点热源热脉冲法测算生物流体的热物性参数

采用微珠状热敏电阻作为点热源和测温元件，在一维点源脉冲传热模型的基础上建立一种同时测量生物流体热扩散系数、导热系数和热容的瞬态方法。运用非线性参数拟合，直接从感温热敏电阻对热脉冲温度响应中同时获取待测的热物性参数。实验中设计了一个高灵敏度的温度测量电路，测试结果表明，本方法测量误差小于4％。此外，还讨论了测量数据的处理和影响测量的因素。     

Thermophysical Properties of Swine Myocardium

This paper presents the experimental technique and results for the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density of swine myocardial tissue. These properties were measured for freshly excised tissue. Thermal properties were measured using a self-heated thermistor probe, while the density was measured using a water displacement method. Thermistor probes were inserted into the tissue of interest and were used to supply heat within the tissue as well as to monitor the temperature rise in the tissue. An empirical calibration procedure was used to measure the properties of the tissue at different temperatures. The measurement instrument was first calibrated against agar-gelled water and glycerol at each temperature. The measurements were made at temperatures of 25, 37, 50, 62, and 76°C. The uncertainty in the measurement ranges from 2% at lower temperatures to about 5% at higher temperatures (T > 50°C). The properties of the tissue depend significantly on the water content. At temperatures higher than 50°C, there is significant water loss from the tissue during the procedure. The water loss is found to vary exponentially with the increase in temperature relative to ambient. Consequently, there is a decrease in the thermal conductivity values with increasing temperature. This decrease, however, is not as much as one would expect from the water loss data. A hypothesis to explain the relationships among water loss, cell damage, and thermal properties is proposed.     

Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique

An apparatus for the simultaneous absolute measurement of the thermal activity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of nonconducting liquids with the AC heated-wire (strip) technique is described. The main advantage of this technique is that the temperature oscillations field can be confined around the sensor in a liquid layer thin enough to suppress the hydrodynamic currents. This leads to the elimination of the convective heat transport. Carrying measurements at different frequencies, the inertia of the sensor can be considered, and the radiative heat transport can be estimated for liquids with known optical properties. The apparatus was constructed and tested using six different liquids in a limited temperature range. The thermal properties of these liquids at 20°C are reported. The thermal conductivity data of toluene and n-heptane (recommended as proposed thermal conductivity standards) are given in the temperature range 10–40°C. Good agreement was found with data reported by other investigators at 20°C, but there is still a considerable discrepancy in the temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity.     

Autonomous Sensor System With Power Harvesting for Telemetric Temperature Measurements of Pipes

In this paper, an autonomous sensor system, with low-power electronics for radio-frequency (RF) communication, incorporating a thermoelectric energy-harvesting module for unattended operation is presented. A target application is proposed for temperature measurement of walled-in pipes. When the autonomous sensor is placed on the heat source, a thermoelectric module harvests energy, powering the autonomous sensor. In this condition, no external power source is necessary, the temperature measurement is performed, and the data are saved into a nonvolatile memory. When the external readout unit is active, the electromagnetic field is used to power the autonomous sensor system and to communicate the data. An experimental setup has been arranged and characterized by measuring the temperature along the pipe, the voltage that can be generated by thermoelectric generators, and the influence of different materials on RF communication. The temperature data of the heat source, which are collected by the autonomous sensor, are compared with that of a reference thermistor. The measurement results show good agreement between the two measured temperature data sets. The experimental data demonstrate that the autonomous system works correctly for a temperature gradient that is higher than 9degC, within a readout distance of a few centimeters. The presented autonomous sensor system can be effectively used for measurements into a close environment in which a temperature difference is present.     

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of biomaterials measured with self-heated thermistors

This paper presents an experimental method to measure the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of biomaterials. Self-heated thermistor probes, inserted into the tissue of interest, are used to deliver heat as well as to monitor the rate of heat removal. An empirical calibration procedure allows accurate thermal-property measurements over a wide range of tissue temperatures. Operation of the instrument in three media with known thermal properties shows the uncertainty of measurements to be about 2%. The reproducibility is 0.5% for the thermal-conductivity measurements and 2% for the thermal-diffusivity measurements. Thermal properties were measured in dog, pig, rabbit, and human tissues. The tissues included kidney, spleen, liver, brain, heart, lung, pancreas, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Thermal properties were measured for 65 separate tissue samples at 3, 10, 17, 23, 30, 37, and 45°C. The results show that the temperature coefficient of biomaterials approximates that of water.     

