高应力条件下T/P91钢蠕变行为仿真分析

以T/P91钢为研究对象,在连续介质损伤力学模型(CDM)基础上研究了T/P91钢蠕变机制。通过计算机仿真和文献实验结果分析可知,模拟T/P91钢材的蠕变曲线必须考虑空洞形核长大、溶质原子贫化以及Laves相粗化等损伤影响,才能获得比较真实的蠕变曲线。     

T91钢700℃蠕变性能研究

在700℃对T91钢进行了蠕变试验。研究了T91钢的蠕变行为、蠕变塑性随蠕变应力的变化。结果表明：T91钢的应力指数为7.767,蠕变激活能为686.16 kJ/mol;随着蠕变应力的增大，蠕变断裂时间缩短，稳态蠕变速率增大，断后伸长率增大，断面收缩率先增大后基本保持不变；随着蠕变应力的减小，T91钢稳态蠕变阶段的主要变形机制从位错攀移转变为扩散蠕变；所有试样的断裂机制均为微孔聚集型的韧性断裂。     

P91钢的瞬态蠕变行为分析

系统研究了P91钢在600和620 ℃下不同应力水平时的瞬态蠕变变形行为。通过将蠕变过程中材料内部位错与析出相间相互作用耦合于内应力,结合Orowan方程,应用非线性拟合的方法确定了瞬态蠕变模型参数,对P91钢在瞬态蠕变阶段的变形曲线进行了数值模拟。结果显示,数值模拟结果与试验数据较为吻合,表明应用该模型对瞬态蠕变状态进行研究具有一定的可行性。同时,结合瞬态蠕变时间和归一化瞬态应变对温度和应力的依赖关系,进一步证实了P91钢在600和620 ℃下,135~175 MPa的应力范围内的瞬态蠕变主要是受位错攀移过程控制。     

基于BP神经网络的T91钢蠕变行为预测研究

基于BP神经网络的理论,建立了多应力水平下T91钢蠕变速率预测模型.通过实验采集到了相关实验结果,利用建立的BP神经网络模型,对实验结果数据进行训练.结果表明:模拟结果与实测结果吻合良好,预测精度很高;采用BP神经网络法可为研究T91钢蠕变行为提供一条可行方法,根据该模型可改善材料的工艺.     

超超临界机组奥氏体/马氏体异种钢接头蠕变数值模拟

采用有限元方法对超超临界火电机组中新型奥氏体耐热钢HR3C/马氏体耐热钢T91异种钢接头在600℃/42.26 MPa内压作用下的最大蠕变主应力、von Mises等效应力和应力三轴度进行了数值模拟.结果表明,对于HR3C/T91异种钢接头,最大主应力峰值位于焊缝/T91界面附近区域,蠕变孔洞易于在焊缝/T91界面区域...     

T91钢在500℃蠕变的微观组织演变

利用SEM、TEM对宝钢T91钢在500℃、不同持久蠕变应力下的微观组织进行了研究。结果表明,500℃蠕变后,位错明显减少,但马氏体板条、M23C6和MX尺寸稳定,仍具有很好的强化作用,说明在500℃蠕变时T91钢具有很好的组织稳定性;在蠕变试样中观察到了Laves相,其有两种形核点:一种是在高应力(320MPa)下,不受M23C6影响,单独形核;另一种是在低应力(280MPa)下,紧邻M23C6形核。Laves相的出现并没有损害T91钢的蠕变性能,是含Al夹杂物引发了T91钢的失效。     

T91/HR3C异种耐热钢焊接接头蠕变失效有限元模拟

采用有限元方法建立马氏体T91/新型奥氏体HR3C异种耐热钢焊接接头蠕变数值模型,模拟600℃/42.26 MPa内压作用下的蠕变最大主应力、von Mises等效应力和应力三轴度分布.结果表明,最大主应力峰值位于接头内表面的焊缝/T91和HR3 C/焊缝界面以及距外表面2.96 mm处的焊缝/T91界面附近区域.内表面焊缝/T91界面区域von Mises等效应力数值最大,依次为距内表面1.29 mm处焊缝/T91界面区域、外表面和距外表面2.96 mm处焊缝/T91界面区域.内表面焊缝/T91界面处的应力三轴度数值较高,孔洞易于扩张、形成界面蠕变裂纹.而距内表面1.29 mm处和距外表面2.96 mm处的细晶HAZ内应力三轴度数值较高,两部位的孔洞容易连接形成Ⅳ型蠕变裂纹.采用应力三轴度分析T91/HR3C钢接头焊缝/T91界面失效和T91细晶HAZ蠕变孔洞扩张及裂纹扩展特性更为准确,与加速试验结果比较一致.     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(上)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因——焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(中)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因——焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(下)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因--焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

T91/P91钢持久性能的统计分析及可靠性预测

利用Z参数方法分析了T91/P91(9Cr--1Mo--V--Nb)钢高温持久性能数据的统计分布规律. 结果表明:形状、热处理工艺等不同的T91/P91钢的高温持久性能数据交替重叠地分布在以应力σ--TTP(时间--温度参数)关系主曲线为中心的数据带中, 而表征T91/P91钢持久性能数据分散性的Z参数服从正态分布. 基于Z参数法对材料高温持久性能的可靠性分析结果, 提出了T91/P91钢的σ--TTP--可靠度R曲线、 σ--断裂时间t_r--R曲线和许用应力[σ]--温度T--R曲线.预测结果与NRIM及ECCC公开的实验数据均符合良好.     

