Effect of pipe orientation on dense-phase transport in inclined upward and downward flows

A physical model is presented to describe the flow characteristics of cocurrent two-layer upflow and downflow through inclined tubes. The influence of inclination angle on these two kinds of flow patterns has been investigated. For inclined upflow, the solids/gas velocity ratio is less than unity and decreases slightly with the increase of inclination angle, whereas for inclined downflow, this velocity ratio is, in general, greater than unity and increases with the inclination angle. The average voidage increases as the inclination angle decreases for inclined upflow while an opposite trend exists for inclined downflow. The pressure gradient is invariably negative for inclined upflow at various inclination angles and for inclined downflow of low inclination; however, the gradient becomes positive for inclined downflow at higher inclination angles. A flow regime map has also been presented. The present predictions agree well with the existing published experimental results.     

EFFECT OF PIPE ORIENTATION ON DENSE-PHASE TRANSPORT IN INCLINED UPWARD AND DOWNWARD FLOWS

A physical model is presented to describe the flow characteristics of cocurrent two-layer upflow and downflow through inclined tubes. The influence of inclination angle on these two kinds of flow patterns has been investigated. For inclined upflow, the solids/gas velocity ratio is less than unity and decreases slightly with the increase of inclination angle, whereas for inclined downflow, this velocity ratio is, in general, greater than unity and increases with the inclination angle. The average voidage increases as the inclination angle decreases for inclined upflow while an opposite trend exists for inclined downflow. The pressure gradient is invariably negative for inclined upflow at various inclination angles and for inclined downflow of low inclination; however, the gradient becomes positive for inclined downflow at higher inclination angles. A flow regime map has also been presented. The present predictions agree well with the existing published experimental results.     

Process intensification of gas–liquid downflow and upflow packed beds by a new low‐shear rotating reactor concept

In the present work, a new low‐shear rotating reactor concept was introduced for process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in cocurrent gas–liquid downflow and upflow packed‐bed reactors. To properly assess potential advantages of this new reactor concept, exhaustive hydrodynamic experiments were carried out using embedded low‐intrusive wire mesh sensors. The effect of the rotational velocity on liquid flow patterns in the bed cross‐section, liquid saturation, pressure drop, and regime transition was investigated. Furthermore, liquid residence time and Péclet number estimated by a stimulus‐response technique and a macro‐mixing model were presented and discussed with respect to the prevailing flow patterns. The results revealed that the column rotation induces different flow patterns in the cross‐section of the packed bed operating in a concurrent downflow or upflow mode. Moreover, the new reactor concept exhibits a more flexible adjustment of pressure drop, liquid saturation, liquid residence time, and back‐mixing at constant flow rates. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 283–294, 2017     

气固逆流下行流化床中颗粒速度的径向与轴向分布

在内径90 mm、高7 m的逆流下行床冷态实验装置中,研究了气固逆流下行床中循环锅炉灰(dp=300 mm)颗粒速度的径向分布及其沿轴向发展. 结果表明,局部颗粒速度沿径向分布是不均匀的,在完全发展区,颗粒速度中心和边壁低、在r/R=0.85附近颗粒速度最大. 由大量实验数据回归出预测充分发展段局部颗粒速度的关联式,该公式计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差小于±11%. 不同径向位置的局部颗粒速度沿轴向的变化趋势不同,边壁区域(r/R>0.622)颗粒速度沿轴向单调递增,而中心区域(0相似文献   

低密度循环流化床局部颗粒速度的轴径向分布的研究

在高8m,内径186mm的循环流化床中,利用光纤激光多普勒测速仪测量了FCC颗粒的局部速度沿轴径向的分布。实验结果表明:局部颗粒速度沿径向分布是不均匀的,床中心区域分布比较平坦,近壁环形区域分布较陡,颗粒沿轴向运动有较长的加速段。由实验数据回归得到预测低密度循环流化床局部颗粒速度的经验关联式。     

