白酒脱色试验

半成品酒在贮存过程中，由于金属容器受外界影响较大，长时间的贮存，金属表面会受到腐蚀，Fe^2 ,Fe^3 游离于白酒中，使酒变黄影响白酒的外观质量。试验得出，使用植酸可除去白酒中的黄色，且不影响酒的质量。     

植酸在白酒中的应用

植酸中的过磷酸基团能结合白酒中带正电荷的Fe^2 ，Zn^2 ，Fe^3 等许多二价或多价金属离子，形成难溶性植酸盐络合物沉淀．经过滤而除去，达到除去白酒中金属离子的目的，从而改变酒质。植酸添加前用软水稀释至5％浓度后加入酒样中，搅拌静置24～48h；植酸浓度一般为50％～80％，需换算成100％浓度待用。如加入植酸后出现胶体状，可静置3～4d后加入0．1％糊化淀粉吸附处理。     

白酒高温陶坛贮存机理探讨

陶坛具有多微孔网状结构和极大的表面积及其含有Ni^2＋，Ti^4＋，Cu^2＋,Fe^2＋等离子，使陶坛对白酒贮存具有氧化、吸附和催化作用；升高温度可增加分子的平均动能，加快醇酸酯化、醛醇缩合、醛醛缩合等反应的速度。实践表明，以适当的高温，利用陶坛贮酒可加快白酒老熟，缩短生产时间，提高设备利用率，增加经济效益。（孙悟）     

低度浓香型白酒中酯易水解的原因及预防措施

白酒酒体受分子溶液、胶体溶液和范德华引力作用，使酒中的微量成分以团聚形式连接在一起，构成完整独特的酒体。高度浓香型白酒中，乙醇为溶剂，高级脂肪酸乙酯等高分子聚合体作为疏水溶胶对酒中的酯类等微量成分形成保护胶体，使酯类等微量成分不易水解；在低度浓香型白酒中，水为溶剂，除浊时除去了疏水性的高级脂肪酸乙酯，破坏了肢体特性，酯类物质失去了保护胶体，所以低度白酒中的酯类等微量成分易水解。根据白酒的胶体特性，在低度白酒中添加亲水性的稳定剂阿拉伯胶，可预防和减缓低度白酒酯类水解，延长低度白酒货架期。     

新型白酒生产应注意的问题

１．新型白酒的酒度变化白酒的酒精度是一项重要指标。新型白酒系食用酒精与少量粮食酒勾兑而成，在贮存过程中，由于乙醇分子与水分子的缔合度不如粮食酒的好，从而造成游离的乙醇分子易挥发，从而造成新型白酒的酒度易降低，影响到产品的质量。为了很好地解决酒精易挥发的问题，我们采取加大搅拌力度，使乙醇分子与水分子之间相互撞击，从而增加相互之间的缔合度；适当延长半成品存放期，使其质量相对稳定后再进行灌装，从而使白酒酒度得以有效控制。２新型白酒的酯类变化由于新型白酒的特点，在勾兑过程使用大量的合成香料，合成香料本身…     

用麦饭石优化处理低度酒的实验研究

本文介绍用麦饭石处理低度白酒时，由于麦饭石的吸附作用，可以使酒的质量得到改善，使白酒的外观更加清澈，透明，使酒的味道更加协调，使酒中甲醇，杂醇油有机有害物降低，铅，汞等无机有害离子减少，同时有于麦饭石溶出有益于人体健康的锶、硅等微量元素，因而提高白酒的质量。     

用植酸降低白酒中铁离子的含量

用植酸降低白酒中铁离子的含量陈昌富湖北襄樊市酿酒厂（４４１０２１）关键词白酒，铁离子，沉淀，植酸一、白酒中Ｆｅ离子的来源与影响白酒在生产和贮存过程中，很容易接触到铁质器具，会使白酒中含有较多的铁离子。①白酒中含铁离子过高，易使酒带黄色，且呈铁腥味。②...     

应用植酸处理白酒中铁离子的方法分析

因为白酒是酸性物质 ,所以在生产过程中如果操作不当很容易接触铁器而溶解进铁离子使白酒产生红色沉淀 ,酒体发红 ,严重影响白酒的质量。例如 :在贮存过程中直接使用铁罐或贮酒铁罐内涂层有损坏 ;在输送过程中接触了铁阀门、铁管件 ;在勾调过程中水处理不符合要求 ,水中铁离子浓度超标等等 ,都有可能造成铁被白酒中的酸腐蚀 ,铁以离子态溶解于白酒中 ,酒体发红并氧化沉淀 ,惯称红酒。普通的过滤只能除去已经沉淀的铁锈 ,即三价铁Ｆｅ2 Ｏ3 ,而无法除去溶解于酒中的亚铁离子 ,它们仍然以Ｆｅ(ＯＨ) 2 的形式溶于酒中 ,贮存后二价铁离子仍然会…     

