波束成形在TD-LTE-A系统中的性能优化

TD-LTE系统中的波束成形(Beam Forming)会受到收、发天线不对称性的影响。TD-LTE-Advanced(TD-LTE-A)系统中使用上行多天线发送可以解决天线不对称性的问题,因此需要对其分析以优化Beam Forming的性能。通过对上行多天线的信道状态信息(CSI)做特征值(SVD)分解,指出了Beam Forming对下行信噪比(SNR)的改善。针对Beam Forming模式下SNR和链路质量指示(CQI)的差异,提出了一种优化链路自适应的方法。数值仿真验证了优化后的TD-LTE-A相比TD-LTE的Beam Forming吞吐率最大提高了24%,其结论对商用TD-LTE网升级到TD-LTE-A具有显著价值。     

分布式目标下行波束形成

研究了智能天线在下行链路的应用。利用上行链路接收数据,建立分布式目标信道模型。估计移动用户的发射角、扩展角度和发射功率以及下行信道相关矩阵,确定下行链路的波束形成方法。即对频分复用（FDD）系统进行上行相关矩阵变换,构建下行信道协方差矩阵,利用最大合并比准则获得下行链路权值。计算机仿真证实了这种方法的有效性。     

TD-SCDMA室内覆盖探讨

一、TD-SCDMA室内覆盖特点 TD-SCDMA室内分布系统具有以下特点. 1.信源无智能天线.用户与基站的通话链路建立后基站没有对下行链路的赋型增益,同室外覆盖的方式相比下行功率要低了6-8dB,缺少了智能天线的基站信源上行灵敏度也要低于使用了智能天线的室外宏基站.     

FDD-CDMA的下行链路的波束形成

本文研究了在智能天线在ＦＤＤ－ＣＤＭＡ中的下行链路的应用，利用上行链路接收数据，估计了下行链路的信道相关矩阵和对其它小区用户的相对干扰总量，给出下行链路的波束形成方法，即在保证一定的有效发送功率的同时，使得对其他小区的用户干扰最小。计算机仿真表明：（在多小区蜂窝ＣＤＭＡ环境中，采用上述方法比仅保证用户方向的最大发送功率，有更小的中断率。     

FDD—CDMA的下行链路的波束形成

本文研究了在智能天线在ＦＤＤ－ＣＤＭＡ中的下行链路的应用，利用上行链路接收数据，估计了下行链路的信道相关矩阵和对其它小区用户的相对干扰总量，给出下行链路的波束形成方法，即在保证一定的有效发送功率的同时，使得对其他小区的用户干扰最小。计算机仿真表明：（在多小区蜂窝ＣＤＭＡ环境中，采用上述方法比仅保证用户方向的最大发送功率，有更小的中断率。     

TD—SCDMA的关键技术—智能天线

智能天线是安装在基站的双向天线,通过一组带有可编程电子相位关系的固定天线单元控制方向,并可以同时控制基站和移动台之间各个链路的方向.以TDD模式运行的TD-SCDMA智能天线,其高效率是基于上行链路和下行链路无线路径的对称性(无线环境和传输条件相同)而获得的.     

智能天线在CDMA2000 1x EV-DO中的实现方案

讨论了智能天线技术及其在CDMA2000 1x EV—DO标准中的应用,否定了有关智能天线应用的传统观点：智能天线最适合用于上下行链路同频点的TDD（时分双工）系统。依据1x EV—DO标准支持上下行链路工作于FDDCDMA／TDMA模式和智能天线（SA）的定向收发信原理,对智能天线技术在CDMA2000 1x EV—DO标准中的实现提出了两种实现方案。两种方案需要估计出上行链路用户的DOA后,即可用一副SA实现单一载波上多个CDMA用户的定向接收,再将该DOA及时用于下行高速数据载波多个TDMA用户的定向发信,可大幅度提高上下行链路的频谱和功率的利用率。     

阵列天线在OFDM系统下行链路中的应用

正交频分多址(OFDM:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)技术由于其在多径环境下克服码间干扰的固有特点,在移动通信中已得到广泛地应用。利用阵列天线上行链路信号到达角估计实时信息,计算OFDM系统下行链路阵列天线权重,将阵列天线应用于下行链路中,最后给出系统误码率性能的计算机仿真结果。     