气固两相流强化传热研究进展

在气流中加入颗粒,形成气固两相流。根据气流速度的不同,气固两相流分为鼓泡流态化、快速流态化、气力输送等形式。不同的流动形态,两相流内颗粒浓度及颗粒的运动规律不同,其传热特点也存在差异。通过回顾几种多相流流态的传热特点,总结了多相流与传热面换热的影响因素、气固两相流的传热机理与模型。气固两相流中颗粒浓度、颗粒运动对其传热起决定性作用,而操作参数（气流速度、床层压力、床层温度等）则主要通过改变颗粒浓度和颗粒运动影响传热。此外,通过气固两相流强化传热的应用实例--气固两相流与填充床的热交换,分析了颗粒在对流换热中所起的作用,并进一步提出了今后研究方向和难点所在。     

Comparison of two-phase upflow and downflow fixed bed reactors performance: Catalytic SO2 oxidation

A time- and space-dependent model based on the piston-dispersion-exchange model for liquid flow was developed to analyze the performance of two-phase upflow and downflow fixed bed reactors and was applied to the catalytic SO₂ oxidation. The hydrodynamic parameters were determined from residence time distribution measurements, using an imperfect pulse method for time-domain analysis of nonideal pulse tracer response. A transient diffusion model of the tracer in the porous particle coupled with the PDE model was used to interpret the obtained RTD curves. Gas-liquid mass transfer parameters were determined by a stationary method based on the least square fit of the calculated concentration profiles in gas phase to the experimental values. It is shown that two-phase downflow fixed bed reactor performs better at low liquid flow rates, while two-phase downflow fixed bed reactor performs better at low liquid flow rates, while two-phase upflow performs better at high liquid flow rates.     

提升管中颗粒局部流率和速度的改进的光纤测量方法

在一套高约18 m、内径φ100 mm的提升管冷态实验装置上,根据PV-6D光纤探头的测量结果,提出了一种基于整个采样时间计算提升管颗粒局部流率和速度的改进方法,并与文献方法进行了对比。结果表明,两种方法计算的颗粒局部流率和速度相差较大,本文和文献两种方法计算的截面平均颗粒流率与实测值间的最大、最小和平均相对偏差分别为606.9%、241.3%,221.4%、89.5%和388.9%、145.6%,本文方法测量的颗粒流率偏差相对较小。文献方法计算的截面平均颗粒速度均大于操作气速,其气固间滑落速度和滑落系数分别在-1.6～-4.7 m·s^-1及0.56～0.90间变化,与提升管内的气固实际流动存在很大差别;本方法计算的截面平均颗粒速度均小于操作气速,其气固间滑落速度和滑落系数分别在0.6～9.6 m·s^-1及1.11～2.14间变化。反射型光纤探头在测量颗粒浓度时存在的一些问题是导致本文方法测量的颗粒流率、滑落速度和滑落系数偏大的主要原因。此外,根据光纤测量结果,提出了两个计算提升管颗粒循环强度的关系式,可以替代现有的容积法测量。     

Fundamental studies on the hydrodynamics and mixing of gas and solid in a downer reactor

The effect of flow direction on hydrodynamics and mixing in the upflow and downflowcirculating fluidized beds is discussed in details.Similar profiles of gas and solids velocities andsolids concentration are found in both risers and downers.When the flow is in the direction ofgravity(downer),the radial profiles of gas and particle velocity are more uniform than that inthe riser,the solids mixing is very small and the flow pattern approaches plug flow,while theflow is against gravity(riser),the solids backmixing significantly increase and the flow pattern isfar from plug flow.Among many of factors the flow direction has the largest influence onhydrodynamics and axial mixing of gas and solids.     

垂直气固并流上行/下行系统完全发展段的混沌研究

针对垂直气固并流上行（提升管）／下行系统（下行床）的完全发展段,使用光纤密度探头测得反映系统局部密度涨落信息的时间序列,利用确定性混沌理论进行分析,获得表征系统自由度的关联维数（D_（ml））和反映系统信息丢失速率的Kolmogorov熵（K_（ml））,并对上行和下行系统做比较研究．研究发现反映局部瞬态行为特征的D_（ml）和K_ml在上行和下行系统中一定的操作条件下具有大致相同的数值,且混沌参数与局部固含率表现出对应关系．同时局部混饨参数的径向分布对应于上行和下行系统存在的典型的径向流动结构．     

