浅谈高能量NiMH电池

为了解NiMH电池的工作特性，评价其在电动车辆上的使用性能，对NiMH电池进行了充电试验测试。基于实验结果，给出了NiMH电池的工作电压、工作电压下降率和温升等特性曲，并对这些特性进行了详细的研究和分析，同时也对NiMH电池单体在充放电过程中的一致性行了分析评价。摘．放线进     

电动汽车锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法研究综述

锂离子电池具有循环寿命长、能量密度高、自放电率低、环境污染小等优点,在电动汽车产业中得到广泛应用。电动汽车中的电池管理系统(BMS)可以维护和监测电池状态,确保电池的安全性和可靠性。电池荷电状态(SoC)表示电池中剩余的电量,是BMS的重要参数之一,实时精确的SoC估算可以延长电池寿命,保障行驶安全。然而锂离子电池是一个高度复杂的非线性时变系统,电池寿命、环境温度、电池自放电等许多未知因素均会对估算精度造成影响,使估算难度大大增加。为了满足不同条件下对锂离子电池SoC精确、快速、实时估算的要求,需要对SoC估计算法进行进一步研究与改进。近年来已有相关文献对锂离子电池SoC的估算方法进行了综述,然而已有相关综述对估算方法的总结不够全面且缺少流程表达。该文首先介绍了锂离子电池的工作原理,阐述了影响电池SoC估算的因素;其次,通过总结最新的研究成果对电池SoC估算方法进行了归纳分析,根据各类算法的不同特性将其分为查表法、安时积分法、基于模型的方法、数据驱动的方法以及混合方法五大类,说明了各类估算方法的主要特征并对模型或算法的优缺点进行综合的比较和讨论;最后,对电动汽车中锂离子电池SoC估算方法的未来发展方向做出展望。     

电动汽车锂离子电池荷电状态估算方法研究综述

锂离子电池具有循环寿命长、能量密度高、自放电率低、环境污染小等优点,在电动汽车产业中得到广泛应用.电动汽车中的电池管理系统(BMS)可以维护和监测电池状态,确保电池的安全性和可靠性.电池荷电状态(SoC)表示电池中剩余的电量,是BMS的重要参数之一,实时精确的SoC估算可以延长电池寿命,保障行驶安全.然而锂离子电池是一个高度复杂的非线性时变系统,电池寿命、环境温度、电池自放电等许多未知因素均会对估算精度造成影响,使估算难度大大增加.为了满足不同条件下对锂离子电池SoC精确、快速、实时估算的要求,需要对SoC估计算法进行进一步研究与改进.近年来已有相关文献对锂离子电池SoC的估算方法进行了综述,然而已有相关综述对估算方法的总结不够全面且缺少流程表达.该文首先介绍了锂离子电池的工作原理,阐述了影响电池SoC估算的因素;其次,通过总结最新的研究成果对电池SoC估算方法进行了归纳分析,根据各类算法的不同特性将其分为查表法、安时积分法、基于模型的方法、数据驱动的方法以及混合方法五大类,说明了各类估算方法的主要特征并对模型或算法的优缺点进行综合的比较和讨论;最后,对电动汽车中锂离子电池SoC估算方法的未来发展方向做出展望.     

可充电电池的换代产品：NiMH电池

最近几年,由于环境保护的需要,NiCd电池和锂电池正在逐步让位给NiMH(镍-金属-氧化物)电池.实际上,NiMH电池不仅对环境更为安全,还比NiCd和锂电池具有更大的容量、更高的能量密度和更优越的充电特性.工业界人士认为,在1995年,NiMH电池将在可充电电池市场中占据首位.产值达到5亿美元.NiMH电池与NiCd电池的设计原理基本相同,其差别     

22节NiCd/NiMH电池充电控制器

由22节NiCd／NiMH电池构成的电池包在实际应用中比较常见，这种电池包要求低价位、小尺寸、简单易用的充电器。本文介绍的充电方案是在一款标准的16节NiCd／NiMH电池充电器的基础上稍作改动的一种低成本充电控制器，如图1所示。     

八路锂电池充电器

近几年电池技术的革新主要体现在锂电池技术上,锂电池的容量比目前大批量生产的任何可充电电池如NiCd、NiMH电池的容量都大,而且锂电池具有质量较轻的特点,同等质量的容量相比,锂电池容量是NiMH电池的近两倍。这些优势使得锂电池越来越多得以应用。然而锂电池也有不足之处,对过充电和过放电十分敏感,这就要求锂电池充电器严格限制额值电压防止过充电。     

