回火温度对42CrMo钢冲击韧性的影响

以核电站环形起重机用42CrMo耐热钢为研究对象,分析了显做组织中碳化物形貌和分布随回火温度的变化及其对冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,42CrMo钢经水淬后在500—650℃区间回火,显微组织均为回火索氏体.随回火温度上升,-12℃冲击功先增加后减小;经500和530℃回火后,片状碳化物不均匀分布于原马氏体板条界上,冲击功分别为26和44 J;600℃回火后碳化物呈颗粒状弥散分布,冲击功达到峰值104 J;600℃以上回火,颗粒状碳化物明显粗化,冲击功下降.碳化物的形貌和分布是影响42CrMo钢冲击性能的关键因素.     

退火温度对铁素体耐热钢X10CrAlSi18组织性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和力学性能测试,研究了退火温度对铁素体耐热不锈钢X10Cr Al Si18组织和性能的影响。结果表明:在800~950℃退火时,显微组织由铁素体、Al N和M_(23)C)6组成;随着退火温度的提高,晶粒尺寸逐渐长大,强度、硬度逐渐降低,伸长率和60℃冲击吸收能量先升高后降低,而20℃冲击吸收能量基本保持不变;在850℃退火时,试验钢具有较优的组织和性能;晶粒尺寸和碳化物是影响冲击性能的主要因素;在850℃以上退火时,由于晶粒尺寸和条状或块状碳化物M_(23)C)6的长大,断裂特征有从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂的倾向。     

回火处理对15Cr12MoVN钢显微组织和冲击吸收能量的影响北大核心CSCD

采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢在回火处理过程中的组织转变规律及回火处理对冲击吸收功的影响。结果表明:回火处理后15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢中的主要析出相是M23C6碳化物,分布在原奥氏体晶界和板条界上。当回火温度由700℃增加到800℃时,碳化物析出数量增加,颗粒尺寸增大,分布均匀性得到显著改善;原奥氏体晶界上的碳化物形貌由细小、离散的颗粒状向粗大、连续的颗粒状转变,而板条界上的碳化物形貌均保持细小的颗粒状或短棒状。随回火温度增加,15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢韧脆转变温度(DBTT)降低,在750~800℃范围内达到最低值,冲击断口结晶状区由完全解理断裂向塑性撕裂和局部韧窝转变。     

回火处理对15Cr12MoVN钢显微组织和冲击吸收能量的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢在回火处理过程中的组织转变规律及回火处理对冲击吸收功的影响。结果表明:回火处理后15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢中的主要析出相是M23C6碳化物,分布在原奥氏体晶界和板条界上。当回火温度由700℃增加到800℃时,碳化物析出数量增加,颗粒尺寸增大,分布均匀性得到显著改善;原奥氏体晶界上的碳化物形貌由细小、离散的颗粒状向粗大、连续的颗粒状转变,而板条界上的碳化物形貌均保持细小的颗粒状或短棒状。随回火温度增加,15Cr12MoVN马氏体钢韧脆转变温度(DBTT)降低,在750~800℃范围内达到最低值,冲击断口结晶状区由完全解理断裂向塑性撕裂和局部韧窝转变。     

G18CrMo2-6钢回火组织及冲击韧性研究

以核电汽轮机缸体用G18CrMo2-6耐热钢为研究对象,分析了显微组织、第二相类型、形貌、尺寸和分布随回火温度的变化及其对冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,G18CrMo2-6钢正火经不同冷速冷却后得到不同的基体组织,经680℃回火后,冲击韧性均远高于指标要求,因此基体组织差异不是导致冲击韧性急剧恶化的决定性因素.经炉冷正火后在560~710℃区间回火,显微组织均为铁素体+回火贝氏体,随回火温度上升,室温冲击韧性增加.经560和600℃回火后,块状马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)岛、条状颗粒不均匀分布于贝氏体铁素体基体上,平均冲击韧性分别为17和29 J.710℃回火后块状M/A岛分解,条状颗粒转变为细小的颗粒状呈弥散分布,冲击韧性达到峰值93 J.除了基体组织的软化效应外,第二相的类型、形貌、尺寸和分布能够明显改变诱发裂纹萌生的临界断裂应力,是影响G18CrMo2-6钢冲击性能的一个关键因素.     