基于波束切换型智能天线技术的TDD-CDMA系统上行链路性能研究

该文通过分析波束切换型智能天线技术的原理,研究了波束切换型智能天线技术对TDD-CDMA上行链路的影响,给出了采用波束切换型智能天线技术后适合TDD-CDMA上行链路使用的接入控制算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明智能天线技术的天线阵元数和上行链路多用户检测技术优劣将直接影响上行链路容量,采用先进的接入控制算法和优化的接入控制门限值则可以显著提高系统性能。     

TD-SCDMA的关键技术──智能天线

智能天线是一种安装在基站现场的双向天线,通过一组带有可编程电子相位关系的固定天线单元获取方向性,并可以同时获取基站和移动台之间各个链路的方向特性。ＴＤ－ＳＣＤＭＡ智能天线的高效率是基于上行链路和下行链路的无线路径的对称性（无线环境和传输条件相同）而获得的。此外,智能天线可减少小区间干扰也可减少小区内干扰。智能天线的这些特性可显著提高移动通信系统的频谱效率。 具体而言,ＴＤ—ＳＣＤＭＡ系统的智能天线是由８个天线单元的同心阵列组成的,直径为２５ｃｍ。同全方向天线相比,它可获得８ｄＢ的增益。其原理是使…     

基于智能天线阵接收的蜂窝CDMA网络性能分析

本文分析了在频率选择性信道中基于智能天线阵接民的蜂窝CDMA网络上行链路的性能,分析基于多个小区的异步蜂窝CDMA系统,系统采用BPSK调制,并采用智能天线阵接收的RAKE合并技术,通过分析最终得到了在该环境下的闭合的CDMA系统误码率公式,结果表明基于智能天线阵接收的蜂窝CDMA性能要比不采用的好得多,并给出了误码率与系统用户数,小区数和衰落模型之间的关系,结果对于分析蜂窝CDMA系统容量具有一定的指导意义。     

Analysis of smart antenna outage in UTRA FDD networks

The outage occurring from beamformer-based smart antennas is analysed for an antenna array deployed in an urban macro-cell environment. Spatio-temporal channel data obtained from a small, urban cell and from within the UTRA frequency allocation has enabled beamforming performance to be determined from the measured uplink and downlink frequency bands. The analysis shows a sub-optimum uplink beamformer performance is observed for 8% of occasions and a 25% downlink beamforming outage for an eight-element uniformly spaced linear array     

Experimental studies of direction of arrivals using a smart antenna testbed in wireless communication systems

This paper presents some preliminary results from experimental studies on space‐division‐multiple‐access (SDMA) for wireless communications. A smart antenna system utilizing direction‐of‐arrival (DOA)‐based beamforming techniques can enhance signal quality by reducing co‐channel interference from mobiles located at angles spatially distinct from the base station. Adopting both smart uplink and downlink beamforming, a communication system with an antenna array can increase the cell coverage of a base station and significantly boost capacity compared with conventional antenna systems. However, successful implementation of DOA‐based beamforming techniques depends on the DOA characteristics. This paper presented the feasibility of direction finding and DOA variation with respect to frequency. Furthermore, the angle spread was studied for selected environments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of applying proposed smart antenna system utilizing DOA‐based beamforming algorithm for increasing channel capacity and improving system performance in frequency‐division‐duplex (FDD) wireless communication systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GA的智能天线系统前端扇区阵列设计

使用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm)设计了智能天线系统前端的扇区天线阵列。该天线阵列用于TD-SCDMA基站系统中。依据智能天线系统扇区覆盖模式(即广播波束)对方向图的要求，利用GA的全局搜索性能，综合了阵列结构及单元激励相位。对该阵列结构使用GA模拟了智能天线系统工作模式(业务波束)下所要求方向图的阵列激励幅度和相位。给出了实际的智能天线系统前端扇区天线阵列结构，对智能天线技术的应用具有重要意义。     

Performance of a Digital Beamforming Concept in a GSM1800 Downlink: A Simulation Study

A smart antenna concept was studied in the context of a GSM1800 downlink. In practice, it is not possible to estimate the actual downlink channel when using frequency division duplexing (FDD). Therefore, the current approach is based on uplink direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation. The downlink beam is then directed to the DoA obtained from the uplink. The purpose was to study the dependence of downlink performance on the angular and delay distribution of the desired signal. The downlink beamforming was studied in this work using simulations with 2D channel models for different test environments. The probability of error in DoA estimation of the desired mobile station was evaluated in conjunction with DoA averaging. In addition, downlink BER performance was examined in a noise-limited situation and compared to the results of the corresponding uplink and a conventional 2-branch GSM receiver. With a 1*8-element antenna configuration, downlink performance degradation compared to the corresponding uplink case was approximately 1.3 dB, 2.4 dB, and 0 dB in typical Urban, Suburban, and Rural environments. The losses were greater in environments with very large angular spread. It was also found that increasing accuracy in uplink DoA estimation does not necessarily correspond to improved downlink performance.     

