淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的分析研究

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续5年的家庭生活能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电子和液化气消费迅速增加,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性,对农村家庭能源消费的性质,中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨论。     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的调查

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续５年的家庭生活用能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电力和液化气消费迅速增长,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入,户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性。     

户用沼气池对农村家庭能源消费的影响--以江苏省涟水县为例

户用沼气池建设不但改变了农村家庭能源消费结构，还带动了农村养殖业、种植业的发展。通过对江苏省涟水县农村家庭能源消费和沼气池使用等相关问题的入户调查，定量研究了户用沼气池建设所产生的影响。证明户用沼气池的使用能提高家庭能源利用效率，减少能源消费量和化肥的使用量，有利于农作物秸秆的还田，提高农户的生活质量。     

中国小康农村家庭能源消费研究：以江苏扬中市为例

作为地处中国华东地区小康农村的典型,扬中农村家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期。连续五年的家庭生活用能问卷调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电力和液化气消费迅增、而秸秆和煤炭的使用减少,人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性。文章对农村家庭能源消费的性质、中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨     

农民工进城务工对农村家庭生活能源消费量的影响——基于陕西省的实证研究

随着农民工进城务工数量的增加,农村家庭生活能源消费也发生了变化,为探究其中的机制,本文基于陕西省农村地区"劳动力转移与农村生活能源"的调查数据,应用多元线性回归模型与Tobit回归模型分析农民工进城务工对农村家庭生活能源消费量的影响。研究发现:农民工进城务工收入显著提升了农村家庭液化气消费量和电力消费量,同时显著降低了生物质能源的消费量;农村家庭基本特征、农村家庭经济特征、农户消费偏好及区域等因素对农村家庭生活能源消费量也具有重要影响。农民工进城务工显著优化了我国农村生活能源消费结构,提高其生活水平,对解决我国目前"人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾"具有重大意义。     

能源结构

<正>能源结构指能源总生产量或总消费量中各类一次、二次能源的构成及其比例关系。能源结构是能源系统工程研究的重要内容,它直接影响国民经济各部门最终用能方式,并反映人民生活水平。能源结构分为生产结构和消费结构。各类能源产量在能源总生产量中的比例,称为能源生产结构;各类能源消费量在能源总消费量中的比例,称为能源消费结构。研究能源结构,可以掌握能源的生产和消费状况,为能源供需平衡奠定基础。查明能源生产资源、品种和数量,以及消费品     

中国农村家庭生活能源消费分析

以中国６县３２４０户农村生活能源消费及相关问题的抽样调查为基础，给出了农村家庭生活用能问题的水平和构成，探讨了家庭生活用能的主要特征及其形成的主要原因，进而对家庭能源消费、商品能替代作用、成本及最终用能效率等问题进行了分析。     

中国居民生活用能现状及展望

居民生活用能分析是能源政策研究中的重要组成部分。文章运用活动分析法借助于LEAP模型，对1999年中国居民能源消费情况进行了描述和分析，总结出中国居民生活能源消费的特点，并且针对未来发展趋势，提出了对策建议。     

国外能源终端需求战略研究

八十年代后期,世界资源研究所与《全球能源终端利用方案》课题组合作,对发展中国家能源消费状况作了深入调查研究,在此基础上,发表了《全球能源终端利用方案》的研究报告.报告中提出:在有效利用终端耗能设备先进技术与加强科学管理同时,只要适度增加能源工业建设,发展中国家就能够在避免破坏环境条件下,获得促进工农业生产较快发展和满足人们较好生活所需的能源供应.如果仍保持目前的能源消费水准发展下去,经过20～30年,其人均能源消费量虽也能达到工业国家目前的水平,但人们的综合生活质量甚至不如今日.其核心问题是能源未能得到有效且合理利用,能源的利用效率还是很低下的.国外专家们提出了能源终端需求战略的新思想,已受到一些发展中国家的高度重视,认为这是解决发展中国家能源问题的希望所在.     

