The design of a mode selective directional coupler for a high power gyroklystron†

The design method of mode selective directional couplers from a transverse electric mode in a circular waveguide to the fundamental mode in a rectangular wave guide is presented in this paper. The design results for a TE₀₁ circular mode coupler intended for use in the output power measurement of a high power gyroklystron are reported; these results indicate that more than 50-80dB directivity and sufficient suppression of unwanted modes can be obtained with a coupler less than 07m in length. The effects of frequency and rectangular wave guide size on coupler parameters are also discussed in this paper     

Evaluation of directional couplers for high power gyrotrons

The formalism for analysing weakly coupled, aperture-type, mode-selective directional couplers is applied to the geometry of an end-fire high power gyrotron. A design procedure based on the constraints of a highly overmoded circular waveguide is presented. Several designs for a — 60dB, 9.85GHz, TE₀₁ coupler are evaluated. Measurements of the forward and reverse coupling for the principal mode are found to be in good agreement with theory.     

多孔耦合型太赫兹波导定向耦合器的设计

设计了一种结构紧凑、工作频带较宽、耦合平稳、高方向性的十字形多孔耦合的太赫兹波导定向耦合器。基于多孔耦合原理,利用HFSS软件对太赫兹波导定向耦合器进行了模型仿真和结构优化。仿真结果表明:在325~475 GHz带宽范围内,该多孔耦合太赫兹波导定向耦合器耦合度达到7.50.8 dB,隔离度达到30 dB,即方向性优于20 dB,各端口回波损耗小于-20 dB。通过对该波导定向耦合器进行高温高压模拟仿真,确定了使用负性光刻胶SU-8作为结构材料的可行性,提出应用MEMS工艺在硅衬底上进行加工,将牺牲层工艺应用到波导腔结构的制作中。利用光刻在直通波导和耦合波导公共宽壁上形成的十字形等间距排列耦合孔结构,可以实现较宽的带宽和良好的耦合平坦度。该方法提高了耦合孔尺寸和位置的精度,减小了反射损耗,为太赫兹波导结构的加工提供了新思路。     

Undesired resonances in oversized rippled-wall mode converters

A new method to study rippled-wall mode converters based on a generalized investigation of multi-resonance phenomena in periodically perturbated circular oversized waveguides is presented. These resonances cause serious problems in the design of advanced, very high-power millimetre wave mode converters. The concept of a mode diagram helps in the initial design steps to get a global feel for possible resonances at each frequency and waveguide diameter. The optimal conversion path is determined from this mode diagram to avoid unwanted mode resonances. This method is shown applied to a TE_0.1?TE₀₃converter with a waveguide diameter of 27-79mm working at 60GHz. This converter is very close to the worst resonance effect (first-order resonance: |β₀₃? β₀₄.| ≈| β₀₃? β₀₁ |) which destroys totally the desired conversion effect. The second example shown is a TE₀₂?TE₀₁ converter with a waveguide diameter of 44-45 mm working at 28 GHz. In this case the resonance effect is of second order (i.e. | β₀₂? β₀₃|≈2| β₀₁? β₀₂|).     

High performance dual directional couplers for near-mm wavelengths

A low loss, high directivity dual directional coupler has been developed suitable for fabrication in waveguide bands up to WR3 (220-325 GHz). The design uses waveguide split on the E plane centerline with three waveguides running side by side and coupling holes made by drilling through all three guides. Construction is relatively simple and the resulting structure is very robust mechanically. Typical coupling is 15 dB, directivity is 25-30 dB, and the insertion loss of the WR3 coupler is 0.5 dB     

An Adjustable-Slot-Length UHF Coaxial Coupler with Decade Bandwidth (Correspondence)

A coaxial directional coupler has been developed which allows adjustment of the length of the coupling slot to /spl lambda//4 or 3/spl lambda//4 throughout the frequency range 0.3 to 8.5 GHz. Coupling is flat to within 0.05 dB from 0.3 to 3 GHz (/spl lambda//4 mode) and 0.1 dB from 0.9 to 8.5 GHz (3/spl lambda//4 mode). The coupler has 50-dB coupling, 30- to 40dB directivity and was designed primarily for high power measurement (1 to 1000 W) using a low-power meter on the sidearm. The VSWR for the two modes of operation is 1.02 to 1.05. Five octave bandwidth-type couplers would be required to cover this same frequency range.     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Ka-band Gyro-TWT with Lossy Interaction Structure