二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性实验

利用高速摄像仪对二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性进行了实验研究,考察了颗粒粒径、料仓压力以及喷嘴收缩角等因素对射流流动模式及稳定性的影响。结果表明：对于颗粒粒径为78μm的气固射流,随着料仓压力的增大,射流出口速度增大,射流固含率降低,在料仓压力≥0.03MPa、射流速度≥4.82m/s、射流固含率≤0.168时,喷嘴内稠密气固射流出现气泡型的不稳定流动模式;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气固射流固含率降低,喷嘴内稠密气固射流从气泡模式转变为颗粒团不稳定流动模式;改变喷嘴收缩角对射流不稳定模式影响不大。利用微型压力传感器对喷嘴直管不同位置压力进行测量,结果表明压力脉动主要是由于气固射流中气泡及颗粒团的产生及演变导致的。研究表明,随着料仓压力增大,颗粒在喷嘴内向下运动过程中压降增加,渗透进颗粒流的气体分率增加,将导致喷嘴内气固相互作用增强,进而引起气固射流不稳定。     

GAS-SOLIDS FLOW PATTERNS IN A CONCURRENT DOWNFLOW FAST FLUIDIZED BED(CDFFB)

Radial profiles of solid concentration and velocity for concurrent downward gas-solid suspension in a140mm inside diameter fast fluidized bed were investigated.The influence of gas velocity,solid circulating rateand axial position on radial profiles of solid concentration and particle velocity has been examined.It hasbeen found that an annular region of high solid concentration exists at r/R=0.94.At both the center and wallregion,the solid concentration and the particle velocities are relatively low.The shape of radial solid con-centration profile curves is mainly dependent on the cross-section averaged voidage,and the shape of radialparticle velocity profile is mainly affected by the gas velocity and cross-section averaged voidage.Based on the radial profiles of solid concentration and particle velocity,the solid mass flux profile and thenonuniformity of solids flow are discussed in this paper.It is shown that solids flow in CDFFB is much moreuniform than that in UFFB.     

旋风分离器内细颗粒浓度分布及运动分析

旋风分离器对5 μm以下颗粒的分离效率有待提高。通过雷诺应力模型和随机轨道模型研究1 μm颗粒在超高旋风分离器内的浓度分布。结果表明细颗粒在上行流和准自由涡的重叠区聚集,形成浓度高峰。分析不同轴向位置和不同时刻的颗粒径向分布,发现其形成机制有二：一是高度与自然旋风长不匹配导致旋涡尾端扫壁,引起大量颗粒返混,然后在内旋流的分离作用下向外移动;二是下行流向心汇聚对细颗粒的裹挟作用。机制一对颗粒浓峰的贡献更大。大部分浓环颗粒在上行过程中会继续外移,汇入下行流后再次经受外旋流的分离作用,少部分颗粒在上行流或短路流的裹挟下逃逸。抑制颗粒返混是改善颗粒浓环的关键,可通过优化高度或增加内购件的方式实现。     

Periodic operation of transport reactors for catalytic reactions

Based on plug flow of gas and catalyst particles and concentration dependent deactivation kinetics, the performance of transport reactors under a periodic (rectangular pulse) inlet concentration is analysed for improvement in conversion and extent of catalyst decay. The effects of reaction and deactivation orders, reaction and deactivation constant groups, and γ (cycle split) on the performance of the reactors are evaluated theoretically. For reaction orders greater than one, periodic operation improves conversion. Resonance behaviour is observed for certain combinations of parameters. For identical operating conditions vertical upflow, downflow and horizontal flow reactors are compared. Conversion in upflow reactors is higher than that in either horizontal flow or downflow reactors. However, catalyst decay is the least in downflow reactors.     

硅粉的流化特性研究

为改善直接法合成有机硅单体的结构与控制,文章采用统计分析方法和功率谱分析法对硅粉在操作流速为0．1573~0．5819m／s下不同轴／径向位置处颗粒浓度波动信号进行了分析。研究表明：颗粒浓度随流速、轴向距离的增大而减小,随径向距离的增大而增大;气固流化床的分数程度随操作流速的先增加后减小;方差随轴向、径向距离的增大而减小;颗粒浓度的时间序列有明显的主频范围,且主频蜂值随流速、轴向距离的增大而增大,随径向距离的增大而减小。     

