一种新型溢流坝面结构的消能效果及空化特性研究

发展新型溢流坝面结构对提高大坝的泄洪消能能力有重要意义.针对高坝水头高、下泄水流能量大而传统坝体消能效果较差、工程下游河道冲刷严重的问题,设计研发了一种包含分道挑流结构的新型溢流坝面结构,通过室内水力试验观测其挑流消能效果,引入消能率的概念定量测算溢流坝面结构的消能效果,同时通过数值模拟试验讨论溢流坝面结构空化特性及冲...     

一种新型溢流坝面结构的消能效果数值模拟研究

针对高坝水头高、下泄水流能量大而传统坝体消能效果较差、工程下游河道冲刷严重的问题,设计研发了一种包含分道挑流结构的新型溢流坝面,采用Flow-3D软件对其挑流消能效果进行水动力数值模拟,并与传统溢流坝面结构消能效果进行对比分析。结果表明,新型溢流坝面结构通过改变下泄水流流态分布,能有效降低水流流速,减小对下游河道的冲刷,为大坝高效挑流消能提供了新思路。     

阳江抽水蓄能电站上库溢流坝消能试验研究

针对阳江抽水蓄能电站上库溢流坝具有高水头、坝址河床狭窄、坡度陡峭等特点,通过水力模型试验研究优化了溢流坝及其消能工体型,解决了溢流坝的消能问题。试验表明:①溢流坝采用“坝面削角阶梯 底流消力池”的联合消能方案后,增大了溢流坝面水流的消能率,解决了溢流坝泄流与下游消力池衔接的问题;②消力池内设置T型消力墩,缩短了水跃长度和池长;③消力池下游采用阶梯状的二道坝与下游河床连接,减轻了泄流对下游河床的冲刷。     

泄流建筑物异型挑流鼻坎三维设计研究

受地形地质条件限制,水利工程中常采用异型挑流鼻坎解决消能问题,但也给异型挑流鼻坎体型的设计带来很多难题。为研究某水库工程的挑流鼻坎最佳体型,运用BIM三维建模技术,采用挑流消能鼻坎底板和边墙三维联动,改变挑流鼻坎的边墙偏转角、底板右挑高角和挑角三个参数进行结构优化设计。通过对三个设计方案进行数值模拟比选出最佳方案,并推求出最优挑流鼻坎的底板三维函数。结果表明,偏转角为19.814°、右挑高角为0°~arctan(1/12)、挑角为25°方案的挑流水舌成功规避了右岸冲刷,消能效果良好,对泄流建筑物的异型挑流鼻坎三维设计具有重要参考意义。     

大石涧水库溢流特性与坝下河道冲刷模型试验研究

基于物理模型试验探讨了大石涧水库溢流坝的溢流特性及不同洪水工况下坝下河道冲刷特性,发现大石涧水库溢流表孔体型设计合理,泄流能力满足设计要求;溢流堰面压强分布合理,最小负压值满足规范要求,不易发生空蚀破坏;采用连续鼻坎挑流消能,对泄水建筑物的安全性无影响,但受两岸回流影响,下游护坦末端在小流量条件下会产生冲刷;下游河道主...     

戽流消能水力特性数值模拟

采用RNG κ-ε紊流模型,结合气液两相流VOF模型以及标准壁面函数法对干捞水电站戽流消能水力特性进行数值模拟。得到了在设计洪水位条件下溢流坝下游河床自由水面、压强、流场分布以及消能影响范围等水力特性的变化规律。通过模拟结果与电站实际运行情况进行对比分析可知,本方法能够准确模拟出戽流消能的各项水力特性,并且为消能工的设计和优化提供参考依据     

台山核电厂淡水水源工程水库溢流坝消能试验研究

以台山核电厂淡水水源工程为例,通过水力模型试验研究,推荐溢流坝采用宽尾墩+坝面削角阶梯+底流消力池的联合消能方案.试验结果表明,该方案消能效果较显著、工程量小,优化了溢流坝工程布置和体型.     

跌坎底流消力池在某高水头闸坝工程中的应用

针对高水头、大单宽流量闸坝工程消能问题,在分析传统底流消力池体型的基础上,提出将跌坎型底流消力池应用于高水头闸坝工程,并结合实际工程进行了水工整体模型试验,研究了消力池及下游河道水流流态、流速分布、下游河道水面线、河床冲刷情况。结果表明,跌坎底流消力池不仅体型简单、施工难度小,且在各种运行工况下均能获得稳定的流态及较高的消能率,可较好地解决高水头闸坝泄洪消能问题。     