中国居民生活与CO_2排放关系研究

本文采用Consumer Lifestyle Approach(CLA)方法,比较分析中国各地区和不同收入水平下居民的二氧化碳排放量。结果表明,城镇居民直接二氧化碳排放一直处于增长状态,农村增速较缓慢。城镇居民间接二氧化碳排放量高于直接消费。城镇居民食品、衣着、居住、教育文化是主要的二氧化碳排放源,农村居民食品消费占据主要比例。地区间的差异对于居民间接二氧化碳排放影响主要体现在总量上,收入水平对居民生活方式的间接二氧化碳排放量影响大,高收入水平的居民二氧化碳排放量高于低收入水平居民;收入水平越高,二氧化碳排放结构越多样化。根据研究提出了降低生活能源强度和二氧化碳排放强度的建议。     

中国农村生活用能及其碳排放分析(2001-2010)

分析了2001~2008年中国农村生活用能的变化以及2001~2010年中国农村生活用能对气候变化的影响。研究发现,农村生活用能呈现了从非商品能源向商品能源转变的趋势,其中,传统生物质能源的消费比例从81.5%下降至70.9%,而商品能源则从17.1%上升至25.1%。此外,除传统生物质能源外的其它可再生能源的消费增长迅速,年均增长率为19.8%。与此相应,农村生活用能消费所导致的碳排放呈现出显著的增加趋势,由152.2百万t上升至366.89百万t,且农村人均CO2排放的增长速度是同期城镇人口的1.87倍。分析认为,影响商品能源消费的主要因素是农村居民收入的增加,强有力的政策支持则促进了农村除传统生物质能源外其他可再生能源的发展。     

Residential energy consumption: A convergence analysis across Chinese regions

The process of urbanization and the raise of living standards in China have led an increasing trend in the patterns of residential consumption. Projections for the population growth rate in urban areas do not paint a very optimistic picture for energy conservation policies. In addition, the concentration of economic activities around coastal areas calls for new prospects to be formulated for energy policy. In this context, the objective of this paper is twofold. First, we analyse the effect of the urbanization process of the Chinese economy in terms of the long-run patterns of residential energy consumption at national level. By using the concept of club convergence, we examine whether electricity and coal consumption in rural and urban areas converge to the same long-run equilibrium or whether in fact they diverge. Second, the impact of the regional concentration of the economic activity on energy consumption patterns is also assessed by source of energy across Chinese regions from 1995 to 2011. Our results suggest that the process of urbanization has led to coal being replaced by electricity in urban residential energy consumption. In rural areas, the evidence is mixed. The club convergence analysis confirms that rural and urban residential energy consumption converge to different steady-states. At the regional level, we also confirm the effect of the regional concentration of economic activity on residential energy consumption. The existence of these regional clusters converging to different equilibrium levels is indicative of the need of regional-tailored set of energy policies in China.     

农村家庭能源贫困问题研究——基于贵州省盘县的问卷调查

我国的能源消费城乡差距大,能源消费结构极不合理,农村地区是能源贫困的重灾区。文章在文献综述的基础上,对农村地区目前使用的电力、煤炭、薪柴、汽油／柴油、煤油、液化气、沼气、太阳能等九种能源结构分析发现,受访地区农村家庭能源贫困主要体现为家庭能源消费支出贫困和家庭能源消费结构贫困。从解决途径来看,发展农村地区绿色电力、提高农村家庭经济收入、优化农村家庭能源消费结构、实施农村家庭能源贫困救助是值得提倡和可行的。     

未来我国民用能源消费走势及其特点分析

本文在对我国民用能源系统中能源消费形式、能源结构、用能设备活动及效率水平发展趋势分析的基础上,运用计算机模型进行了情景假设分析,得出了未来二十年我国民用能源消费可能出现的一些基本消费特点。研究认为我国未来民用能源消费将以1.4％左右的速度增长。     

Driving forces of residential CO2 emissions in urban and rural China: An index decomposition analysis

There exist many differences between urban and rural China among which residential CO₂ emissions arising from energy consumption is a major one. In this paper, we estimate and compare the energy related CO₂ emissions from urban and rural residential energy consumption from 1991 to 2004. The logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition analysis is then applied to investigate the factors that may affect the changes of the CO₂ emissions. It is found that energy intensity and the income effects, respectively, contributed most to the decline and the increase of residential CO₂ emissions for both urban and rural China. In urban China, the population effect was found to contribute to the increase of residential CO₂ emissions with a rising tendency. However, in rural China, the population effect for residential CO₂ emissions kept decreasing since 1998.     