四节标准NiMH电池充电器

Dallas Semiconductor推出DS2714标准NiMH电池充电器。可以检测并防止对碱性原电池、锂原电池和已损坏的NiMH或NiCd电池充电。DS2714设计为使用稳压的充电电源，可以为1至4节NiMH或NiCd电池充电，包括大多数消费电子中常用的AA或AAA尺寸。     

手机电池技术的回顾

伴随着手机技术的发展，手机电池也经历了“改朝换代”。从最初的NiCd和NiMH电池到Li离子电池，再到Li离子聚合物电池。更大能量密度，更小体积，更高寿命的手机电池有力的支持了手机的发展。下面将对手机电池的关键技术及重要参数作一个简单回顾。     

标准NiMH电池充电控制器DS2714及其应用

DS2714是Dallas Semiconductor推出的一款标准NiMH电池充电控制器,可用于为1至4节NiMH或NiCd电池充电,并可显示充电状态和故障情况。文中介绍了DS2714工作原理和工作过程．给出了基于DS2714的充电器控制电路。     

HEV中高电压锂离子电池的管理

飞升的能量价格和对碳排放日益增长的忧虑迫使人们将注意力集中到电动汽车和混合电动汽车上。新型锤电池设计将是高效EV和HEV的关键技术。     

FPGA-based design of advanced BMS implementing SoC/SoH estimators

Energy storage system, usually a battery, become essential part for all electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) in the coming decades. These energy storage systems include Li-ion batteries, Ni-MH batteries, lead-acid batteries and ultra-capacitors. An accurate Battery Management System (BMS) is highly demanded integrated system in all electric derive vehicles to ensure the optimum use of an energy storage system. The battery's state monitoring & evaluation, charge control and cell balancing are the important features of any BMS. However, due to unavailability of inaccurate battery's state-of-charge (SoC)/state-of-health (SoH) estimators and uncertainty of battery's performance, new approaches of BMS design are under development to control batteries optimally and hence, the vehicle performance. In addition, most of the existing BMSs either do not provide SoH at all or provide it as a function of capacity degradation over the battery usage. This research paper presents the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) - based Advanced BMS design using MATLAB-to-FPGA design flow. The Advanced BMS design provides the combined estimation of both SoC and SoH of a rechargeable battery. This research paper also summarizes the Neuro-Fuzzy & statistical models implemented in Advanced BMS for accurate estimation of battery's SoC & SoH respectively. Further, this research paper presents the selection of suitable FPGA and its hardware realization implementing Advanced BMS. Finally, the experimental results are confirmed by simulation and synthesis of its register transfer level (RTL) design. FPGA-based Advanced BMS would provide the best chip solution for a generalized BMS with benefits of low Non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost, low power consumption, high speed of operation, large reconfigurable logic and large data storage capacity.     

Design and Control Methodology of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper systematically discusses the design and control methodologies of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Design methodology is focused on battery energy and power capacity design. Two kinds of typical batteries, namely, NiMH and Li-ion, are discussed. Control strategies focus on all electric range and charge depletion range operations. In addition, a constrained engine on and off control strategy is discussed for charge-sustained operation. Simulation has been performed for an example passenger car. The simulation results indicate that a significant amount of fuel can be displaced by electric energy in typical urban driving.      

A Battery-Capacitor Hybridfor Hybrids

Lead-acid batteries are relics that haven?t changed much since their invention nearly 150 years ago. Heavy and unable to withstand rapid charge-discharge cycles, they are unsuitable for the automotive world?s killer app, hybrid-electric vehicles. Hybrids instead use expensive nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries or, experimentally, lithium batteries. But a new, souped-up version of lead-acid batteries could change that, cutting the cost of hybrids and also improving the function of power grids and a range of other applications.     

Solar Battery Chargers for NiMH Batteries

This paper proposes new solar battery chargers for NiMH batteries. First, it is shown that existing charge-control methods can fail when charging by solar arrays in changing environmental conditions. This article discusses the reasons for the failure and introduces new voltage and temperature-based charge- control techniques. To increase charge speed, a maximum power point tracker is also implemented within the micro-controller of the proposed charger.     

