离子键增强水性聚氨酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料的研究

水性聚氨酯/羟基磷灰石(WBPU/HA)纳米复合材料的研究已有报道,但通过离子键增强复合材料的研究却很少见。制备了稳定性良好的带羧酸根的阴离子型WBPU乳液和带季铵的阳离子型的HA胶体。其中纳米羟基磷灰石胶体通过合成过程中引入氨乙基磷酸使其带上正电荷。然后加入柠檬酸根将HA胶体转变为阴离子胶体。两种胶体溶液共混,并通过透析去掉柠檬酸根后得到均匀的混合胶体,干燥后得到力学性能良好的WBPU/HA复合材料。当HA含量为0~15%(质量分数)时,复合材料力学强度从纯PU的10.9 MPa提高到了22.3 MPa,提高幅度达100%。这是由于两相间存在正负电荷的离子键作用。当HA含量为20%(质量分数)时,由于HA粒子的团聚导致力学性能下降。提供了一种通过胶体共混来制备离子键增强的纳米复合材料的新方法。     

Densification and mechanical properties of liquid phase sintered tantalum

This paper has as main objective to investigate the influence of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) addition on the tantalum (Ta) powder processing, by promoting a liquid phase sintering (LPS). The role of these metals is to lower the Ta sintering temperature, maintaining good densification and mechanical properties. Ni, Fe and Cu 1wt% additions to Ta powder were performed. Samples were cold pressed at 350 MPa. Sintering was carried out at 1300 to 2000 °C, for 1 hour, under a vacuum of 10^‐6 Pa. Density, linear shrinkage and activation energy were measured and calculated. Hardness and compression tests were also conducted. Ni was the most promissing Ta LPS activator, once it enabled the best results of densification and mechanical properties.     

Ti75合金激光焊接接头的组织及力学性能

采用10 kW的连续光纤激光器对3 mm厚的Ti75合金板进行激光焊接,通过调整不同的激光功率来获得全熔透的焊接接头.同时,观察了不同热输入下焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织,测试了焊接接头的力学性能和显微硬度,对接头不同部位的组织特征及成形原因进行了分析.结果表明,随着焊接过程中激光功率的增加,焊缝的宽度逐渐变大,在不同...     

碳纳米管接枝聚乙二醇负载ZnO的制备与表征

利用聚乙二醇接枝的多壁碳纳米管(MWNT-g-PEG)作为介质,在低温下,通过溶胶-凝胶法在PEG修饰后的MWNT表面负载花瓣状的纳米氧化锌(ZnO)。通过X射线衍射、红外波谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜对MWNT-g-PEG/ZnO纳米复合材料进行表征和分析。结果表明ZnO纳米粒子和MWNT之间结合紧密,ZnO的尺寸比较均一,推测了ZnO纳米粒子在MWNT表面的生长机理。MWNT表面的PEG对ZnO的负载起着重要的作用,它是ZnO原位生长的活性点。     

Stereological characterization of crack path transitions in ceramic matrix composites

All ceramic composites involve a mismatch in physical properties the extent of which differs from one composite to another. Mismatch in thermal expansion (Δα) and elastic modulus (ΔE) is known to produce stresses that influence the path of a propagating crack. Thus, the relative effect of thermal and elastic mismatch on the crack path is expected to change with change in stress intensity. We propose that the crack path in ceramic composites should undergo a transition with the crack being strongly influenced by the thermal mismatch stresses at low stress intensity and elastic mismatch stresses at high stress intensities. Thus, a material in use under different applications each with its own loading conditions is expected to exhibit different crack propagation tendencies which may be reflected in the υ-K characteristics of the composite material. In the present work several model composites with different combinations of thermal and elastic mismatch have been considered. Cracks propagating at different sub-critical stress intensities (velocities) were generated by a novel indentation technique. Each indentation was performed at a constant displacement rate and a peak load. A range of displacement rates were used to produce cracks propagating at different velocities. The indentations were made using a Vickers indentor fitted in a universal mechanical testing machine. The crack paths in composites were quantified by stereological technique and the proposed theory was verified.     