受限气固两相射流的实验研究和数值模拟

采用PV4A颗粒测速仪测量受限气固两相射流流场中固体颗粒的速度和浓度并运用CFD软件对颗粒相进行数值模拟,模拟和实验结果基本吻合。结果表明,颗粒轴线速度衰减存在一个峰值而轴线相对浓度在起始段急剧衰减然后趋于平缓;颗粒因为湍流扩散在炉壁上有富集现象,并且相对于小粒径颗粒,大颗粒在壁面富集现象更明显。实验结果对粉煤气流床气化炉的工业应用有重要的参考意义。     

气固流化床外取热器内流动和换热特性分析

外取热器是维持催化裂化反应-再生系统热平衡和保持装置平稳运行的关键设备之一。外取热器的优化设计和合理调控，要求深入理解外取热器内的流动特性、换热特性及两者之间关系。在一套大型冷模热态实验装置上，分别考察了表观气速、颗粒质量流率对换热管附近的局部固含率和气泡频率、床层与换热管间传热系数的影响。结果表明：增加表观气速可以降低局部固含率、增加局部气泡频率、强化床层与换热管间换热；随着颗粒质量流率增加，局部固含率和局部气泡频率均增加；在较低表观气速下，增加颗粒质量流率不利于换热，而在较高表观气速下，传热系数随颗粒质量流率逐渐增加。不同流型下，气固流动特性对换热特性的影响不同。在鼓泡床流型下，过高的局部固含率不利于颗粒在换热表面的更新，增加换热管附近的局部气泡频率可以明显强化换热；而在湍流床流型下，换热管附近的局部固含率和气泡频率的增加，均使传热系数逐渐增大。建立了针对不同流型的换热经验关联式，预测值与实验值的平均相对偏差分别为6.9%和1.3%。     

提升管内气固两相双组分颗粒流动的离散颗粒硬球模型的模拟

基于离散颗粒(DPM)硬球模型,数值模拟提升管内双组分颗粒气固两相湍流流动行为。应用Vreman的亚格子尺度（SGS）模型模拟气体湍流,建立考虑不同颗粒加速度效应的两颗粒碰撞最小时间计算模型。数值模拟预测了大颗粒和小颗粒的速度和浓度分布。研究结果表明小颗粒具有高的轴向速度和脉动速度,而大颗粒具有低的轴向速度和脉动速度。在床中心区域,小颗粒轴向速度分布出现3个峰值,对于大颗粒轴向速度仅出现两个峰值。在壁面区域大颗粒和小颗粒速度均出现两个峰值。沿床径向方向呈现床中心颗粒浓度低、壁面区域颗粒浓度高的环核流动结果。随着表观气速的增大,颗粒浓度沿径向和床高分布趋于均匀。在床中心区域模拟计算轴向颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和RMS速度与文献实验结果相吻合。在提升管内气体湍流对小颗粒流动具有一定的影响,颗粒间碰撞作用对颗粒相流动的影响大于气相湍流的影响。     

不同气速下喷动床喷泉区颗粒特性的模拟分析

以欧拉多项流模型为基础,对底角锥度为60°、床直径为0.44 m的喷动床内气固两相流的动力学特性进行了模拟研究,并对不同气速下喷泉高度、颗粒体积分数、颗粒速率的变化进行分析,结果发现喷泉高度与进口气速在u/ums=1.2～1.8范围内具有良好的线性关系,拟合度可达到0.9997。固体颗粒体积分数在轴心区域较高,随着径向距离的增加逐渐下降,且随高度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势;颗粒体积分数受速率的影响较大,随着喷动速率的增大,颗粒体积分数趋于减小,但减小幅度不同。颗粒速度在喷泉核心区随床层高度增大而减小。同一床层高度上的颗粒速度随气速的增加而增大,但增大值不同。     

基于静电传感器空间滤波效应的颗粒速度测量

颗粒的流动速度是反应气固两相流流动状况的一个重要参数。介绍了静电传感器的空间滤波特性，推导了颗粒流动速度与静电传感器输出信号频率特性之间的关系。在此基础上，提出了一种基于静电传感器空间滤波效应的颗粒平均速度测量方法，并分析了静电传感器结构参数、颗粒截面分布、颗粒速度分布、颗粒尺寸、材料种类以及频率分辨率等因素对颗粒平均速度测量精度的影响。在重力输送颗粒流实验装置上进行了初步的实验研究。理论和实验结果均证明了静电传感器空间滤波颗粒平均速度测量方法的有效性。