气溶胶水洗过滤效率实验研究

AP系列核电厂,在严重事故下采用乏池水洗作为应对安全壳超压失效的重要措施之一,能够显著减小放射性物质向环境的释放,因此,为了评估事故的放射性后果,有必要解明水洗现象和规律.本文建立了气溶胶水洗实验装置,使用TiO2作为模拟气溶胶,通过粒径谱仪测定了水洗前后的气溶胶浓度.实验分别研究了粒径、载气流量、淹没深度及不同鼓泡器...     

低流速排放下气溶胶水洗模型

在发生核电厂严重事故时,乏池水洗作为放射性气溶胶去除的手段之一,应用于先进非能动压水堆中。为评估气溶胶水洗效果,本文建立了蒸汽冷凝、惯性碰撞、重力沉降、离心沉积和布朗扩散等典型气溶胶去除机制模型,同时考虑了可溶性气溶胶颗粒增大现象,采用FORTRAN语言实现了气溶胶水洗效果分析程序。通过构建LACE-Espana实验装置分析模型,模拟了3种典型低流速工况,并开展了气溶胶粒径、蒸汽份额以及淹没深度等关键因素的影响分析。结果表明:水洗净化系数(DF)计算值与实验结果的符合程度合理,模型有效性得到初步验证;DF随气溶胶粒径、蒸汽份额以及淹没深度的增大而增大,可溶性气溶胶颗粒增大将显著提高DF。     

气泡尺寸对气溶胶水洗效果计算的影响

气溶胶水洗是核电厂严重事故下放射性源项分析的重要环节,气泡尺寸的确定对于合理评估气溶胶水洗效果非常关键。通过构建气溶胶水洗计算模型,选用气泡平均直径关系式预测水洗过程上升区的稳定气泡尺寸,对采用不同注气装置的LACE-Espana以及ACE(Abnormal Conditions and Events)水洗实验典型工况进行模拟分析,探究气泡尺寸对气溶胶水洗净化系数(Decontamination Factor,DF)计算的影响。对比结果表明:采用Akita关系式预测的气泡直径计算所获得的DF更接近实验结果,DF随气泡尺寸的减小而显著增大。     

不同流型下气溶胶水洗效果影响因素实验研究

在核电厂严重事故下,安全壳内混合气体通过喷射器注入到乏燃料水池中以降低安全壳超压失效的风险,同时减少放射性向环境的释放。本文建立了气溶胶水洗去除实验装置,研究水池对气溶胶的去除机制。开展了不同流型下通过喷射器的混合气体质量流率对气溶胶水洗净化系数(DF)的影响以及蒸汽冷凝对气溶胶去除效果的影响。结果表明：在注入流型为射流的情况下,由于射流注入区液滴拦截和惯性碰撞去除机制的增强,导致DF随着质量流率的增大而增大;在注入流型为气泡流的情况下,上升区气溶胶去除占主要作用,随着质量流率增大,气泡上升速度增快,导致气泡在水池内运动时间减少,DF降低。同时,在蒸汽存在的情况下,气溶胶去除效果明显增强,蒸汽冷凝是气溶胶去除的主要机制。     

气溶胶粒径分布对肺模型评价氡子体有效剂量的影响

剂量学近似方法常用于评估氡子体有效剂量。在回顾ICRP66号肺模型的基础上,计算分析了气溶胶粒径对肺部区域沉积份额的影响。在此基础上,计算讨论了气溶胶粒径分布对氡子体有效剂量转换系数的影响,结合粒径分布实验测量值,综述了典型环境下氡子体有效剂量转换系数同未结合态份额及结合态粒径分布的关系。     

高流速下气溶胶取样滤材的性能测试

根据大流量(≥500 m3/h)气溶胶采样器的需求,建立了滤材的收集效率和压力降的测量装置,确定了实验条件,对0.5~1.4 m/s高流速下取样滤材的性能进行了测试。选用两种聚丙烯(NF、HB1)和两种玻璃纤维滤材(SW 39、GF/A),对其理化性质进行了表征,测量了不同流速下空白滤材的收集效率和压力降,并计算了滤材的品质因子,对空白滤材的性能进行了初步评价。结果显示,在测定的4种滤材中,0.5 m/s和1.0 m/s流速下NF滤材的品质因子最高,1.4 m/s流速下SW 39滤材具有较高的品质因子。此结果对于取样滤材的选择具有指导意义。     

