钡盐改性常温锌钙系磷化液

通过扫描电镜及能谱仪(SEM EDS)扫描、氯化钠溶液腐蚀试验等方法研究了硝酸钡、SO24-对常温锌钙系磷化的影响。结果表明,磷化液中的SO24-会进入磷化膜,且不能通过水洗磷化膜清除,明显影响锌钙系磷化膜的性能,甚至引起磷化液报废;添加Ba2 ≤0.9g/L可有效除去磷化液中的SO24-;改变磷化膜的组成并提高磷化膜的耐蚀性能。     

磷化后免水洗的钡盐改性常温锌系磷化技术研究

Q235钢试片在由磷酸、氧化锌、硝酸钡、钼酸铵等组成的钡盐改性锌系磷化液中常温快速磷化后,自然干燥3h,生成了连续、致密的钡改性锌系磷化膜。对膜层的形貌和组成进行了分析,测定了磷化膜的膜质量、耐蚀性等。结果表明:在锌系磷化液中添加硝酸钡改性,适宜的Ba2+质量浓度为0.6g/L,可改善磷化膜的微观形貌和耐蚀性能;钡盐改性锌系磷化膜连续、致密,充满了1～2μm的磷化膜晶体,喷涂铁红环氧底漆后,涂层附着力达1级。     

常温清洁锌钙系磷化液研究

为使磷化实现一级清洁生产,开发了一种用于钢铁表面涂装前处理的常温清洁锌钙系磷化液,实现了磷化液组分的所有分子均参加成膜反应且产物为水或成为磷化膜、沉渣,或在磷化膜干燥过程中挥发的设计思想。磷化液不含亚硝酸盐、重金属(除锌外),在5~40℃下浸渍磷化5~7min,可生成膜重约0.9g/m2、耐CuSO4溶液点滴时间达130~190s的彩色磷化膜。磷化后可免水洗。     

锌,钴离子浓度对磷化膜的形成及性能的影响

锌离子是锌系磷化液中必须的成份,含量太低(低于5g/L),磷化膜形成困难,但含量太高时,可形成粗大的结晶、更大的厚度,对涂装又是不利的。为改善磷化膜性能,在锌系磷化液中通常还要加入Ni~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)等。本文就Zn~(2+)、Co~(2+)含量对磷化膜的形成及其性能(厚度、结晶尺寸及状态和防护性)作一讨论。 1 试验方法 (1)Zn~(2+)、Co~(2+)对磷化过程的影响是采用测钢试片(作阴极,阳极为不锈钢片)电位变化进行考察的。     

响应面分析法在绿色快速磷化工艺研发中的应用

长期处于户外的输电杆塔容易遭受锈蚀而受损，传统的涂料涂覆处理无法起到同时除锈和防腐的作用，因此亟须探索一种适合输电杆塔的绿色磷化处理工艺。基于电化学与响应面分析法，以磷酸与氧化锌为基础磷化液，研究植酸、复合钝化剂BM1、硝酸锰三种促进剂的浓度对锌系磷化膜成膜质量的影响，以硫酸铜点滴时间评判其耐蚀性。采用扫描电子显微镜观察添加不同促进剂的磷化液所形成磷化膜的表面形貌。通过响应面分析法对磷化液的成膜耐腐蚀效果进行优化，得到硫酸铜点滴时间的二次响应方程。各因素影响次序为硝酸锌>复合钝化剂(BM1)>植酸>硝酸锰，通过优化获得硫酸铜点滴时间为101 s的磷化液配方，即氧化锌15 g/L、磷酸100 g/L、复合钝化剂BM1 1.7 g/L、植酸11.7 mL/L、硝酸锌52.4 g/L、硝酸锰5.9 g/L、OP-10乳化剂适量。通过响应面优化参数得到的磷化液配方在具有除锈功能的同时能有效提高Q235低碳钢的耐腐蚀性能，可为磷化液新配方的性能预测和浓度优化提供方法与理论指导。     