住宅能源消费结构模型的预测研究

通过对吉林省城市和农村住宅能源消费情况的调查,用重回归分析的方法分析了吉林省家庭用不同种类能源消费的影响因素及特点,建立了吉林省将来城市和农村住宅能源消费的预测模型。应用建立的模型分析吉林省1996~2002年城市和农村住宅能源消费情况,与实际数据基本相符,本研究为促进地区能源经济可持续发展,提供了重要的理论依据。     

湖南地区住宅建筑能耗探讨

通过对湖南地区住宅建筑抽样调查,统计了其能耗状况、体形系数、窗墙比及窗墙材料等情况,分析了这些因素对该地区住宅建筑能耗影响,指出要降低住宅建筑能耗,在建筑设计时就应做好体形系数、窗墙比及窗户等的规划设计,在使用过程中要注意搞好绿化措施及提高居民的节能意识。     

Life-cycle energy of residential buildings in China

In the context of rapid urbanization and new construction in rural China, residential building energy consumption has the potential to increase with the expected increase in demand. A process-based hybrid life-cycle assessment model is used to quantify the life-cycle energy use for both urban and rural residential buildings in China and determine the energy use characteristics of each life cycle phase. An input–output model for the pre-use phases is based on 2007 Chinese economic benchmark data. A process-based life-cycle assessment model for estimating the operation and demolition phases uses historical energy-intensity data. Results show that operation energy in both urban and rural residential buildings is dominant and varies from 75% to 86% of life cycle energy respectively. Gaps in living standards as well as differences in building structure and materials result in a life-cycle energy intensity of urban residential buildings that is 20% higher than that of rural residential buildings. The life-cycle energy of urban residential buildings is most sensitive to the reduction of operational energy intensity excluding heating energy which depends on both the occupants' energy-saving behavior as well as the performance of the building itself.     

Urban heat islands and electrical energy consumption

This study proposes the development of thermal and energy consumption maps to generate useful planning information. A residential neighbourhood in a medium-sized city was selected as the study area. In this area, 40 points were taken as urban reference points where air temperatures at the pedestrian level were collected. At the same time, rural temperatures made available by the city meteorological station were registered. Data of electrical energy consumption of the building units (houses and apartments) were collected through a household survey that was also designed to identify the users’ income levels. Then, maps were developed so that the configuration of urban heat islands and electrical energy consumption could be visualised, compared and analysed. The results showed that the income level was the most important variable influencing electrical energy consumption. However, a strong relationship of the consumption with the thermal environment was also observed.     

Model projections for household energy use in India

Energy use in developing countries is heterogeneous across households. Present day global energy models are mostly too aggregate to account for this heterogeneity. Here, a bottom-up model for residential energy use that starts from key dynamic concepts on energy use in developing countries is presented and applied to India. Energy use and fuel choice is determined for five end-use functions (cooking, water heating, space heating, lighting and appliances) and for five different income quintiles in rural and urban areas. The paper specifically explores the consequences of different assumptions for income distribution and rural electrification on residential sector energy use and CO₂ emissions, finding that results are clearly sensitive to variations in these parameters. As a result of population and economic growth, total Indian residential energy use is expected to increase by around 65–75% in 2050 compared to 2005, but residential carbon emissions may increase by up to 9–10 times the 2005 level. While a more equal income distribution and rural electrification enhance the transition to commercial fuels and reduce poverty, there is a trade-off in terms of higher CO₂ emissions via increased electricity use.