Characterization of soft errors caused by single event upsets in CMOS processes

Radiation-induced single event upsets (SEUs) pose a major challenge for the design of memories and logic circuits in high-performance microprocessors in technologies beyond 90nm. Historically, we have considered power-performance-area trade offs. There is a need to include the soft error rate (SER) as another design parameter. In this paper, we present radiation particle interactions with silicon, charge collection effects, soft errors, and their effect on VLSI circuits. We also discuss the impact of SEUs on system reliability. We describe an accelerated measurement of SERs using a high-intensity neutron beam, the characterization of SERs in sequential logic cells, and technology scaling trends. Finally, some directions for future research are given.     

Numerical simulation of droplet impacting liquid surface by SPH

Droplet impacting liquid surface is not only the extremely prevalent phenomenon in the nature and industrial production but also the extremely complicated problem of strong non-linear transient impact and free-surface flow. On the basis of the two-dimensional viscous incompressible N-S equations, this paper conducts a study of numerical simulation on the problem of droplet impacting liquid surface (water beads) of water container in certain initial velocity by the method of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynam...     

Performance improvement of an AC electroosmotic micropump by hydrophobic surface modification

This paper describes the improvement of bi-directional micropump velocity by deposition of a hydrophobic nanocomposite monolayer. A polymer base nanocomposite coating consisting of a homogeneous mixture of silicon nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used to improve the hydrophobicity of the micropump surfaces. For hydrophobic nature of PDMS and the monolayer coating with nanoscale surface roughness, the hydrophilic surface of a biased AC electroosmotic micropump will transform to a hydrophobic surface. In our previous research the applied AC voltage, frequency, channel dimension, and electrode width were optimized (Islam and Reyna, Electrophoresis 33(7), 2012). Based on the prior results obtained for the biased AC electroosmotic micropump, the pumping velocity was 300 micron/s in 100-μm channel thickness for applied voltage of 4.4 V at 1 kHz frequency. Here in this work, improvement of the micropump velocity is investigated through a surface modification process. The highest velocity of 450 micron/s is observed by modifying the surface characteristics. This paper will also discuss the synthesis process and characteristics of the polymer base nanocomposite monolayer. In addition to hydrophobicity improvement, adding a thin nanocomposite monolayer will physically separate the electrodes from the pumping liquid, thus eliminating their reaction, which is usually observed due to the application of voltage. As a result, higher voltages can be applied to the electrodes and higher pumping rates are achievable.     

Performance of an adaptive liquid microlens controlled by a microcoil actuator

We present an optofluidic system based on electromagnetic manipulation of a ferrofluid to tune a liquid lens. Both studies of the dynamics of fluid transport and of the optical properties of the liquid lens have been carried out. Thermal and magnetic field simulations of the microcoil actuators are presented. Proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating the adaption of the focal length of the lens have been carried out. It is shown that the lens adaption proceeds in a reversible and reproducible manner, given that the ferrofluid plug moves with a speed below a specific threshold value. Furthermore, the time delay between the actuation and the deflection of the lens surface is studied.     

Enhancement of the adhesive force of metal films on PTFE surface achieved by fast-atom-beam surface modification

We tried the method to increase the peel strength between thin film metals and various substrate materials using saddle field fast atom beam (FAB) sources. It is notable that the peel strength was increased more than several times for all substrates than those who were not modified by surface activation using FAB irradiation. Highest peel strength was observed at the coupling of Si and metals in both case of Ar irradiation and SF₆ reactive etching by FAB. This surface activation technique was applied to the fabrication of microelectrodes for the detection of mouse nerve signals. The process is expected as one of the available techniques for pre-treatment of the film deposition for several electrical devices.     

Surface motion of single crystals driven by anisotropic surface diffusion

In this paper we compute a mathematical model for the evolution of single crystal with a particular kind of anisotropic surface free energies that yields equilibrium crystal shapes close to octahedrons. Employing the developed model we exhibit the entire evolution path of single crystals to equilibrium with different levels of anisotropic surface free energy. We find that with a mildly anisotropic surface free energy, the crystal morphology is smooth in evolution and evolves to a unique equilibrium crystal shape. With a severely anisotropic surface free energy, edges, corners and faceting by hill-and-valley structures on crystal surface occur. The equilibrium crystal shape reached in computation approaches the analytic octahedron Wulff shape as the anisotropy in the surface free energy becomes more severe.      