Electric Vehicle Using a Combination of Ultracapacitors and ZEBRA Battery

The sodium–nickel chloride battery, commonly known as ZEBRA, has been used for an experimental electric vehicle (EV). These batteries are cheaper than Li-ion cells and have a comparable specific energy (in watt–hours per kilogram), but one important limitation is their poor specific power (in watts per kilogram). The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally that the combination of ZEBRA batteries and ultracapacitors (UCAPs) can solve the lack of specific power, allowing an excellent performance in both acceleration and regenerative braking in an EV. The UCAP system was connected to the ZEBRA battery and to the traction inverter through a buck–boost-type dc–dc converter, which manages the energy flow with the help of DSP controllers. The vehicle uses a brushless dc motor with a nominal power of 32 kW and a peak power of 53 kW. The control system measures and stores the following parameters: battery voltage, car speed to adjust the energy stored in the UCAPs, instantaneous currents in both terminals (battery and UCAPs), and present voltage of the UCAP. The increase in range with UCAPs results in more than 16% in city tests, where the application of this type of vehicle is being oriented. The results also show that this alternative is cheaper than Li-ion powered electric cars.      

A new method to estimate the state of charge of the green battery

Green batteries have attracted great attention due to the characteristics of its high performance and non-pollution. In order to understand the working condition of the batteries and get a better estimation effect on the state of charge (SoC), the following works had been done in NMC18650 lithium ion battery. Firstly, the hybrid pulse power characteristic (HPPC) test was carried out on the battery with different currents. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) was used to estimate the SoC of the battery based on combined model and Thevenin model whose parameters were identified in advance; furthermore, the estimation results of the two models were compared. Secondly, an improved open circuit voltage (OCV) based method was proposed. Its improvements were as follows: the changes of OCV on battery were recorded during the current interruption, and it was assumed that the OCV had been restored to a certain degree if the change of OCV did not exceed 0.001 V in 10 s. Finally, two new improved methods were proposed based on the combined model, and the estimation effects of the above methods were compared under dynamic condition. The results showed that the accuracy of the Thevenin model was slightly higher than that of the combined model, and the accuracies of the two improved methods were both improved. Especially the second improved method had the least error and the best adaptability; the maximum error under dynamic conditions was 3.07%, and the average error was less than 1%, which only accounted for 22.46% of the un- improved. The improved OCV based method proposed in this study is applied to the SoC estimation of batteries, which greatly improves the accuracy of the estimation; moreover, the method is easy to implement and suitable for estimating SoC in real time.     

基于PWM整流器的高效电动汽车充电机设计

介绍一种用于电动汽车电池充电机的设计实现方法.为满足高功率因数和高效的要求,采用三相PWM整流器和移相全桥变换器两级变换模式.前者基于空间电压矢量PWM直接功率控制（DPC）,实现单位功率因数;后者基于零电压零电流（ZvZCS）控制,实现高效的电能变换.以该方法设计的8 kW的充电机在大部分充电过程中,效率高于84％,输入功率因数高于99.3％.     

Operation Strategy of EV Battery Charging and Swapping Station

An operation strategy of the electric vehicle (EV) battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station: charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.     

Dynamic Voltage Equalization for Series-Connected Ultracapacitors in EV/HEV Applications

Energy-storage systems (ESSs) play an important role in electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EV (HEV) applications. In the system, an ultracapacitor is preferred for high power buffer and regenerative braking energy storage because it has the advantages of high power density, long life cycles, and high efficiency. While in the high-voltage application, the ultracapacitors are employed in series, and the voltage unbalance issue must be taken care of. This paper presents a novel circuit for equalizing a series ultracapacitor stack, which is based on a dc-dc converter. The proposed voltage-equalization circuit derives energy from the series ultracapacitor stack and transfers them to the weakest ultracapacitor cell. The equalizer balances the whole stack by sequentially compensating the weak ultracapacitor cells. Unlike previous methods for battery-storage systems, which include complex circuit detecting and comparing the voltages of capacitor cells, the novel equalizer can realize autonomic voltage equalization without voltage detection and comparison, and it is more efficient with the soft switching method, which is a benefit for high-power applications in EV/HEV. The simulation and experiment results validate the feasibility of the proposed equalization circuits.