基于VOF模型的排水渠道流动数值模拟及消能措施优化研究

为改善某电站雨水排水渠道的水流流态,减轻对下流排水渠道的冲蚀作用,建立了全三维排水渠模型,模型包含上下游缓坡和中部台阶消能排水渠。采用VOF多相流模型进行非定常流动分析,原设计在缓陡坡连接处出现偏流、溢出现象,这主要是受到离心力和缓坡出流流速较大的惯性力的影响。对此,提出在上游缓坡增加多级台坎的措施来减缓缓陡坡连接处的流速,并优化台坎级数。通过分析改进模型流态和消能率,发现选择四级台坎时,排水渠道的整体流态和消能效果最好,上游排水渠出口最大流速比原设计下降27%,平均流速比原设计下降40%。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。     

一种新型燕尾坎消能工的流态和消能分析

为了提高孔洞类泄水建筑物的出口消能率,同时避免出口水流堵塞和空蚀破坏,提出了一种带跌坎和反坡的燕尾坎消能工。物理模型试验表明,燕尾坎中间槽的作用使出流分成两股,水流纵向拉伸,减小了落点水舌的平均流速,并使水舌掺气增加,消能率提高;设置跌坎和反坡,通过跌坎掺气和反坡对中间股水流的引导作用,避免消能工的空化和出口流动的水流阻塞,并在中间反坡的引导下,中间水舌按预设方向入水。与传统连续坎消能工相比,该消能工消能率提高15%左右。在分析消能率影响因素的基础上,给出了所提消能工消能率的经验表达式,为孔洞类泄水建筑物的出口消能设计及施工提供了参考依据。     

Experimental investigation of stator flow in diagonal flow fan

Experimental investigations were conducted for the internal flow of the stator of the diagonal flow fan. Comer separation near the hub surface and the suction surface of the stator blade are focused on. At the design flow rate, the values of the axial velocity and the total pressure at stator outlet decrease near the suction surface at around the hub surface by the influence of the comer wall. At low flow rate of 80-90 % of the design flow rate, the comer separation between the suction surface and the hub surface can be found, which become widely spread at 80 % of the design flow rate.     

基于子域积分的初流量法改进

为提高节点初流量的计算精度,引入子域积分法进行改进。根据自由面与单元的相交情况将单元划分为若干个子域,然后在每个子域布置数值积分点,这就避免了单元内节点初流量被忽略或多计入,也不会出现因自由面在积分点附近的微小移动而引起的节点初流量突变,实现了对单元节点初流量更准确的计算。数值算例表明,改进后的初流量法稳定性、收敛性良好。     

Liquid film flow rising along the outer surface of the rotating cone

We have investigated fluid flow characteristics of liquid film flow rising along the outer surface of a rotating cone. The fluid is given a centrifugal force due to the rotation of the cone, while strong surface tension maintains the centrifugal force at the outer surface of the liquid film flow. Therefore, the fluid does not spread outward from the cone, but goes up along it. We have visualized the interesting flow phenomena with a high‐speed video camera. In addition, we have measured the correlation between the wetted radius, rotation rate of the cone, and flow rate of the rising film flow. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; 39(7): 492–496, 2010; Published online 2 June 2010 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20307     

Experimental study on combined buoyant-thermocapillary flow along with rising liquid film on the surface of a horizontal metallic mesh tube

Temperature distribution and variation with time has been considered in the analysis of the influences of the initial level of immersion of a horizontal metallic mesh tube in the liquid on combined buoyant and thermo-capillary flow. The combined flow occurs along with the rising liquid film flow on the surface of a horizontal metallic mesh tube. Three different levels of immersion of the metallic mesh tube in the liquid have been tested. Experiments of 60 min in duration have been performed using a heating metallic tube with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 110 mm, sealed outside with a metallic mesh of 178 mm by 178 mm, and distilled water. These reveal two distinct flow patterns. Thermocouples and infrared thermal imager are utilized to measure the temperature. The level of the liquid free surface relative to the lower edge of the tube is measured as angle q. The results show that for a smaller q angle, or a low level of immersion, with a relatively low heating power, it is possible to near fully combine the upwards buoyant flow with the rising liquid film flow. In this case, the liquid is heated only in the vicinity of the tube, while the liquid away from the flow region experiences small changes in temperature and the system approaches steady conditions. For larger q angles, or higher levels of immersion, a different flow pattern is noticed on the liquid free surface and identified as the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) flow. The rising liquid film is also present. The higher levels of immersion cause a high temperature gradient in the liquid free surface region and promote thermal stratification; therefore the system could not approach steady conditions.     