严重事故下气溶胶再悬浮的ECART模型分析

利用中国原子能科学研究院开发的CABSA程序气溶胶再悬浮模块中的ECART模型,对STORM项目的SR11试验进行计算,分析了核电厂严重事故下的气溶胶再悬浮特性。结果表明：气溶胶所受各种力均随直径的增大而增大,其中使气溶胶悬浮的拖曳力和爆发力比使气溶胶附着在结构表面的黏着力和重力增长更快;直径大的气溶胶悬浮率更大;结构表面流体速度能够影响拖曳力和爆发力,速度增大会提高拖曳力和爆发力,最终导致悬浮率增加。利用该特点,可通过降低结构表面流速降低拖曳力和爆发力,从而减小悬浮率,最终减小裂变产物向空间的重新释放。     

人工放射性气溶胶粒径-活度相关性研究

采用多级撞击采样法对某涉核场所的气溶胶粒径-活度谱进行了分析与研究。发现气溶胶粒径-活度谱呈双峰形分布,活度分别在0.3 μm和5 μm粒径附近达到极大值,1.3 μm附近为极小值。根据TEM和EDX分析结果可以推断:粒径-活度谱呈双峰形分布的原因与现场环境中气溶胶性质和组分密切相关,多个小颗粒结合形成稍大粒径的颗粒,这些稍大粒径的颗粒表现出另一个活度分布的峰形。在最易穿透粒径0.3 μm附近的活度分布对于内照射剂量评价具有重要意义。     

放射性气溶胶粒径分布测量软件研究

为基于筛网扩散组的放射性气溶胶粒径分布测量系统研制了一套测量分析软件,软件的运行环境为基于ARM的嵌入式硬件系统和linux嵌入式操作系统。软件使用开源QT套件开发。系统功能包括测量过程控制,筛网扩散组透过率计算,粒径分布的测量,测量数据分析计算的EM算法和Twomey算法,粒径分布的显示,系统通讯等功能。     

GASFLOW中气溶胶再悬浮模型与RnR模型对比研究

以用于RnR模型验证的气溶胶再悬浮试验的设计参数及条件为基础,利用GASFLOW程序构建分析模型进行模拟计算,并与RnR模型的计算结果和试验数据进行对比。研究结果表明：在发生再悬浮的主要阶段,GASFLOW能较好地模拟气溶胶再悬浮行为;在较低气流速度的条件下,RnR模型分析结果更接近试验数据;在较高气流速度的条件下,GASFLOW再悬浮模型分析得出的结果更加保守。为提升计算结果的准确性,建议加入对黏附力概率分布特性的考虑,并进一步研究在GASFLOW中开发RnR模型的可行性。     

池式鼓泡条件下气溶胶沉降效率研究

放射性气溶胶是核反应堆严重事故中最重要的产物之一,来源于固体裂变产物外漏和气体裂变产物的凝聚成核。池式鼓泡水洗是去除放射性气溶胶的有效途径,准确掌握其过滤效率,对于事故后源项控制和事故分析评价都具有重要意义。本文针对池式鼓泡条件下的气溶胶沉降特性展开深入的基础研究,借助先进的粒径谱分析技术,研究液相淹没深度、气相表观流速等参数对亚微米级气溶胶沉降效率的影响,探究气溶胶在上升气泡群内的沉降机理。本项目的研究成果可用于气溶胶沉降效率模型验证。     

Research on Aerosol Deposition Efficiency under Bubbly Scrubbing Condition

Radioactive aerosols as one of the most important products in serious nuclear reactor accidents are generated from leakage of solid fission products and condensation of gaseous fission products. Bubbly scrubbing is an effective way to deposite radioactive aerosols. It is of great significance for post-accident source term control and accident analysis and evaluation to accurately grasp its filtration efficiency. In this paper, an in-depth basic research was carried out on the aerosol deposition characteristics in rising bubbles. With the help of advanced particle size spectrum analysis technology, the influence of parameters such as liquid submersion depth and apparent gas phase velocity on the deposition efficiency of submicron aerosols was studied to explore the deposition mechanism of aerosols in rising bubbles. The research results of this project can be used to verify the aerosol deposition efficiency model, so as to improve the uncertainty of the analysis results of source term concentration under severe accident conditions.     