Influence of carbon nanotube concentration and sonication temperature on mechanical properties of HDPE/CNT nanocomposites

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared by a melt mixing procedure. The mechanical properties were analyzed using a central composite design where key factors were CNT concentration and sonication temperature during the sample preparation process. The results indicated that the optimum values were 0.8 wt% for the concentration of CNT and 55°C for the sonication temperature. The samples obtained at optimal conditions were systematically studied. Nanoindentation analysis showed an increase of 43% in Vickers hardness of the nanocomposite when compared to pure polymer. The improvement on the mechanical property is related to changes in the thermo-physical and viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite.     

磁控溅射TiAlNO薄膜的结构与力学性能

采用独立的Ti靶和Al靶,用射频反应磁控溅射方法,逐步控制氧流量在高速钢（W18Cr4V）基体上沉积了一系列具有不同氧含量的TiAlNO薄膜。研究了氧流量对薄膜组织结构、硬度和摩擦性能的影响。结果表明,在（Ti,Al）N中加入氧形成由（Ti,Al）（N,O）纳米晶和（TiO2,Al2O3）非晶组成的复合结构。随着氧流量的增加,薄膜中晶体相晶格常数逐步减小,其取向则逐步从（111）为主转变为（111）和（200）混合。同时薄膜硬度缓慢地下降,摩擦系数和磨损量先减少后增大,在氧流量为0．9sccm时达到最小值。研究同时表明,当氧流量为0．9sccm时薄膜具有最小摩擦系数和高耐磨性,同时保持了高硬度,综合性能最好。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Y2O3/SiC nanocomposites

 Y₂O₃-based nanocomposites were fabriacted by hot-press and the microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. Transmission-electron-microscope observations revealed that the SiC particles were distributed both within Y₂O₃ matrix grains and at the grain boundaries. Significant mechanical properties improvements were identified particularly at high temperatures above 1000 oC both in air and inert atmospheres. Received: 2 January 1997 / Accepted: 27 March 1997     

Single-wall carbon nanotubes-chitosan nanocomposites: Surface wettability,mechanical and thermal properties

Functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (f-SWCN) are dispersed in chitosan films by self-assembly of both components in aqueous media. This carbon form is a promising nanofiller to achieve nanocomposites with refined thermal, mechanical and surface features. In this study, we investigated the influence of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes concentration on the resulting properties of the nanocomposites structures. Functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes are dispersed on a molecular scale in the polymeric matrix due to electrostatic interactions between both components. The thermal and mechanical properties have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively, while their wettability is studied by water contact angle measurements. Mechanical resistance of the films is improved up to 18 % with the addition of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes, but the thermal stability is expressively reduced. A decrease in the surface hydrophobicity of 25 % is obtained after the inclusion of the nanofiller.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备YAG荧光粉及其性能研究

以金属硝酸盐为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶一凝胶法制备出了Y_3Al_5O_(12):Ce~(3+)黄色荧光粉.用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)对其进行了物相鉴定,表明900℃时已经得到纯的钇铝石榴石相(YAG).用红外吸收光谱对所得粉体进行分析表明,当煅烧温度升高到900℃时,在低频区出现了位于724cm~(-1)、792cm~(-1)的峰,这是YAG晶相金属与氧原子间的特征振动峰,说明YAG相已经形成.用扫描电镜(SEM)对其形貌分析,结果表明得到的产物粒径大致在3～10μm之间,平均粒径为6μm.用荧光光谱仪对其荧光光谱进行了研究,结果显示,在煅烧温度为1200℃时,其发光光谱强度最大.     