Linearizing the Self-Heated Thermistor Thermometer

A numerical method of linearizing a dc thermistor thermometer in which the power dissipated by the thermistor is sufficient to heat itself to a temperature significantly above ambient is developed and tested. It is shown that if the dissipation constant of the thermistor remains fixed, then the thermometer is able to detect temperature fluctuations considerably smaller than the internal temperature rise above ambient of the thermistor itself.     

Method for specific heat measurement of thick film layers

A method of simple implementation is presented for the measurement of the specific heat of thick film layers. It has to do with a system, operating at room temperature in accordance with a dynamic non-adiabatic technique, whose function regards the transient phase of a heating process between two steady states. It consists of a compact ensemble of three elements: a small plate thermistor serving as a heater, an alumina disk as a sample support and a tiny calibrated thermistor as a temperature sensor. The voltage across the heater and temperature from the sensor are monitored. An accurate evaluation of the dissipated energy allows the absorbed energy, responsible for the temperature variation, to be brought out. That makes possible the determination of thermal capacity of a small mass material deposited on a substrate. The achievement of the result simply involves the recording of a voltage and temperature during the transient phase, a fitting procedure with given analytical functions and a mathematical elaboration. The measuring system, its calibration procedure together with the transient operation are described. An application concerning screenprinted ferroelectric thick films on alumina substrate is presented and the results discussed.     

In situ measurement methods of air to air heat pump performance

There is no in situ reliable measurement method of air-to-air heat pump heating performances. This paper tests and validates two methods in laboratory and in steady-state conditions. The first method based on refrigerant fluid measurements determines the refrigerant flow rate by using the compressor thermal balance. In particular, the evaporation pressure is measured by a saturation temperature measurement and the compressor ambient heat losses are evaluated from the heat exchanges. The method uses only non-intrusive sensors, except for the condensation pressure sensor installed at the refrigerant charging plug. The second method based on air measurements determines the air flow rate via a multi-point velocity measurement. According to the experimental results, these methods are fully applicable on field with deviations of 4% and 10%, for the refrigerant method and the air method respectively, when compared to the “etalon” measurement.     

Transistor RC Oscillator with Single-Element Tuning

RC oscillators based on two active phase shifters of the all-pass type prove to be tunable over a 10-to-1 frequency range by varying a single resistance. Harmonic distortion can be less than 1 percent over this range. Analysis is made of the variation of Q with tuning and the dependence of phase shift on detailed circuit parameters. Oscillators of this type can be used in telemetry to generate a subcarrier frequency which is a measure of transducer resistance. With temperature compensation, oscillator frequency stability is sufficient to permit the measurement of temperature to ±0.1°C over the range -5°C to 40°C using a thermistor sensor.     

Measurement and prediction of thermal properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag binders at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of thermal properties of various alkali-activated binders at ambient and elevated temperatures. The binders were prepared using alkali-activated low calcium fly ash/ground granulated blast-furnace slag at ratios of 100/0, 90/10, 50/50 and 0/100 wt%. These binders can be considered as a composite of solid, water and air. Accordingly, a three-phase model is applied to predict thermal conductivity of the binders at ambient temperature. At elevated temperatures, the Hashin–Shtrikman model is used to estimate the bounds of thermal conductivity for alkali-activated binders containing of fly ash. To validate the above models, a transient plane source measurement technique was applied to measure the thermal conductivity and heat capacity at temperatures ranging from 23 to 600 °C. Data generated is then utilised to develop analytical expressions for estimating thermal properties as a function of temperature. The simplified relationships can be used for estimating the fire resistance of structural elements made from alkali-activated cementitious materials.     

基于正交原理与仿真的单屏蔽温度传感器误差影响因素研究

为了辨析相关影响因素对单屏蔽温度传感器测温误差的影响程度,以便为传感器的优化设计提供必要信息,本文介绍了马赫数、来流总温、来流压力、环境壁温、传感器耙身温度等五个可能的影响因素。借鉴正交原理的思想完成各因素条件值选择,采用数值仿真的方法获取了所选传感器的误差信息,完成了误差数据的极差与方差分析,排列出了所举误差影响因素的主次关系,并得出总温与压力对测温误差有显著影响的结论。     

Simulation and Fabrication of a Convective Gyroscope

In this paper, we present the simulation and fabrication of the gas gyroscope. The gas flow inside the hermetically packed sensor is simulated by utilizing 3-D transient compressible flow analysis. The pump working principle and the effect of the Coriolis acceleration on the laminar jet are validated by both analytical formulas and experiments. The sensor utilizes a new sensing element consisting of a thermistor heated by an interior heater, which is independently power-supplied. The sensor performance can be adjusted by the applied voltage on the heater. Both heater and thermistor are optimized in terms of thermal stress. The effect of thermal stress in a p-type silicon thermistor reduces the performance of sensor by 9.5%. The sensor has been calibrated and the role of the heater is verified.      