等温球化退火温度对超细化H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜观察超细化H13钢在不同奥氏体化温度等温球化退火后的显微组织,并对退火后H13钢的残留碳化物形态及分布进行研究。利用Image Pro-Plus软件对退火后碳化物的分布情况进行定量分析,并利用扫描电镜观察不同退火温度下冲击试样的断口形貌,研究不同退火温度对超细化H13钢组织与性能的影响。结果表明,随奥氏体化温度的升高,超细化H13钢硬度下降,碳化物数量与尺寸减小。当高于880℃进行等温球化退火时,晶粒明显变大,材料的退火态韧性急剧下降,回火后残留奥氏体含量增加,残留奥氏体的存在降低了H13钢的硬度。超细化H13钢在860℃进行等温球化退火,材料的综合力学性能最佳。     

调质态X12Cr13不锈钢热处理工艺研究及组织分析

通过对X12Cr13不锈钢做了一系列的调质热处理试验数据,研究不同的淬火+回火制度及冷却方式对其0℃冲击功的影响。试验结果表明:X12Cr13不锈钢在调质热处理过程中影响其0℃冲击功的主要因素是碳化物的分布及形貌;为使力学性能满足标准要求,其最佳调质热处理工艺为:淬火温度为930~940℃,回火温度为650~660℃,回火冷却方式宜采用快冷方法。     

高温均匀化对H13钢强韧性的影响

H13（4Cr5MoSiV1）钢是一种应用广泛的热模具网，富含Cr、Mo、V等碳化物形成元素，易形成大量碳化物，一次碳化物和偏析，并因此降低H13钢冲击韧性，采用扩散退火、超细化处理和软化处理手段，能消除一次碳化物，改善偏析，使二次碳化物呈球状均匀分布在铁素体基体上，从而显著提高钢的横向冲击韧性。试验结果表明，H13钢经高温均匀化，退火横向冲击功超过90J，淬回火态横向冲击功超过20J，其冲击功均较未处理的试样1倍以上，达到或接近Uddeholm8407s钢的水平（其冲击功分别为78J和23J）。     

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试验针对高钛(wTi>0.05%)热轧平板微合金钢开发过程中,出现的低温冲击韧性差的现象进行了系统分析,包括冲击断口形貌、断口附近组织及钛的固溶、析出量等,初步判断冲击韧性差主要与组织脆性有关。在此基础上,将冲击功不合格试样利用热模拟试验机,模拟900~1 200℃不同加热温度下,轧制过程中的温度变化。结果表明:加热温度不大于1 050℃时,试样的―20℃冲击功由原来的不足10 J提高到240 J左右;然而,当加热温度超过1 100℃时,试样的冲击功仍然与原始热轧态一样。结合对钛析出量、析出相的尺寸分布以及组织、晶粒度等的对比分析发现:钛的固溶量、钛析出相的尺寸以及晶粒度大小是影响高钛热轧板低温冲击功的主要原因。     

退火温度对00Cr12TiNb不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对60％锻造形变量的00Cr12TiNb铁素体不锈钢进行再结晶退火处理,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和力学性能测试研究了退火温度对00Cr12TiNb铁素体不锈钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明:00Cr12Ti铁素体不锈钢在920℃以下退火处理时主要发生组织的回复和小部分晶粒的再结晶,其屈服强度和硬度随退火温度的上升而下降;在920℃以上退火处理时发生再结晶,其屈服强度随退火温度的上升有所增加,硬度则趋于稳定;退火过程中,在晶内和晶界弥散析出了颗粒状NbTi(C,N);950℃退火时再结晶组织和性能达到最佳.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。