原位自生TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织和力学性能

采用混合盐反应法制备TiB2含量分别为0%,2%,5%,8%(质量分数,下同)的TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料,T6热处理后,采用XRD,ICP,OM,SEM,EDS等测试手段和室温拉伸实验进行微观组织观察和力学性能测试。XRD和ICP测试证实,合金体系中仅含α-Al,Al2Cu及TiB2,无Al3Ti,Al2B等反应中间产物。OM和SEM发现,基体材料中α-Al平均晶粒尺寸为167.5μm,而在2%,5%,8%的TiB2/Al-4.5Cu中,其平均晶粒尺寸依次为110.4,87.2,75.2μm,晶粒细化效果显著。TEM观察发现,TiB2颗粒主要分布在晶界处,呈四方和六方结构。室温拉伸实验表明,随着TiB2含量的增加,强度、显微硬度值均呈增加趋势,但伸长率不断下降。当加入8%TiB2时,屈服强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量和显微硬度分别达到356 MPa,416 MPa,92.5GPa和96.5HV,但其伸长率从10.3%降低到4.3%。载荷传递强化、细晶强化、位错增殖强化是TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料力学性能得以大幅提升的影响因素,尤其是在位错增殖强化作用下,TiB2颗粒周边致密分布的位错胞、位错环对强度的提升起到了决定性作用。     

The effect of calcination temperature on the capacitive properties of WO3-based electrochemical capacitors synthesized via a sol-gel method

Electrochemical capacitor （EC） is a promising energy storage device which can be hybridized with other energy conversion or energy storage devices. One type of ECs is pseudocapacitor made of metal oxides. WO3 is an inexpensive semiconductor metal oxide which has many applications. However the application of WO3 as an EC material was rarely reported. Therefore in this research EC was prepared from WO3 nanomaterial synthesized by a sol-gel process. The WO3 gel was spin-coated on graphite substrates and calcined at various temperatures of 300~C, 400℃, 500℃ and 600℃ for 1 h. Cyclic voltammetry （CV） measurements were used to observe the capacitive property of the WO3 samples. SEM, XRD, FTIR and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） analyses were used to characterize the material structures. WO3 calcined at 400~C was proved to have the highest capacitance of 233.63 Fo g^-1 （1869 mFo cm-2） at a scan rate of 2 mVo s-1 in 1 mol/L H2SO4 between potentials -0.4 and 0.4 V vs. SCE. Moreover it also showed the most symmetric CV curves as the indication of a good EC. Hence WO3 calcined at 400℃ is a potential candidate for EC material of pseudocapacitor type.     

氧化锌/环氧纳米复合材料的制备及其光学性能研究

采用均相沉淀法制备了氧化锌(ZnO)前驱体,通过煅烧前驱体制备了不同粒径的ZnO纳米颗粒,并在此基础上制备了ZnO/环氧纳米复合材料.借助TG、XRD和TEM等手段对纳米ZnO进行了表征,采用UV-VIS研究了ZnO含量、颗粒粒径等因素对复合材料光学性能的影响.研究结果表明:在紫外光区,提高ZnO的含量和选择ZnO最佳粒径,可以改善对紫外光的屏蔽效果;随着ZnO粒径的减小,ZnO对紫外光的屏蔽存在明显的蓝移现象,因此选择合适的粒径尤为重要.在可见光区,ZnO含量和颗粒粒径的影响相似,当ZnO含量低于0.07wt%、粒径小于27nm时复合材料的透过率几乎没有变化,增加含量或增大粒径透过率则随之下降.当ZnO的粒径为27nm时,添加0.07wt%的ZnO所制备的ZnO/环氧纳米复合材料具有优异的光学性能:在保持可见光区高透明性的同时又能够对紫外光区有良好的屏蔽效果,能够满足LED封装等光学器件的需要.     

新型抗凝血纳米复合材料的制备及其性能研究

利用溶液插层法合成了新型的硅橡胶/氧化石墨-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-肝素抗凝血纳米复合材料.通过FT-IR、XRD、SEM和机械性能测试了解改性氧化石墨微观纳米结构对材料宏观性能的影响;溶血试验和血小板粘附试验测定表明硅橡胶/改性氧化石墨抗凝血纳米复合材料的血液相容性得到极大的改善;这种新型的、兼具优良血液相容性和良好力学性能的复合材料可望在生物医学工程方面得到应用.     