鼓泡过滤多分散气溶胶特性的矩估计分析

池式鼓泡过滤是核电站严重事故场景以及缓解措施中一种典型的放射性气溶胶滞留过程,评估气溶胶在该条件下的去除特性对事故后期的源项评估和制定相应的缓解措施具有重要意义。针对鼓泡过滤多分散气溶胶这一背景,本文假设气溶胶的尺度分布满足对数正态分布,考虑布朗扩散、重力沉降以及惯性碰撞3种机制对气溶胶在气泡内沉降的影响,利用矩方法得到了气溶胶尺度分布的3个分布参数（N、d_pg、σ_g）与其初始值、气泡上升高度以及沉降系数之间的解析关系。通过与精确解对比,对数正态矩方法推导的解析解表现出良好的预测精度。本文得到的解析解可在不需要气溶胶尺度分布具体信息而仅需要一些初始分布参数的情况下对气溶胶的去除特性进行快速评估。     

Response Surface Modeling of Aerosol Release Fraction in Sodium Pool Combustion

A response surface model has been proposed to evaluate an aerosol release fraction during sodium pool fire in a liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR). Air containing aerosols are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. Hence, the aerosol release fraction needs to be quantified based on the behavior of the aerosols and physics of mass and heat transfer. However, the aerosol release fraction is one of user-specified parameters of computer codes for the sodium fire safety analysis of the LMFR. In the present study, a response surface model of the aerosol release fraction has been developed based on numerical experiments of aerosol dynamics. For developing the model, aerosol dynamic equation has been solved coupled with thermal-hydraulics and chemical reaction. The authors obtained good agreement of the aerosol release fraction between the numerical experiments and the past experiments. Therefore, the aerosol behavior model has been validated with regard to the pool combustion phenomena and is reasonably applicable to the numerical experiment. Three influential variables on the release fraction are identified as pool temperature, gas temperature and oxygen molar fraction in the air. The proposed response surface model is a quadratic expression of the influential variables and can be easily employed in the sodium fire analysis code.     

Analysis of Aerosol Resuspension under Severe Accident by ECART Model

Utilizing ECART model in resuspension module of CABSA code developed by China Institute of Atomic Energy, the SR11 test in STORM project was calculated and the features of aerosol resuspension under severe accident of nuclear power plant were analyzed. The result shows that all the forces on aerosol increase with aerosol diameter, drag force and burst force increase faster than adhesive force and gravity force. Aerosol with larger diameter has greater resuspension rate. Fluid velocity above structure can affect drag force and burst force, the increment of velocity can enlarge both the forces, and make the resuspension rate increase. By taking this advantage, the drag force and burst force can be reduced by reducing the fluid velocity above structure, and finally decrease the release of fission product to the environment.     

Comparative Study between Aerosol Resuspension Model in GASFLOW and RnR Model

Based on the design parameters and conditions of the aerosol resuspension test for the validation of the RnR model, an analysis model was built by using GASFLOW code for calculation and simulation, and the results were compared with the calculation results of RnR model and the test data. The study results show that GASFLOW can simulate aerosol resuspension well in the main stage of resuspension. Under the condition of lower air velocity, the analysis results of RnR model are closer to the test data. Under the condition of higher air velocity, the results of GASFLOW model are more conservative. In order to improve the accuracy of the calculation results, it is suggested to consider the probability distribution characteristics of adhesion, and carry out further study on the feasibility of developing RnR model in GASFLOW.     

220Rn子体气溶胶粒径分布测量的方法研究

应用ELPI系统、α谱仪和能量甄别法测量程序,建立了1套²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶活度粒径分布的测量方法;利用该方法收集了南华大学²²⁰Rn实验室不同粒径的²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶,并进行了²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶活度粒径分布测量。实验结果表明：ThB气溶胶的活度中位粒径(AMAD)平均值为237 nm,ThC气溶胶的AMAD平均值为245 nm。该方法简便易行、测量周期短,能实时得到²²⁰Rn子体气溶胶粒子数粒径分布的情况,能同时得到ThB和ThC气溶胶的活度粒径分布情况,且能谱法的测量精度也相对较高。