The stability analysis of a Ka-band gyrotron traveling-wave tube amplifier (gyro-TWT) operating in the circular TE₀₁ mode at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic is presented. The small signal linear theory is used to analyze the amplification of operation mode and oscillation of parasitic modes. The optimum dielectric parameters including loss layer thickness and permittivity are given. Propagation loss of operation mode is 3 dB/cm with the thickness of loss layer d = 0.7 mm and relative permittivity ξ″ = 11−6j, and propagation loss per unit length of parasitic modes TE₁₁, TE₂₁, TE₀₂ at each oscillation frequency (24.85 GHz, 27.85 GHz, 61.2 GHz) is 2.5 dB/cm, 6 dB/cm, 7.5 dB/cm, respectively, sufficient to suppress oscillations of operation and parasitic modes. Taking advantage of the optimized parameters of loaded dielectric, a high gain scheme has been demonstrated in a 34-GHz, TE₀₁-mode gyro-TWT, producing 160 kW saturated output power at 40 dB stable gain and 22.8% efficiency with a 3-dB bandwidth of 5%.     

Improved directional couplers for overmoded waveguide systems

The performance of multihole directional couplers can be considerably improved by placing a second hole structure to the existing one. The improvement may be aimed at directivity or at suppression of certain unwanted modes propagating either in forward or backward direction.     

一种微带功分耦合器的设计

描述了一种微带功分耦合器,它是收发(T/R)组件中的重要组成部分,起着监测和校准的作用.项目设计要求的工作频段在9.3GHz～9.8GHz,端口驻波应小于1.2,两臂间隔离度大于25dB,两个定向耦合器的耦合度C=30dB,定向性D=15dB～20dB.常规微带耦合器的定向性比带状线耦合器的定向性差,有多种方法可以改善...     

Demonstration of a High-Order Mode Input Coupler for a 220-GHz Confocal Gyrotron Traveling Wave Tube

A design of high-order mode input coupler for 220-GHz confocal gyrotron travelling wave tube is proposed, simulated, and demonstrated by experimental tests. This input coupler is designed to excite confocal TE ₀₆ mode from rectangle waveguide TE ₁₀ mode over a broadband frequency range. Simulation results predict that the optimized conversion loss is about 2.72 dB with a mode purity excess of 99%. Considering of the gyrotron interaction theory, an effective bandwidth of 5 GHz is obtained, in which the beam-wave coupling efficiency is higher than half of maximum. The field pattern under low power demonstrates that TE ₀₆ mode is successfully excited in confocal waveguide at 220 GHz. Cold test results from the vector network analyzer perform good agreements with simulation results. Both simulation and experimental results illustrate that the reflection at input port S11 is sensitive to the perpendicular separation of two mirrors. It provides an engineering possibility for estimating the assembly precision.     

A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

高功率微波系统TM_(On)模模式识别器的设计

本文提出了用于高功率微波系统TMOn模模式识别的选模定向耦合器的设计方法，采用了调整波导尺寸、设置多组耦合孔、选择最佳耦合孔数等措施来提高耦合模的方向性和非耦合模的抑制度。     

小型化高方向性的微带双定向耦合器设计

为解决弱耦合时微带平行耦合线定向耦合器方向性低的问题,提出了适用于大功率场合的小型化高方向性微带双定向耦合器。基于传统四分之一波长平行耦合三线微带双定向耦合器结构,采用扇形微带电容加载可明显减小耦合器尺寸并增大隔离度,通过耦合边缘引入锯齿结构进一步提高了方向性。负载电阻采用扇形微带短截线接地设计,避免电气化过孔,使得加工更加简单。设计了一个中心频率为915 MHz、耦合度为20 dB 的微带双定向耦合器,利用HFSS 仿真软件对耦合器结构进行优化设计,并做了实物加工和测试。实测结果表明,在中心频率处耦合度为20.2 dB,方向性达到32.1 dB;在0.74~1.35 GHz 频带内,输入匹配良好,耦合度波动小于0.5 dB,方向性高于20 dB。     

Experimental study of multihole directional couplers providing arippled response

The directivity versus frequency of a multihole waveguide coupler may be expressed as a polynomial whose complex roots, if placed off the unit circle, provide the opportunity of a rippled response. Two designs using seven equispaced holes, one each with 3.0 and 0.5 dB ripple, were implemented at X-band, and experimental validation of the theory has been excellent     