A Novel Inverse-Magnetostrictive Force Sensor

The change in magnetic permeability of a material under stress (inverse magnetostriction) offers the potential for a high-performance, low-cost force sensor capable of being used in harsh real-world environments. The existing force sensor technologies are limited in their use in commercial products by either cost issues or susceptibility to electromagnetic noise. Inverse Magnetostriction has been used to measure strain in controlled environments since its discovery by Joule in 1847, but not in practical applications due to a lack of data on how magnetic material properties change with environmental conditions such as temperature. Utilizing an innovative noise-reducing self-inductance design, this paper presents the basis for an inverse-magnetostrictive compressive load sensor. A lumped-parameter model for the change in sensor inductance under load, due to both mechanical and magnetic effects, is derived. The material properties of a magnetostrictive iron alloy are empirically determined over a broad range of loads and temperatures. The model and material properties are confirmed by testing a prototype force sensor. The prototype measures compressive forces from 100 to 25 000 N over a temperature range of 20 degC to 120 deg with a typical error of +/-2% (4% max). The sensor does experience significant thermal hysteresis for which the model does not currently account. This work was motivated by the need for a force sensor in an automobile electric brake system and used a single iron alloy (50% Ni), but the model and testing procedure provide a roadmap for future research to improve the performance and capabilities of such a sensor     

超高温传感器用感温材料与结构特性分析

针对现有蓝宝石光纤温度传感器测温上限难以突破1 700℃的瓶颈问题,本文分别从传感器测温结构和感温材料两方面进行了分析改进,以满足对2 000~2 500℃超高温的测量需求.提出了一种接触-非接触相结合的新型传感器测温结构,并结合非接触式测温结构特点给出了Plank黑体辐射温度误差补偿公式,解决了非接触结构的准确测温问题.结合不同感温材料特性分别对难熔金属、陶瓷基复合材料和C/C复合材料的高温性能进行分析比较,包括材料强度、密度、抗氧化性、塑性、熔点等,筛选出适合作为超高温传感器的备选感温材料.针对筛选出的感温材料设计了抗热震性试验和抗氧化烧蚀试验,实验结果表明Hf B2-Si C复合材料能够满足超高温环境下对感温材料物理特性的特殊需求.传感器温度试验结果表明,采用接触-非接触式新结构和Hf B2-Si C感温材料的新型光纤温度传感器可对2 500℃高温进行长时间稳定测量,测量精度达到±1%.     

Removal of Temperature and Earth's Field Effects of a Magnetoelastic pH Sensor

Magnetoelastic sensors are widely used for chemical and biological monitoring including measurement of pH, glucose, carbon dioxide, and Escherichia coli by applying a mass- or elasticity-changing coating that shifts the sensor's resonant frequency in response to the target analytes. However, the sensor's resonant frequency also varies with the ambient temperature and earth's magnetic fields, reducing the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. This paper presents a technique to eliminate the effects of temperature and earth's magnetic field on the magnetoelastic sensor by detecting the change in its higher order harmonic magnetic fields, which are generated by the sensor when excited by a low frequency magnetic field. The higher order harmonic response of the magnetoelastic sensor is a function of temperature and DC field but remains unaffected by the mass/elasticity change from the chemical or biological responsive coating, thus allowing the calibration of both interfering quantities. This paper illustrates the application of this technique on a magnetoelastic pH sensor, where the results show the calibrated measurements are independent from the ambient temperature and DC magnetic fields such as the earth's field.     