Intelligent antenna solutions for UMTS: algorithms and simulation results

This article outlines the development of intelligent antenna (IA) solutions for UMTS, a third-generation W-CDMA system. Since the selection of an antenna configuration paired with realizable uplink/downlink algorithms that can satisfy all operating environments is a broad task, this article focus is on cost-effective antenna arrays for macrocells. Algorithms that exploit the antenna configurations and act at both the physical and MAC layers are highlighted and supported by simulation results. Two solutions stand out for UMTS: a universal beamforming algorithm that unifies user-specific and fixed beamforming under one framework, and multibeam scheduling (MBS) that significantly increases downlink packet data throughput using the concept of code reuse in conjunction with beamforming. The article summarizes the critical issues that were faced in the development of an IA solution capable of delivering the theoretically promised benefits to end users.     

TD-LTE网络8阵元和2阵元天线应用研究

由于TD-LTE具有上下行对称的信道互易性,非常适用于采用8阵元波束赋形天线提高小区边缘用户吞吐量。但是,在网络实际建设中,由于8阵元天线受限条件较多,部分站点具有一定的建设难度。本文首先对TD-LTE 8阵元和2阵元天线性能及建设难度进行了对比分析,然后通过仿真分析了2阵元天线和8阵元天线混合组网的可行性,并在此基础上,对未来TD-LTE的网络建设提出了相关建议。     

A framework for investigating radio resource management algorithms in TD-SCDMA systems

TDD-CDMA, globally recognized as the basis for Chinese 3G, is designed for symmetrical and asymmetrical 3G mobile services. As a time-division duplexing system, TD-SCDMA works in unpaired frequency allocations, supporting the flexible allocation of uplink/downlink slots in one carrier, and adapting to the different system loads between uplink and downlink. Dynamic time slot allocations make it more spectrally efficient than paired uplink/downlink carriers. Consequently, TD-SCDMA can make full use of the radio spectrum through optimal adaptive radio resource allocation. In order to support peak rates of 5 Mb/s or higher, the TD-SCDMA standard is enhanced via high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) mode. In this article the properties and strategies of radio resource management (RRM) are introduced, and the differences in admission control, power control, handover, load control, dynamic channel allocation, and adaptive HSDPA techniques between TDD-CDMA and the conventional FDD-CDMA system are analyzed. Some advanced strategies and architectures for TDD-CDMA RRM algorithms are presented. Since uplink multi-user detection (MUD) and smart antenna (SA) techniques are adopted in TD-SCDMA, the RRM algorithms based on MUD and SA are investigated further. In addition, these advanced RRM algorithms are characterized by an OPNET-based dynamical system-level simulator.     

Potentials of smart antennas in CDMA systems and uplinkimprovements

An overview of the application of smart antennas in DS-CDMA systems, including IS-95 and IS-2000, is presented. Since CDMA systems are interference-limited, adaptive antenna arrays have great potential for improving the performance of such systems in terms of capacity, coverage, and quality of service, In this paper, we study the multiple-access interference that affects a CDMA system, and we describe how smart antennas can be implemented in an IS-2000-based mobile communications system. When smart antennas are used at the base station to transmit in narrow beams, the interference on the downlink is reduced, and C/I is improved. This, in turn, increases the system capacity on the downlink or, alternatively, the quality of service is improved. Such gains will prove very beneficial for asymmetric high-speed data applications, requiring much higher bit rates on the downlink than on the uplink. By reducing the base-station receiver's sensitivity, smart antennas can boost the capacity of the reverse link. Results are presented that outline how this reduction can be employed by the system designer on the uplink to increase capacity, reduce the mobile transmit power, or effect a tradeoff between capacity improvement and coverage or range extension under different system-loading scenarios