新型白酒的勾兑工作体会

在新型白酒的勾兑工作中，评酒水平是做好勾兑工作的先决条件。运用先进的色谱分析手段，得出酒体骨架成分，有针对性添加缺少成分是指导勾兑优质白酒工作的前提。在白酒勾兑中还应注意４个问题：①保证有优质的酒基原料；②做到合理配比，精心操作，正确计量；③保证必要的贮存时间；促使酒体实现物理、化学变化，生香丰味，使酒体内体系平衡，提高酒质；④选择正确贮酒容器。（永光）     

搞好调味工作,提高白酒质量

石化白酒的调味，是在勾兑基础上的精加工，是勾兑技术的总结和提高，它对提高白酒的质量，提高名、代白酒的典型风格起着非常重要的作用，如果说勾兑是“画龙”，那么调味就是“点睛”。可见，搞好调味工作对提高白酒质量是多么重要。一、明确调味的一般原理所谓调味并不是白酒中添加某种“化学添加剂”，而是用极少量香味特点更加突出的调味酒（精华酒）弥补基础酒在香味上的缺陷，使其优雅丰满，酒体更加完善，风格更加突出。二、惜好调味前的准备工作1．确定基础酒的缺点首先要进行尝评分析研究，弄清基础酒在香味、风格方面有哪些不足…     

清香型白酒发酵中的酯化研究

清香型白酒发酵中的酯化机理同浓香型、酱香型等白酒酯化有质的差异。例如汾酒中以乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯为主体香，而己酸乙酯含量甚微。汾酒中的乙酸乙酯含量在所有名白酒中是最高的。乙酸乙酯是胞内酶的代谢产物，与乙酸是否存在无关。酯化以前中期为主，后期酯化一说欠妥。     

浅析黑糟的形成及解决措施

在浓香型大曲酒生产过程中，因季节变化，操作不当或生产环境，条件等引起糟醅变黑，酒质变差。通过工艺调整，生物活菌发酵液的驯化等措施，经1－2轮发酵后彻底消除黑糟，使母糟恢复正常，酒质达一级酒标准。     

酒精勾兑白酒与非谷物白酒应该淡出历史舞台

对酒精勾兑白酒、非谷物原料白酒的发展历史进行了回顾;对涉及和关联酒精勾兑白酒、非谷物原料白酒的标准进行了分析。针对酒精勾兑白酒、非谷物原料白酒未来的发展趋势提出了见解。     

Control of ferrous iron oxidation within circumneutral microbial iron mats by cellular activity and autocatalysis

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation by microbial iron mat samples, dominated by helical stalks of Gallionella ferruginea or sheaths of Leptothrix ochracea, was examined. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the microbial mat samples ranged from 0.029 +/- 0.004 to 0.249 +/- 0.042 min(-1) and correlated well with iron content (R2 = 0.929). Rate constants for Na azide-treated (1 mM) samples estimated autocatalytic oxidation by iron oxide stalks or sheaths, with values ranging from 0.016 +/- 0.008 to 0.062 +/- 0.006 min(-1). Fe2+ oxidation attributable to cellular activities was variable with respect to sampling location and sampling time, with rate constants from 0.013 +/- 0.005 to 0.187 +/- 0.037 min(-1). Rates of oxidation of the same order of magnitude for cellular processes and autocatalysis suggested that bacteria harnessing Fe2+ as an energy source compete with their own byproducts for growth, not chemical oxidation (under conditions where aqueous oxygen concentrations are less than saturating). The use of cyclic voltammetry within this study for the simultaneous measurement of Fe2+ and oxygen allowed the collection of statistically meaningful and reproducible data, two factors that have limited aerobic, circumneutral, Fe2+ -oxidation rate studies.     

薯类作物中铁含量的测定

介绍了薯类作物中铁离子含量的测定方法。文中用干灰化法处理样品,把样品置于530℃马福炉中灰化,使铁游离出来,再用盐酸羟胺将其还原成Fe2+,用邻二氮菲分光光度法在510 nm波长处测定橙红色络和物Fe(Phen)32+的吸光度,由标准曲线及样品的吸光度可查得样品溶液的铁含量。经过测定和计算,薯类作物中铁含量大小顺序为马铃薯、芋头、魔芋、菱角、荸荠、山药、红薯。     

Effects of soluble ferri-hydroxide complexes on microbial neutralization of acid mine drainage

