recovery of CH_4 from low concentration methane(CH_420%) based on its larger pore volume and higher CH_4 capacity. Chabazite-K is more suited to the separation of high concentration methane(CH_450%) due to its higher selectivity.     

碳分子筛变压吸附提纯沼气的性能

选择碳分子筛,以CH₄和CO₂为原料气,对变压吸附法提纯沼气中生物甲烷的分离性能进行了研究。采用高精度智能重量分析仪IGA-100测定了25℃下CH₄、CO₂和N₂纯组分气体在碳分子筛上的吸附平衡等温线,计算了3种气体在碳分子筛内的扩散速率CO₂>N₂>CH₄。使用单塔变压吸附装置测量了动态吸附穿透曲线,考察了吸附压力、气体流量和少量氮气等因素对吸附分离的影响,并对吸附机理做了初步探讨。实验结果表明,在吸附压力为0.4MPa、气体流量为200mL/min时,在碳分子筛上CO₂穿透吸附量为35.9mL/g,CH₄穿透吸附量为5.4mL/g,CO₂/CH₄分离系数高达12.6,可直接从吸附塔顶富集纯净的CH₄,而且碳分子筛可以通过抽真空完全再生,是一种理想的吸附材料;在有少量氮气存在的实验条件下,由于碳分子筛对CH₄和N₂具有动力学分离效应,仍能在塔顶富集高浓度的CH₄。     

炭膜分离CO2/CH4混合气的分子模拟

针对炭膜分离CO₂/CH₄混合气体的过程,分别采用Materials Studio和Lammps软件进行分子模拟,建立与炭膜孔结构相近的Z字形孔模型,通过实验数据验证了模型的可靠性,通过对CO₂/CH₄纯组分及混合气体在膜孔内的吸附和扩散过程的模拟得到分离系数并探讨气体分离机理。综合吸附与扩散过程的模拟结果表明:适当的低温和较小的孔径有利于实现CO₂/CH₄混合气体的分离;随着温度的升高,CO₂/CH₄的分离系数减小,而且膜孔径对分离系数的排序为0.670nm>1.005nm>1.340nm;在温度为298K、膜孔径为0.670nm的操作条件下CO₂/CH₄的分离系数为20.1,与实验数据较吻合。研究结果可为优化炭膜制备提供指导,并为探讨分离过程机理提供依据。     

一种新的颗粒炭材料的制备及其高效分离甲烷氮气性能

主要围绕从低品位煤层气中回收分离低浓度的CH₄这一重要需求,探索以生物质为碳源研制具有优良CH₄/N₂分离性能的颗粒炭吸附剂。选择大米碎粒作为碳源,通过碳化制备颗粒状炭前体,然后应用CO₂进行活化,制备出大米基颗粒炭材料（GRCM）,研究其吸附分离CH₄/N₂的性能。所制得的颗粒炭材料具有较窄微孔分布,其中样品GRCM-900的BET比表面积为938.529 m²/g。FT-IR分析结果显示大米基颗粒炭表面含有羟基及羰基等含氧官能团。其CH₄吸附容量和CH₄/N₂吸附选择性分别高达1.32 mmol / g和5.68（在298 K和100 kPa条件下）,优于大多数已报道的粉末状炭材料和MOF材料。分子模拟揭示了甲烷和氮气在GRCM炭材料狭缝孔道中的吸附构型和差异。固定床实验证实,应用GRCM炭材料可以在常温条件下有效地分离CH₄/N₂混合物,所制得的颗粒GRCM在从低品位煤层气中回收CH₄方面有很好的应用前景。     

铪金属-有机骨架材料的孔尺寸调控及其吸附性能

利用三种不同长度的有机配体--反丁烯二酸（H₂FUM）、对苯二甲酸（H₂BDC）和联苯二甲酸（H₂BPDC）,合成了一系列具有不同孔尺寸的新型铪（Hf）金属-有机骨架（MOF）材料（Hf-FUM、Hf-BDC和Hf-BPDC）,并考察了CO₂、N₂和CH₄三种气体在这些材料中吸附分离行为。研究结果表明,这三种材料具有和UiO-66（Zr）相同的拓扑结构,且具有很好的热稳定性。Hf-FUM和Hf-BDC的结构在水中能够保持稳定,而Hf-BPDC在水中会发生降解。同时,具有最小孔尺寸的Hf-FUM材料对CO₂/N₂以及CO₂/CH₄体系具有最好的分离性能。这为以后设计用于CO₂分离的新型纳微结构材料提供了参考依据。     