Research on the creep damage and interfacial failure of dissimilarmetal welded joint between 10Cr9Mo1 VNbN and 12Cr1MoV steel

0　IntroductionAnewmodified 9Cr Mosteel (SA2 13T91orT91)pos sessesimprovedhightemperaturestrength ,excellentductili ty ,weldability ,heatfatigueproperties .Therefore ,T91hasbeenwidelyusedinelectricpower,petrochemicalplant,nu clearpowerstation ,andsoon[1～3] .Itisappliedtothefinalstagesofsuperheatersandreheatersinfossil firedpowerplants .However,lowalloypearlitesteel(12Cr1MoV)isstillusedintheearlierstages .Thus,therearealotofdissimilarmetalweldedjoints (DMWJs)betweenSA2 13T91and12Cr1Mo…     

Nondestructive evaluation of creep damage in power-plant steam generators and piping by magnetic measurements

Magnetic hysteresis measurements have been used to evaluate creep damage in power plant weldments. This method relies on the sensitivity of the magnetic properties of steels, such as coercivity, remanence and hysteresis loss, to microstructural changes occurring during creep. During high temperature creep there is a significant change in microstructure such as the formation of voids, dislocation networks and grain boundary cavities. The evolution of these defects during creep affects the magnetic properties by changing the impedance to magnetic domain wall motion and also by introducing internal demagnetizing fields associated with cavities. The present paper discusses results obtained from on-site inspection of creep damaged Cr-Mo steel welds at two thermal power plants. One of the objectives of this research was to establish whether there were any trends in the magnetic properties as a result of creep damage which could be used later as part of a more comprehensive screening procedure for monitoring the progress of creep damage.     

Detection of microstructural changes of 9% Cr-martensitic steels during heat treatment and aging by polarization tests

9–12% chromium martensitic steels are widely used as pipe material in steam power plants. Their good creep behavior is based on a finely adjusted microstructure, which is strengthened by precipitates. During long-term use at higher temperatures degredation mechanisms occur, which affect the initial microstructure. Subgrain and precipitate coarsening as well as phase formation like Laves-phase ((Fe, Cr)₂(Mo, W)) proceed and lead to a reduced creep resistance. For lifetime assessment a nearly nondestructive electrochemical test method would be beneficial to identify microstructural changes during periodical inspections. The paper is focussed on the usability of an adapted electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR)-method and deals with the adjustment of test conditions like electrolyte composition and polarization parameters. The results obtained under optimized test conditions show a clear indication of precipitate formation by changing the characteristics of the EPR-curves for the well established alloy T/P91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1) as well as for the boron containing advanced alloy MARBN (X10CrWCoVNb9-3-3).     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hot Impact Toughness of Various Zones of P91 Welded Pipes

The new generation super critical thermal power plants are required to operate at enhanced thermal efficiency of over 50% to reduce the fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Creep strength-enhanced ferritic steels, commonly known as Cr-Mo alloys such as P91 (X10CrMoVNb 9-1) are such material of choice for the next generation power plants. The operating requirement of these next generation power plants is that steam temperature of around 650 °C is maintained. For such high-temperature application, creep strength of material is the primary consideration together with adequate weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) toughness. Present work deals with the effect of high service temperature on impact toughness of P91 (X10CrMoVNb 9-1) base material, weld fusion zone, and HAZ. The impact toughness of HAZ for conventional weld groove design and narrow weld groove design has been evaluated experimentally in as-welded and at different post-weld heat treatment conditions. Fractography of the impact toughness specimens of base metal, weld fusion zone, and HAZ was carried out using scanning electron microscope. The effects of heat treatment schemes on the percentage of element present at the fracture surface were also studied.     

CREEP BEHAVIOR MODELING OF UDIMET 720Li SUPERALLOY

Constant load creep tests on isothermally forged Udimet 720Li, an advanced superalloy for gas turbine disc application, were run in the stress/temperature field 900-450MPa/650-700℃ produeing rupture times in the 20-5000h range. The creep curves have shown a predominant accelerating creep stage, that has been described by the following equation:     

Nd对Al2O3f/AZ91D复合材料高温蠕变性能的影响

利用高温压缩蠕变实验研究了Nd对复合材料的高温蠕变性能以及压应力对濡变应力指数的影响.结果表明稀土元素Nd的加入可以明显改善复合材料的高温蠕变性能,试验中添加0.8％Nd的Al2O3f/AZ91D复合材料的抗高温蠕变性能最好;当应力为60～90 MPa与156～180MPa时复合材料的蠕变机理为基体和增强体之间的载荷传递,纤维的开裂和破断是其失效的主要机制;应力为90～156 MPa时复合材料的蠕变机理为位错滑移与位错攀移共同作用.     

10Cr9Mo1VNbN/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的蠕变损伤及界面失效

针对马氏体耐热钢 10Cr9Mo1VNbN和珠光体耐热钢 12Cr1MoV ,采用TGS -9cb、H10Cr5Mo、TR31三种焊丝形成高、中、低匹配焊接接头 ,利用脉冲电流氩弧焊、高温加速模拟工况、力学性能试验及电子显微分析 ,研究了 10Cr9Mo1VNbN/ 12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的力学性能、高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及失效特征。试验结果表明 ,焊前预热 2 5 0℃ ,焊后回火 75 0℃× 1h ,加速模拟运行 5 0 0h后 ,高匹配和中匹配接头的力学性能劣化明显 ,界面蠕变损伤及失效倾向较大 ;而低匹配接头的力学性能优于高匹配和中匹配接头 ,界面蠕变损伤较轻 ,失效倾向较小。因此 ,选用TR31焊丝作为10Cr9Mo1VNbN/ 12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的填充材料较为合适。