Heterotrophic respiration of ferric iron by Acidiphilium cryptum was investigated in anoxic microcosms with initial media pH values from 1.5 to 3.5. No organic carbon consumption or iron reduction was observed with an initial pH of 1.5, indicating that A. cryptum may not be capable of iron respiration at this pH. Significant iron reduction was observed at pH 2.5 and 3.5, with different effects. When the initial pH was 3.5, pH increased to 4.7-5.5 over 60 days of incubation with simultaneous production of 0.4 g L(-1) Fe2+. However, at an initial pH of 2.5, no significant change in pH was observed during iron respiration, although the accumulation of soluble ferrous iron was significantly higher, averaging 1.1 g L(-1) Fe2+. The speciation of the ferric iron electron acceptor may explain these results. At pH values of 3.5 and higher, precipitated ferric hydroxide Fe- (OH)3 would have been the primary source of ferric iron, with reduction resulting in net production of OH- ions and the significant increases in media pH observed. However at pH 2.5, soluble complexes, FeOH2+ and Fe(OH)2+, may have been the more prevalent electron acceptors, and the alkalinity generated by reduction of complexed iron was low. The existence of charged ferri-hydroxide complexes at pH 2.5 was verified by voltammetry. Results suggest that initiation of bacterial iron reduction may result in neutralization of acid mine drainage. However, this effect is extremely sensitive to iron speciation within a relatively small and critical pH range.     

金刚石砂轮中全铁的分析新方法

报道了无汞测铁技术应用于金刚石砂轮中全铁的测定新方法。用甲基橙作为SnCl2还原Fe3+的指示剂,再用K2Cr2O7标准溶液滴定亚铁。试验结果表明,该法简单、快速、准确可靠对环境无汞污染。     

Ironmaking with ammonia at low temperature

This paper describes the reduction of hematite with ammonia for ironmaking, in which the effect of temperature on the products was examined. The results showed that the reduction process began at 430 °C during heating, and with an increase in temperature, the reduction mechanism changed apparently from a direct reduction of ammonia (Fe(2)O(3) + 2NH(3) → 2Fe + N(2) + 3H(2)O) to an indirect reduction via the thermal decomposition of ammonia (2NH(3) → N(2) + 3H(2), Fe(2)O(3) + 3H(2) → 2Fe + 3H(2)O) at temperatures over 530 °C. The final product obtained at 600 and 700 °C was pure metallic iron, in contrast with that formed at 450 °C, that is, a mixture of metallic iron and iron nitride. The results suggest the possibility of using ammonia as a reducing agent for carbonless ironmaking, which is operated at a much lower temperature than 900 °C in conventional coal-based ironmaking.     

利用铁、铜间相互作用减轻烤烟铜毒害的研究

采用温室溶液培养方法,研究利用铁、铜间相互作用减轻烤烟铜毒害。试验结果显示,K326品种Cu2 毒害临界值在1.0-1.2mg/L之间。在低浓度Cu2 (0.1-1.2mg/L)时,烟株吸铁总量增加;高浓度Cu2 (≥1.4mg/L)时,吸铁总量降低。溶液中添加过量的Fe3 (5.61mg/L和11.23mg/L)后,烟株的吸铁量显著增加,而吸铜量明显减少,铁和铜元素由根系向地上部的转运增加,生物量增加4-7倍,可以明显减轻Cu2 的毒害。因此,利用铁、铜间相互作用减轻烤烟铜毒害是可行的。     

Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Fe(II) species associated with iron-rich smectites

Reductive transformation reactions involving mineral-bound Fe2+ species are of great relevance for the fate of groundwater contaminants. For clay minerals, which are ubiquitously present in soils and sediments, the factors determining the reactivity of structural Fe2+ and surface-bound Fe2+ are not well understood. We investigated the reactivity and availability of Fe2+ species in suspensions of chemically reduced montmorillonite (SAz-1) as well as in suspensions of oxidized and reduced nontronite (SWa-1, ferruginous smectite) using two acetylnitrobenzene isomers as reactive probe compounds. The analyses of the reduction kinetics of the two nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) suggested that Fe2+ bound in the octahedral layer of reduced smectites is the predominant reductant and that electron transfer presumably occurs via basal siloxane planes. In contrast, reduction of NACs by Fe2+ associated with oxidized nontronite is orders of magnitude slower than reduction by octahedral Fe2+. Reductive transformation and reversible, nonreactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexation of NACs at basal smectite surfaces occur simultaneously at reduced montmorillonite exhibiting low structural iron content. In contrast, EDA complexation was not observed in suspensions of reduced iron-rich nontronite. Due to the similar reduction rate constants measured for the two NACs, we propose that the (re)- generation of octahedral Fe2+ sites, e.g., by electron transfer and/or Fe rearrangement within the octahedral nontronite layers, partly limited the rate of contaminant transformation. Since iron in clay minerals is available for microbial reduction, our study suggests that octahedral Fe2+ can contribute to abiotic contaminant transformation in anoxic environments.