煤层气回收及CH4/N2分离PSA材料的研究进展

我国煤层气蕴藏丰富,在面临能源危机时代煤层气可作为天然气能源的有效补充。本文介绍了低浓煤层气回收即CH₄/N₂分离几种常见技术：低温技术、水合物技术、溶解技术、膜分离和变压吸附技术（PSA）的分离原理、技术开发和研究的现状,并分析了各项技术目前存在的问题。讨论了多孔材料,如活性炭、碳分子筛、沸石分子筛和新型金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）等对CH₄/N₂吸附分离效果的研究进展,由于MOFs材料的吸附性能随温度或压力的改变出现飞跃,预示了其在PSA领域广阔的应用前景。     

Intensification of low-grade methane enrichment in nitrogen mixture by CH4/CO2 displacement

To solve the problem of CO₂ uncompleted desorption in the process of CO₂ displacement enhancing the adsorption separation of CH₄/N₂, a small amount of product gas CH₄ was used as purge gas to improve the CO₂ desorption. CH₄/CO₂ mixture gas obtained from desorption step was recycled as the displacement gas to enhance the enrichment of low-grade methane in nitrogen mixture. In this work, the research conducted the experiments for CH₄/N₂ separation using CH₄/CO₂ displacement intensification adsorption and the laboratory-made coconut shell activated carbon as sorbent. The mathematical models were built in gPROMS and the accuracy of models was verified by comparison of simulations and CH₄/N₂/CO₂ breakthrough experiments. The performance of enrichment of low-grade methane with displacement intensification using different displacer was compared. The result showed that the process with CH₄/CO₂ displacement had higher purity product than CO₂ displacement. The CH₄/ CO₂ mixed gas replacement enhanced vacuum pressure swing adsorption cycle experiment was carried out, which can jointly enrich 14% CH₄/ N₂ and 53% CH₄/CO₂ to 98.8%, and at the same time obtain a recovery rate of 77.8%.     

金属有机骨架材料用于吸附分离CH4和N2的研究进展

非常规天然气的利用不仅可以有效缓解常规天然气不足带来的能源问题,而且可以降低其肆意排放带来的温室效应,无论是低浓度煤层气的提浓还是低品质天然气的提质都需要解决甲烷与氮气的分离难题。基于金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料结构和功能均呈多样化的特色,本文主要从CH₄选择型MOFs吸附材料和N₂选择型MOFs吸附材料两个方面,综述了近年来MOFs材料在CH₄与N₂吸附分离方面的研究进展,讨论了影响二者分离的影响因素,并对吸附与分离机理与MOFs结构和性能关联进行了详细的总结与分析,提出了CH₄与N₂选择性提升的方法,即需要合适的孔道尺寸与弱极性表面性质或有利骨架结构的协同作用,最后展望了MOFs材料在甲烷富集和纯化领域的应用前景和发展趋势。     

CH4/CO2混合气置换强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩

针对CO₂置换吸附分离CH₄/N₂过程中CO₂再生困难的问题,采用少量产品气CH₄真空吹扫以提高CO₂的解吸效果,并以解吸得到的CH₄/CO₂混合气为置换步骤的置换气,通过置换来强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩过程。以自制椰壳活性炭为吸附剂,对CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化吸附回收含氮低品质甲烷工艺过程进行了实验与模拟研究。在gPROMS软件中建立并求解固定床吸附分离模型方程,预测了CH₄、N₂ 和CO₂在自制椰壳活性炭上的竞争吸附穿透曲线,通过预测结果和实验的对比,验证了数学模型方程的准确性。对比了不同置换气强化吸附分离低品质甲烷的效果,结果表明CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化相对于CO₂置换强化可获得更高纯度产品。进行了CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化真空变压吸附循环实验,可以将14%的CH₄/N₂和53%的CH₄/CO₂联合富集到98.8%,同时获得77.8%的回收率。     

一维直孔道MOFs对CH4/N2和CO2/CH4的分离

非常规天然气未来可以作为常规天然气的有效补充,其中低浓度煤层气和生物质燃气分别需要脱除大量的N₂ 和CO₂以达到富集和纯化CH₄的目的。本研究针对CH₄/N₂这一对较难分离的气体组合,选取了具有一维菱形孔道的MOFs材料Cu(INA)₂作为吸附剂,将合成的样品做了XRD和TG表征,测试了纯气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂的吸附曲线,利用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)分子模拟和理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)计算了气体的吸附热和该材料对于CH₄/N₂和CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性系数;3 MPa压力下制备的颗粒样品填装吸附分离装置,进行了混合气体CH₄/N₂ (50%/50%)和CO₂/CH₄ (50%/50%)的穿透试验,分离的结果显示,Cu(INA)₂不仅高选择性地吸附CH₄/N₂混合物中的CH₄(S_CH4/N2=10),而且对CH₄/N₂的分离效果优于CO₂/CH₄。     