Using Smart Sensor Strings for Continuous Monitoring of Temperature Stratification in Large Water Bodies

A "smart" thermistor string for continuous long-term temperature profiling in large water bodies is described allowing highly matched yet low-cost spatial and temporal temperature measurements. The sensor uses the three-wire SDI-12 communications standard to enable a low-powered radio or data logger on supporting buoys to command measurements and retrieve high-resolution temperature data in digital form. Each "smart" temperature sensor integrates a thermistor element, measurement circuitry, power control, calibration coefficient storage, temperature computation, and data communications. Multiple addressable sensors at discrete vertical depths are deployed along a three-wire cable that provides power and allows data transfer at regular intervals. Circuit, manufacturing, and automated calibration techniques allow temperature measurements with a resolution of plusmn0.003degC, and with intersensor matching of plusmn0.006degC. The low cost of each sensor is achieved by using poor tolerance thermistor and circuit components in conjunction with a 15-bit charge-balance analog-to-digital converter. Sensor inaccuracies and temperature coefficients are corrected by a two-point calibration procedure made possible by a standard-curve generator within the sensor, based upon the method of finite differences. This two-point calibration process allows in-field sensor string calibration in stratified water bodies and provides a means to correct for long-term calibration drift without having to return the string to a laboratory     

Pressure-Change Detection by Infrared Sensors of Thermal Type, Thermistor Bolometer and Pyroelectric Sensor

The effect of a pressure change of air upon infrared sensors of thermal type, thermistor bolometer, and pyroelectric sensor, has been investigated. Experimental results indicate that the pressure dependence of the sensors is related to the temperature change of the sensor. The temperature change is caused by the pressure change of air surrounding the sensor. These results show that infrared sensors of the thermal type with high detectivity can be used as air-pressure change detectors.     

Numerical Modeling of Heat Flux in Fixed-Point Cells Due to the Hydrostatic-Head Effect

The article presents the numerical analysis of a particular thermal effect, which occurs during the calibration of standard platinum resistance thermometers in fixed-point cells. The temperature within the fixed-point cell varies linearly with the immersion depth due to the hydrostatic-head effect, so a quasi-linear temperature gradient in the vertical direction is inherently present. If there is a temperature gradient, a resulting heat flux will appear. This heat flux flows across the thermal conductivities, which change with depth, so the resulting temperature field is distorted. The key issue that is tackled in this article is the magnitude of these temperature deviations and their influence on the measurement accuracy. This effect should not be confused with the perturbing heat exchange toward the thermal enclosure and ambient. These are independent effects that are in real systems superimposed on each other. To get a better insight into this phenomenon, a numerical model based on a finite-difference method was developed. The model allows the simulation of the measurement of the thermometer immersion profile and of the use of different bushings, as two of the methods for assessing the thermal effects. The results of the modeling showed that there is an inherent difference between the temperature measured by the thermometer sensor and the temperature at the point of the phase transition, even if the immersion depth was infinite and there was no perturbing heat exchange toward the thermal enclosure and ambient. Nevertheless, in several cases the thermometer would still almost perfectly follow the immersion-profile curve. The only exception is near the bottom of the cell, where a small deviation from the immersion profile was observed. This is in agreement with previously presented experimental results, where this behavior was noticed, but never satisfactorily explained.     

Characterization and Evaluation of Thermal Stability and Uniformity of a Liquid Temperature Bath Containing a Toluene Heat Pipe

The objective of this paper is to present a study carried out for the evaluation of the thermal stability and uniformity of a heat pipe modified water chamber. It can serve as a standard procedure that can be applicable to any other equilibrium thermal source used with water or any liquidus like medium for temperature distribution. These sources are utilized for comparison of high precision thermometers or sensor based temperature instruments having resolution of the order of 0.01 °C. In the present work a temperature water bath has been modified with a heat pipe cylindrical chamber provided with a forced circulation of fluid from the temperature controlled circulator. A standard platinum resistance thermometer with high precision resistance bridge was used for temperature measurement in the chamber at different locations horizontally and vertically as well. The thermal stability of this heat pipe modified chamber was evaluated to be ±0.006 to ±0.022 °C and uniformity to be ±0.015 to ±0.031 °C at different measured temperatures in the range from 5 to 90 °C. The uncertainty components due to these parameters have also been evaluated and reported in the paper.     

环境温度对星敏感器测量精度的影响

环境温度对星敏感器测量精度有一定影响.运用光机结合方法,研究环境温度对星敏感器测量精度的影响.在计算典型星敏感器光学系统热效应引起的结构参数变化的基础上,分析了星敏感器星点定位误差.计算结果表明:在视场角0°附近,环境温度变化对星点定位精度影响较小;通过材料匹配,减小系统温度焦移系数,可以减小环境温度变化引起的星点定位误差.热补偿设计后,在环境温度-20～60℃范围内,星敏感器最大测量误差仅为0.02″,约为原系统的1/7.