低碳低合金钢中纳米富Cu相的析出特征

低碳低合金钢样品经880℃加热0.5 h后水淬,再进行660℃保温10 h的调质处理,最后分别在370℃和400℃等温时效3000 h和2000 h后,利用高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、能谱仪(EDS)以及三维原子探针(3DAP)相结合的方法,分析低碳低合金钢中析出的纳米富Cu相的晶体结构和Cu、Mn、Ni原子分布特征。在HRTEM图像中观察到长轴约9.3 nm,短轴约6.1 nm的短棒状纳米富Cu相,其结构为正交9R结构且互为孪生关系,其中9R结构与α-Fe基体存在一定位向关系,即:(011)_(bcc)//(114)_(9R),[111]_(bcc)//[110]_(9R)。说明Cu早期析出时可能由bcc结构优先转变孪晶正交9R结构,而不是直接转变为fcc结构。利用3DAP技术可以看出,在富Cu原子团簇形核长大过程中,Mn、Ni原子会偏聚在Cu与α-Fe基体的界面处,造成这种现象,除了富Cu原子团簇在富Ni、富Mn区域形核且在长大过程不断向外排挤Mn、Ni原子外,Cu与α-Fe基体界面存在较高的共格畸变能也会造成Mn、Ni原子的偏聚,进而阻碍富Cu原子团簇的长大。     

利用APT对RPV模拟钢中富Cu原子团簇析出的研究

提高了Cu含量的核反应堆压力容器（RPV）模拟钢经过880℃水淬和660℃调质处理,在370℃时效不同时间后,利用原子探针层析技术（APT）进行分析.结果表明:样品经过1150 h时效后,富Cu团簇正处于析出过程的形核阶段;经过3000和13200 h时效后析出了富Cu团簇,团簇的平均等效直径分别为1.5和2.4 nm,团簇中Cu的平均浓度分别为45%和55%（原子分数）,团簇的数量密度约为4.2×10²²m^-3;样品经过13200 h时效后,α-Fe基体中的Cu含量为（0.15±0.02）%,仍然高于Cu在α-Fe中平衡固溶度的理论计算值,说明这时富Cu团簇的析出过程还没有达到平衡.对渗碳体的分析结果表明,Ni,Si和P偏聚在渗碳体和α-Fe基体的相界面附近,Mn,Mo和S富集在渗碳体中;并没有观察到Cu在相界面上偏聚的现象.     

利用APT对RPV模拟钢中富Cu原子团簇析出的研究

提高了Cu含量的核反应堆压力容器（RPV）模拟钢经过880℃水淬和660℃调质处理,在370℃时效不同时间后,利用原子探针层析技术（APT）进行分析.结果表明:样品经过1150 h时效后,富Cu团簇正处于析出过程的形核阶段;经过3000和13200 h时效后析出了富Cu团簇,团簇的平均等效直径分别为1.5和2.4 nm,团簇中Cu的平均浓度分别为45%和55%（原子分数）,团簇的数量密度约为4.2×10²²m^-3;样品经过13200 h时效后,α-Re基体中的Cu含量为（0.15±0.02）%,仍然高于Cu在α-Fe中平衡固溶度的理论计算值,说明这时富Cu团簇的析出过程还没有达到平衡.对渗碳体的分析结果表明,Ni,Si和P偏聚在渗碳体和α-Fe基体的相界面附近,Mn,Mo和S富集在渗碳体中;并没有观察到Cu在相界面上偏聚的现象.     

富铜纳米析出相在18Cr9Ni3CuNbN奥氏体耐热钢中的时效强化

采用SEM、TEM和3DAP(原子层析技术)的综合分析方法并结合显微硬度测试对18Cr9Ni3CuNbN(超级304)奥氏体耐热钢的商用钢管650℃长期时效后的样品进行分析.结果表明.超级304钢时效1 h后Cu原子即发生偏聚形成富Cu偏聚区为随后的富Cu相析出做好成分上的准备(浓度起伏),随时效时间的延续富Cu原子偏聚区中Fe,Cr,Ni等原子浓度不断稀释并扩散到基体中,Cu的浓度不断增长而逐渐成为富Cu相中的最主要的组成元素.富铜相在时效初期以几个纳米的小颗粒弥散析出,在长大过程中满足扩散控制的抛物线规律,且长时间与基体保持共格关系.即使到650℃,10000 h长期时效后富Cu相仍保持在30 nm左右的小尺寸而发挥其优异的弥散强化效果.     