基于沸石ZSM-5的CH4/N2/CO2二元体系吸附平衡

采用Rubotherm磁悬浮天平测量CH₄、N₂和CO₂在沸石ZSM-5上的单组分吸附平衡等温线,温度273～353 K,压力0～500 kPa。采用Sips模型、Toth模型和MSL模型对单组分吸附平衡实验数据进行拟合,拟合结果良好,非线性回归得到相应的模型参数。测量双组分CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄和CH₄/N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,实验温度为293 K,实验压力为0～500 kPa。采用基于Sips模型的理想吸附溶液理论和双组分MSL模型预测双组分气体在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,并与实验结果进行比较,预测结果良好。比较CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄以及CH₄/N₂体系在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附选择性系数,探究沸石ZSM-5吸附分离烟道气（CO₂/N₂体系）、垃圾填埋气（CO₂/CH₄体系）或煤层气（CH₄/N₂体系）的可行性,为将来进行工艺设计提供基础数据。     

H2, CO, N2, O2和CH4在碳膜中的扩散

Diffusion of pure H2, CO, N2,O2 and CH4 gases through nanoporous carbon membrane is investigated by carrying out non-equilibrium molecular dynamics （NEMD） simulations. The flux, transport diffusivity and activation energy for the pure gases diffusing through carbon membranes with various pore widths were investigated. The simulation results reveal that transport diffusivity increases with temperature and pore width, and its values have a magnitude of 10^-7 m^2·s^-1 for pore widths of about 0.80 to 1.21 nm at 273 to 300 K. The activation energies for the gases diffusion through the membrane with various pore widths are about 1-5 kJ·mol^-1, The results of transport diffusivities are comparable with that of Rao and Sircar （J. Membr. Sci., 1996）, indicating the NEMD simulation method is a good tool for predicting the transport diffusivities for gases in porous materials, which is always difficult to be accurately measured by experiments.     

Molecular dynamic simulation of carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrogen adsorption on Faujasite zeolite

Removing impurities such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen from natural gas is a technical challenge and one of the major concerns in natural gas treatment process. In this study, adsorption of CH₄, N₂, and CO₂ on the Faujasite(FAU) zeolite has been studied using molecular dynamics simulation at temperatures of 293, 308, and 323 K and pressures up to 1 MPa. COMPASS force field was used to model the interactions between zeolite and guest molecules. Ewald and atom-bas...     

SAPO-34 membranes for CO2/CH4 separations: Effect of Si/Al ratio

Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) membranes with Si/Al gel ratios from 0.05 to 0.3 were synthesized by in situ crystallization onto porous, tubular stainless steel support. Pure SAPO-34 membranes were obtained when the Si/Al ratio was 0.15 or higher. The adsorbate polarizability correlated with the adsorption capacity on SAPO-34, and the amounts of gases adsorbed were in the order: CO₂ > CH₄ > N₂ > H₂. The Si/Al ratio did not affect the pore volume significantly, but it changed the CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption equilibrium constants. The SAPO-34 membranes effectively separated CO₂ from CH₄ for feed pressures up to 7 MPa. At 295 K, for a pressure drop of 138 kPa and a 50/50 feed, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was 170 for a membrane with a Si/Al gel ratio of 0.15. At 7 MPa, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was 100 and the CO₂ permeance was 4 × 10⁻⁸ mol/(m² · s · Pa) at 295 K. This membrane was also separated CO₂/N₂ (selectivity = 21) and H₂/CH₄ (selectivity = 32) mixtures at 295 K and a pressure drop of 138 kPa. Competitive adsorption and difference in diffusivities are responsible for CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ separations, whereas the H₂/CH₄ separation was due to diffusivity differences. For a membrane with Si/Al gel ratio of 0.1, a mixture of SAPO-34 and SAPO-5 formed, and the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was lower.     

沸石ZSM-5吸附回收低浓度煤层气中CH4

利用高硅疏水性沸石ZSM-5吸附回收低浓度煤层气中的甲烷,对其吸附平衡、吸附动力学以及真空变压吸附分离过程进行了理论和实验研究。通过重量法和穿透曲线法测定了CH₄/N₂单组分及双组分的竞争吸附平衡数据,并采用Multisite Langmuir吸附等温线模型对其进行拟合。结合CH₄和N₂稀释穿透曲线实验数据和等温无动量损失的双分散二级孔结构扩散模型,获得CH₄和N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的微孔扩散系数。建立并求解包含质量、动量及能量传递的固定床吸附分离模型方程,预测了CH₄和N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附穿透曲线。进一步采用ZSM-5吸附剂填充床单柱四步真空变压吸附实验考察了进料浓度、进料流速、进料时间以及吹扫比对分离效果的影响。结果发现沸石ZSM-5对CH₄具有较好的选择性,沸石晶粒内的微孔扩散为吸附速率控制步骤,真空变压吸附工艺可将模拟煤层气中20%的CH₄提纯至31%～41%,回收率为93%～98%。