单气道柴油机气缸内近壁面流场与不同截面涡流比分析

构建单螺旋气道柴油机的气道-气门-气缸的计算机辅助设计(CAD)模型,开展油流法稳流试验及不同截面涡流比测量,并进行计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,利用试验结果验证CFD计算,分析缸内近壁面的流场及气缸不同截面涡流比的变化。结果显示:采用质量比为8∶8∶3的甲基硅油、油酸、铝粉的油剂配方所显示的缸内近壁面流场信息最为清晰完整;距进气口最近的气缸内近壁面形成气流高流速区,高流速区面积会随着气门开度的增大而增加,在高流速区域气缸壁面润滑油膜厚度减小,存在磨损加剧的风险。在进气过程中,随着气门开度逐渐增大,缸内的涡流比会逐级提升;随着涡流比测量面逐渐远离缸盖,各测量面的涡流比逐渐降低。     

Three dimensional numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in a polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells gas flow channel

Water management in polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has a major impact on fuel cell performance and durability. To investigate the two-phase flow patterns in PEMFC gas flow channels, the volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to simulate the air-water flow in a 3D cuboid channel with a 1.0 mm × 1.0 mm square cross section and a 100 mm in length. The microstructure of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) was simplified by a number of representative opening pores on the 2D GDL surface. Water was injected from those pores to simulate water generation by the electrochemical reaction at the cathode side. Operating conditions and material properties were selected according to realistic fuel cell operating conditions. The water injection rate was also amplified 10 times, 100 times and 1000 times to study the flow pattern formation and transition in the channel. Simulation results show that, as the flow develops, the flow pattern evolves from corner droplet flow to top wall film flow, then annular flow, and finally slug flow. The total pressure drop increases exponentially with the increase in water volume fraction, which suggests that water accumulation should be avoided to reduce parasitic energy loss. The effect of material wettability was also studied by changing the contact angle of the GDL surface and channel walls, separately. It is shown that using a more hydrophobic GDL surface is helpful to expel water from the GDL surface, but increases the pressure drop. Using a more hydrophilic channel wall reduces the pressure drop, but increases the water residence time and water coverage of the GDL surface.     

小湾双曲拱坝2号导流底孔底板过流面施工

云南小湾水电站地处亚热带气候区,气温高立体气候显著;拱坝混凝土温控要求严格,且工程设计孔口较多。导流底孔为高流速区,过流面平整度要求很高。采用振捣梁进行过流面辅助振捣,叶片式抹光机进行施工的方案,对过流面的振捣、收光效果较好,节约了人力资源,保证了施工质量。     

火床炉风室内横向配风特性的理论分析

构建了火床炉双侧全载面进风风室和非全侧面进风风室的流动稳定段内流动的封闭方程组。通过理论推导,获得了分析解,并导出了火床面流量偏差的理论表达式。据此,对双侧进风与单侧进风方式下极限流量偏差值所处的位置、流量偏差的极值比进行了比较,并分析了风室结构和床层结构对流量偏差的影响。     

Influences of a kind of groove-blade on the flow field in a compressor cascade

This paper presents an experimental investigation of effects of a kind of streamwise-grooved blades on the flowfield in a compressor cascade.The flow field downstream the cascade and the boundary layer on the suctionsurface were measured using a mini 5-hole pressure probe at different incidence angles.The flow field in thegroove cascade was compared with that in the smooth cascade.The measurement results indicate that:(1)thegroove surface can restrain the development of the boundary layer on the suction surface;(2)the grooves canrestrain the radial migration of the low-energy fluids in the boundary layer on the suction surface;(3)the grooveblades can reduce total pressure loss and flow blockage in the cascade at the incidence angles of 0°,5°and 8°;(4)the maximum benefit of 8.6% loss reduction was obtained at the incidence angle of 5° while negative benefit of-3.0% loss reduction occurred at the incidence angle of-5°.     

Heat transfer and aerodynamics of complex shroud leakage flows in a low-pressure turbine

A numerical investigation on over-shroud & inter-shroud leakage flow has been carried out to explore the underneath flow physics at the stage of shrouded Low Pressure(LP) turbine.Compared with the No inter-Shroud gap’s Leakage flow Model(NSLM) and With inter-Shroud gap’s Leakage flow Model(WSLM),the aerodynamic characteristics and the heat transfer performance have been studied.Through the aerodynamic point of view,it is concluded that due to the pressure difference between the rotor’s passage and the over-shroud cavity,in the stream-wise direction,flow structure has been modified,and the inter-shroud leakage flow may even cause flow separation in the vicinity of the blade passage’s throat.In the circumferential direction,separation flows appear over the rotor’s shroud surface(upper platform of the shroud).Meanwhile,from the point of view of heat transfer,further provision on contour maps of the non-dimensional Nusselt number reveals that the reattachment of leakage flow would enhance the heat transfer rates and endanger the rotor’s labyrinth fins over the shroud.However,due to the limited amount of inter-shroud leakage flow(current computational model),temperature distribution variation along the blade surface(near the rotor’s tip section) seems to have only minor insignificant differences.At the end of the paper,the author puts forward some recommendations for the purpose of future successful turbine design.