Ni-Al-Fe系中NiAl(Fe)金属间化合物的析出强化

研究Ni-Al-Fe系中B2型金属间化合物NiAl(Fe)的硬度随时效时间的变化,同时测定时效处理后含析出相的NiAl(Fe)金属间化合物的屈服强度随温度变化。结果表明,在所有实验温度区域内,NiAl(Fe)化合物的屈服强度均远高于单相NiAl;析出相为体心立方结构的α-Fe相;在时效初期α-Fe相呈球状,过时效之后变成平行于有序基体{100}晶面的板条状。通过透射电镜观察还确定变形过程中位错滑移矢量为111。虽然α-Fe析出相的硬度低于NiAl(Fe)基体,但由于α-Fe析出相对运动位错有较强的钉扎作用而使基体得到强化。     

抗菌时效处理对含Cu双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响 Ⅰ.富Cu相的微观结构及演变规律

采用SEM,XRD以及TEM对经抗菌时效处理后的含Cu双相不锈钢中抗菌富Cu相的微观结构及析出演变规律进行了研究.结果表明,在540 - 580℃温度范围内.双相不锈钢中的铁素体基体及α/γ相界上均有抗菌富Cu相析出,奥氏体内没有新相的析出;随时效时间的延长,析出相逐渐粗化,并由球形颗粒状转变为棒状或长条状;随着时效温度的提高,富Cu相析出速率加快,较快地由颗粒状转变为棒状;时效处理过程中,富Cu相会随时间的延长及温度的提高从亚稳态过渡到稳定的ε-Cu相;ε-Cu相具有复杂的多层孪晶结构,与铁素体基体满足Kurdjumov- Sachs取向关系:（111）_ε-Cu∥（110）_α-Fe,[011]_ε-Cu∥[001]_α-Fe,（111）_ε-Cu∥（121）_α-Fe,[011]_ε-Cu∥[012]_α-Fe.     

利用APT研究铁素体时效钢中富Cu相和碳化物的偏析行为

铁素体时效钢样品经过880℃水淬、660℃调质处理,然后400℃时效4000 h后,利用三维原子探针层析技术(APT)研究了时效钢中晶界和基体中富Cu析出相和碳化物的偏析行为。结果表明:分析区域中Mn、Ni、Mo、C和Cu元素更容易在晶界处偏聚,形成富Cu团簇和碳化物,晶界处的纳米富Cu相为短棒状,其尺寸大小约为6 nm,团簇中的Cu原子含量为40at%。基体中的纳米团簇近似为球状,其尺寸和团簇中的Cu原子的数量密度都比晶界处小。在晶界处析出的富Cu团簇在碳化物之间,形成一种"夹层结构"。此外,富Cu团簇内部有Mn和Ni原子的偏聚,促进富Cu相的析出。     

铁含量对ZCuSn3Zn8Pb6Ni1FeCo合金组织与性能的影响

采用砂型铸造方法,制备了不同Fe含量的ZCuSn3Zn8Pb6Ni1FeCo合金.利用光学显微镜、拉伸测验、SEM和EDS能谱等分析测试手段,研究Fe含量对合金组织与性能的影响.结果表明:合金组织以α{Cu,Sn,Zn}为基体,并存在硬脆相δ-Cu_(10)Sn_3,铅以单质形式析出;强化析出相主要有α-Fe和γ-Fe,以及CoCu_2Sn、Fe_3Co_7、Fe_Zn_9等;强化机制符合Orowan机制;当铁含量为1wt%时.以细小弥散颗粒状析出为主(平均直径5-15nm),抗拉强度和伸长率分别为350MPa和12.5%;随着铁含量的增加,除细小弥散析出外,较大颗粒状和粗大颗粒析出数量增多,析出物平均直径增大,综合力学性能指标大幅下降;当铁含量为4wt%时,析出颗粒尺寸达到4～10μm,晶界富集粗大析出相,伸长率下降到5%.     

高速钢中马氏体二次硬化的TEM研究

研究了含4％Co的M42基体钢在250—700℃回火区间的析出相低温回火有M_3C(M以Fe为主)碳化物析出,400℃以上回火,数量逐渐减少.500—560℃观察到一个衍射芒线的演化过程.在580℃回火时观察到面心立方M_2C(M以Mo为主),700℃时面心立方M_2C全部转变成六方M_2C,还有VC和Cr_(23)C_6。衍射芒线是由于合金元素Mo,W与碳元素在{100}_(α′)面上的偏聚造成的,是由复合偏聚区向过渡相(面心立方M_2C)的演变.这一演变使M42基体钢回火出现二次硬化现象。     

新型铁基(FeCo)73.5Cu1Nb3(SiB)22.5非晶合金晶化过程的X射线研究

用X射线衍射方法研究了(FeCo)73．5Cu1Nb3(SiB)22．5非晶合金在不同温度退火的晶化行为及晶格常数的变化。500℃退火时，在非晶基体中析出α-Fe(Si)(bcc)相，620℃退火时仍没有新相出现，680℃退火后的Fe3B、Fe23B6化合物中含有Si、Nb。α-Fe(Wi)相的晶格常数α0随退火温度的升高先减小后增大，在620℃时最小为α0=0．2836nm，在退火过程中，晶化相的结构不随外加磁场发生变化。热磁曲线表明：合金淬火非晶态时的Curie温度Tc=330℃；α-Fe(Si)(bee)相的晶化温度Tx=516℃，Curie温度Tc=640℃。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.