Direct bonding of PFTF sheets assisted by shynchrotron radiation induced surface modification

Characteristics of the microfabrication and modification of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using X-ray photo decomposition desorption and ablation are studied in the highest energy region (2 keV to over 12 keV). We have discussed that the PTFE polymer takes liquid state due to irradiation of high-energy photons with high-penetration depth, and this leads to the dominant decomposition, photo-induced ablation of PTFE and following generation of the volatile fragments including PTFE polymer itself. Furthermore, we found that melting point of the surface bulk layer of PTFE drastically decreased due to the irradiation of SR. The result of the differential thermal analysis of the SR-irradiated PTFE sheet shows the decay of the weight of PTFE sheet induced by thermal desorption starts at 155°C. This suggests that the apparent melting point of PTFE of which surface is modified by SR irradiation decreases drastically from original melting point. We finally successfully demonstrated that the two PTFE sheets could be bonded directly at low temperature less than 200°C without bonding reagent.     

单矢量水听器对海面目标高分辨定位方法研究

建立单矢量水听器简正波接收模型,引入高分辨算法构造代价函数对目标的距离和角度进行匹配搜索,实现对浅海中水面目标的定位。仿真结果表明：当接收信噪比不低于15 dG时,该方法依靠单矢量水听器就可以对水面目标进行定位。通过海试数据处理结果分析,在3 km范围内,在较高信噪比时,定位误差小于5%。实验数据验证了算法的有效性。     

Simulation of the surface profile of the groove bottom enveloped by milling cutters in single screw compressors

In machining of a single screw compressor, the milling technique of screw rotor grooves with cylindrical milling cutters has far higher machining efficiency than turning. But, the screw groove bottom surface produced by the flat end of milling cutters will fail to mesh with the flat tooth tip hermetically, and thus give rise to compressed gas leakage. This paper carries out a mathematic simulation of the screw groove bottom surface profiles. The research brings screw groove bottom profiles machined by different cylindrical milling cutters to light, and provides some references for designing the column envelope meshing pairs in single screw compressors.     

A strategy of automatic hexahedral mesh generation by using an improved whisker-weaving method with a surface mesh modification procedure

One of the demands for three dimensional (3D) finite element analyses is the development of an automatic hexahedral mesh generator. For this problem, several methods have been proposed by many researchers. However, reliable automatic hexahedral mesh generation has not been developed at present. In this paper, a new strategy of fully automatic hexahedral mesh generation is proposed. In this strategy, the prerequisite for generating a hexahedral mesh is a quadrilateral surface mesh. From the given surface mesh, combinatorial dual cycles (sheet loops for the whisker-weaving algorithm) are generated to produce a hexahedral mesh. Since generating a good quality hexahedral mesh does not depend only on the quality of quadrilaterals of the surface mesh but also on the quality of the sheet loops generated from it, a surface mesh modification method to remove self-intersections from sheet loops is developed. Next, an automatic hexahedral mesh generator by the improved whisker-weaving algorithm is developed in this paper. By creating elements and nodes on 3D real space during the weaving process, it becomes possible to generate a hexahedral mesh with fewer bad-quality elements. Several examples will be presented to show the validity of the proposed mesh generation strategy.     

Frequency domain analyses of a thin liquid film surface by repetitively applied stress (dynamic response analyses by the long wave equation)

Numerical results were calculated for the dynamic behavior of an ultrathin liquid (lubricant) surface resulting from repetitively applied pressure and shear stress using the frequency domain equation and compared with those obtained using the time domain equation. Frequency domain analyses of the dynamic behavior of the ultrathin liquid (lubricant) surface produced by sinusoidally applied pressure and shear stress clarified the dependence of the liquid surface deformation on the frequency of the stresses and the disk speed. The dynamic behavior resulting from sinusoidally applied pressure and shear stress calculated using the time domain equation were found to gradually coincide with those obtained using the frequency domain equation.