纳米有机蛭石/天然橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为插层剂, 用球磨法对蛭石进行了快速有机插层, 用过熔融共混法制备出纳米有机蛭石/ 天然橡胶复合材料。用XRD、SEM、TEM 对其微观结构进行了表征与分析, 证明蛭石以纳米片层分散在天然橡胶基体中。力学性能测试表明: 复合材料拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、300 %定伸强度、邵氏A 硬度、撕裂强度得到明显的改善。DMA、DSC 测试表明: 复合材料的模量具有明显的提高, 而玻璃化转变温度无明显变化。可见有机插层蛭石对天然橡胶的综合性能具有较明显的改善作用。      

Densification and electrical properties of solution coated lead zirconate titanate thick films

Ferroelectric Pb(Zr_0.7Ti_0.3)O₃ (PZT(70/30)) powder was prepared by a sol-gel method and PZT thick films were fabricated by the screen-printing method on the alumina substrates. A concentration of a coating solution was 0.5, 1.0 mol/L and the number of coating was repeated from 0-6. The thickness of the all PZT thick films was about 60 μm. All PZT multilayered thick films showed the XRD patterns of typical peroveskite polycrystalline structure. The relative dielectric constant of the 0.5 M coated PZT-6 (6-number of sol coatings) and 1.0 M coated PZT-6 thick films were 540 and 656.2, respectively. The dielectric loss of the 0.5 M coated PZT-6 and 1.0 M coated PZT-6 thick films were 3.2% and 2.7%, respectively.     

Structure and mechanical properties of Al–B composite powder

Al-B composite powder has been obtained by crushing pieces of composite material presenting industrial waste. Structural peculiarities and microhardness of separate powder particles (d1 mm) have been investigated. Original design of high precision microhardness tester made it possible to detect the properties of powder both in near-surface layer and below it. The powder represents a new structurally non-homogenous material with the increased microhardness (1.5 GPa) which grows up to 4 GPa in near-surface layers. Stable oxide compounds are formed on internal surfaces and defects of the aluminium alloy. Powder compacts were obtained. Adhesion on Al–B and Al–Al interfaces at various temperatures and pressures were investigated. The applications of the powder compacts were considered.     

Preparation and properties of ZnO thin films deposited by sol-gel technique

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on (100) Si substrates by sol-gel technique. Zinc acetate was used as the precursor material. The effect of different annealing atmospheres and annealing temperatures on composition, structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence (PL), respectively. At an annealing temperature of 400°C in N₂ for 2 h, dried gel films were propitious to undergo structural relaxation and grow ZnO grains. ZnO thin film annealed at 400°C in N₂ for 2 h exhibited the optimal structure and PL property, and the grain size and the lattice constants of the film were calculated (41.6 nm, a = 3.253 ? and c = 5.210 ?). Moreover, a green emission around 495 nm was observed in the PL spectra owing to the oxygen vacancies located at the surface of ZnO grains. With increasing annealing temperature, both the amount of the grown ZnO and the specific surface area of the grains decrease, which jointly weaken the green emission. Translated from Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Science), 2006, 42(1): 67–71 [译自: 兰州大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Processing and characterization of functionally graded materials through mechanical properties and glass transition temperature

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) were prepared by construction based layering method through dispersion of carbon nanoparticles in the styrene butadiene rubber matrix. The gradation of material property i.e., ‘glass transition temperature’ was brought in the nanocomposite by varying the concentration of process oil. Glass transition temperature (T_g) of FGMs was varied from − 56 to − 80 °C along the span of 3 mm thick sheet. The gradation of oil in FGMs also changes other properties like tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, etc. Tensile strength and modulus at 100% drops down while elongation at break continuously increases while moving from one end to other end along the sheet thickness. Thermal analysis of FGMs verifies the compositional changes as well as the change in T_g along the thickness.