一种宽带高方向性微带定向耦合器

文中设计了一种小型化的具有高方向性的多节微带线定向耦合器。通过将耦合微带线分段处理,得到由一节1/4波长段和两节1/8波长段组合的多段耦合器。非均匀介质微带耦合线中奇偶模相速度的差异导致微带定向耦合器的方向性较差。文中通过在耦合器馈线拐角处采用1/4圆弧提高了方向性。通过优化仿真设计实现了10 GHz耦合器,耦合度为25 dB,并且从6~14 GHz的方向性优于30 dB。与传统的并联耦合线耦合器相比,文中所提出的耦合器具有更小尺寸和更加出色的方向性,且实测和模拟仿真基本一致。     

Rigorous Analysis of Wide-Band Directional Coupler Using Π-Shape Dielectric Waveguide

Wide-band directional couplers using П-Shape dielectric waveguide in the parallel coupling region are investigated in detail by a rigorous mode matching method, both the eigenvalue problem of the coupled П-guide and the coupling characteristics of curved transition structure are solved accurately. Particular attention is directed toward the effects of transition waveguides on the scattering and coupling performance of the coupler to give useful guidelines for the design and optimization consideration. Finally, a 3-dB directional coupler is proposed with quite constant coupling factor (within ±0.5dB) throughout a wide frequency band from 34 GHz to 40 GHz.     

小孔耦合型双通道太赫兹波导定向耦合器设计

提出了一种小孔耦合型双通道太赫兹波导定向耦合器,采用新颖的阶梯结构,将两个单通道耦合器结合,可在双通道内实现相同的耦合输出。研究结果表明,在180~260 GHz的频率范围内,该耦合器的耦合度为10 dB,输出最大误差小于1.6 dB,回波损耗大于25 dB,隔离度大于35 dB,相对带宽达到36%。与传统的太赫兹波导定向耦合器相比,该耦合器能够实现双通道的耦合输出,在太赫兹系统中可用于双通道的功率检测、功率合成与分配。     

Analysis and Synthesis of Waveguide Multiaperture Directional Couplers

A precise method of analysis of multiaperture waveguide directional couplers has been developed and used to investigate the performance of couplers designed both by conventional theories and by a new synthesis technique. The analysis is based on the equivalent four-port network of the coupler, the apertures being represented by lumped reactances in series and/or shunt with dispersive transmission lines, representing the waveguides. The effects of finite aperture dimensions and common wall thickness are taken into account. Many couplers designed on the usual basis of a first-order loose-coupling approximation have good directivity, even for tight (3 dB) coupling, but previous theories do not give the predicted directivity and are often far from optimum in design. A new synthesis technique based on the distributed low-pass prototype filter has been devised, and shown to give results close to the predicted performance. It has led to the construction of compact multiaperture directional couplers having directivity greater than 43 dB over complete waveguide operating bands.     

A New Directional Coupler Design with High Directivity for PCS and IMT‐2000

This paper proposes a new design of directional couplers with high directivity for personal communication services (PCS) and International Mobile Telecommunications‐2000 (IMT‐2000). The directional coupler is used to check and verify the power, frequency, and antenna reflection of a signal at transmission stations for mobile communications. The performance requirements of directional couplers are a strong coupling to reduce the effect on the transmitted power and high directivity to suppress the interference of the reflected signals and reduce the errors in communication. So far, various architectures have been proposed to gain high directivity, and there have been many studies used to obtain a strong coupling. However, conventional architectures for high directivity and strong coupling have a directivity of only about 20 dB, and there have been difficulties to achieve the higher directivity of 30 dB suitable for PCS and IMT‐2000. This paper proposes a new architecture of directional couplers based on a grounding composed of strip lines, and compares the test results of this directional coupler with conventional ones. The results show that the proposed directional coupler has a directivity of more than 30 dB and is adequate for PCS and IMT‐2000.     

An Inductor-Loaded Microstrip Directional Coupler for Directivity Enhancement

A directivity-enhancement technique is demonstrated for a microstrip directional coupler. By loading the coupler with shunt inductors, the phase velocities of the even and odd modes are altered in such a way that an isolation null is achieved. Compared with other compensation techniques for directivity enhancements, the proposed method provides the advantages of being simple yet easily application to high frequencies. For a 10 dB directional coupler at 0.9 GHz, a maximum directivity improvement of nearly 38 dB is measured over the conventional counterpart.