镁合金锌系磷酸盐化学转化膜的研究

目的优化镁合金锌系磷酸盐化学转化膜的制备工艺。方法制备锌系磷酸盐化学转化膜,采用点滴实验、电化学测试对化学转化膜进行耐蚀性评价,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对膜层进行表征,研究主盐、温度和添加剂对镁合金锌系磷酸盐化学转化膜的影响。结果转化溶液中氧化锌、磷酸、氟化钠、酒石酸钠的浓度对转化膜的耐蚀性和膜厚具有较大影响,在一定浓度范围内,转化膜的耐蚀性随浓度的增加而增大。转化膜耐蚀性随温度的升高先增加后下降,50℃时点滴时间达到59 s,膜层相对致密,缝隙较小。选取的添加剂中,EDTA能明显提高膜层的耐蚀性,膜层均匀致密,加入0.3 g/L EDTA的转化膜的腐蚀电位比未加添加剂的转化膜正移0.05 V,点滴时间提高到68 s。镁合金锌系磷酸盐转化膜主要成分为Zn_3(PO_4)_2+Zn_2Mg(PO_4)_2+AlPO_4+Al_(12)Mg_(17)。转化膜的电化学阻抗半径大,自腐蚀电流密度低(2.594×10~(-6) A/cm~2),腐蚀电位正移较明显,耐蚀性更好。转化膜粗糙度小(2.396μm),平整光滑。结论镁合金锌系磷酸盐转化最优配方及工艺为:氧化锌2.0 g/L,磷酸12 g/L,氟化钠1.0 g/L,酒石酸钠4.0 g/L,EDTA 0.3 g/L,转化温度50℃,转化时间20 min。转化溶液加入EDTA后,能够明显提高转化膜的耐蚀性。     

稀土促进的钢铁表面磷酸盐转化膜形成

探讨了在硝酸盐-锌系磷化过程中稀土化合物、溶液酸碱度、时间对磷化膜外观、膜重和耐蚀性的影响.结果表明,把少量稀土化合物(REC)添加到磷化液中可显著提高磷化膜的耐蚀性和磷化速度,其较佳的投加量为30 mg/L～55 mg/L.      

常温铁系磷化液

通过正交试验优化后确定了一种常温铁系磷化液的最佳配方:11 ml/L磷酸(85%),15.5 g/L磷酸氢二铵,2.5 g/L硝酸镍,2 g/L柠檬酸,2.5 g/L钼酸铵,1 g/L氟化钠,1 ml/L OP乳化剂.试验结果表明,该磷化液具有组成简单,成本低,污染小,沉渣少,且膜致密均匀,耐腐蚀性强等特点.     

提高耐蚀性的锌系磷化工艺探讨

用正交实验确定了一组锌系磷化液的最佳工艺参数.并着重讨论了在磷化液中加入促进剂、催化剂以及NO_2~-、金属离子,使得金属磷化膜的耐蚀性质得以提高.CuSO_4点滴试验时间可达200s以上.     

冷轧A3钢薄板的稀土复合锌系低温磷化

为配制出成膜质量更佳的涂装用磷化液,从锌系磷化膜形成机理出发,分析了改善其低温成膜效果的可能途径;通过高效促进剂和磷化工艺参数的优选,开发出一种实用性强的钢铁工件涂漆前处理--含稀土复合促进剂的低温锌系磷化新工艺.研究表明:家电外壳广泛采用的冷轧A3钢薄板经此LZP快速磷化液处理后,所得防锈涂装底层实用效果良好.在含1.0～2.0g/L 稀土促进剂的磷化液中,A3钢薄板经40℃、3～4min喷淋处理后可获得厚约3μm的磷化膜,其结晶细小致密、与基体结合力强、抗蚀性好.磷化后经在线涂漆,对应漆膜抗冲击性、耐蚀性和附着性能良好.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.