激光焊接工艺对TRIP590钢焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用三因素、三水平正交实验方法设计激光焊接试验参数,研究了离焦量、焊接功率和焊接速度对TRIP590钢接头组织性能的影响,以断后伸长率为标准,获得了最佳工艺参数为功率2500 W,焊接速度67.7 mm/s,离焦量1 mm。结果表明,当离焦量为负值和零时接头焊缝区域硬度比离焦量为正值时高,此时马氏体的转变较充分,且热影响区马氏体和贝氏体组织较多,但焊接功率较大且焊接速度较低时接头焊缝的宽度无增大趋势,而在较低的焊接功率下,选择合适的离焦量会增大焊接热输入,进而促使焊缝硬度增加,马氏体的转变更加充分。     

6061铝合金板激光焊接工艺试验研究

采用功率为1 000 W的光纤激光器对6061铝合金板进行焊接试验,通过对激光功率、焊接速度及离焦量三因素、三水平进行正交试验,得到最大的焊缝强度241. 8 N/mm2,对应的最佳工艺参数为激光功率1 000 W,焊接速度50 mm/s,离焦量1 mm。进一步优化激光调制频率避免焊缝中出现气孔,当激光调制频率为1 000 Hz时,焊缝内部无气孔。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢中厚板光纤激光焊接工艺特性

采用光纤激光对5.5 mm厚0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb沉淀硬化不锈钢板进行激光焊接试验研究,研究了工艺参数对激光焊接接头表面成形、组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:开I型坡口,采用单层激光自熔焊即可获得焊缝表面成形良好的接头。激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量是影响焊缝成形的主要因素,激光功率3500 W、焊接速度1.3 m/min、离焦量-2 mm的工艺参数下焊缝成形最佳。采用收弧末端功率衰减、速度保持的方式,可以有效改善弧坑处焊缝成形。焊缝组织主要为柱状晶内呈束状分布的板条马氏体,热影响区组织为尺寸不均匀的淬火马氏体,对接焊接头的抗拉强度为1187 MPa,达到母材的90.6%。     

车用高强钢激光焊接工艺参数优化

激光焊接可以实现能量输入连续变化,对薄板焊接优势突出。焊接效果受激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量、气体保护等因素影响。为快速确定高强钢的最佳焊接参数,采用正交试验设计方法,分别分析各因素水平下对接和搭接焊接接头的抗拉伸和抗剪切性能指标。通过方差分析,确定最佳工艺参数的参考值,再结合焊缝形貌,确定最终优化参数。实验表明,针对1 mm厚的DP590高强钢板,当激光功率1.8 k W、焊接速度25 mm/s、正离焦量2 mm时对接焊质量最优;激光功率2.2 k W、离焦量-2 mm、焊接速度15 mm/s时搭接焊质量最优。     

LY12铝合金蒙皮骨架结构激光填丝焊接工艺研究

对LY12铝合金蒙皮骨架结构进行碟片激光填丝焊接试验研究。结果表明:通过激光填丝焊,铝合金可以获得焊缝表面成形良好的接头。激光功率、光丝间距、离焦量是影响焊缝成形的主要因素,激光功率3500～4000 W、光丝间距0 mm、离焦量+5 mm、焊接速度1.5 m/min时焊缝成形最佳。保护气流量为15 L/min时,接头的抗拉强度为325MPa,达到母材强度的77%,拉伸试样断裂在热影响区靠近熔合线的位置。     

TC4钛合金激光填丝焊接工艺研究

针对钛合金激光自熔焊对毛坯和装夹精度要求高,焊接后表面存在凹陷、咬边、不饱满等问题,对1 mm厚TC4钛合金进行激光填丝焊试验,研究了焊丝送入条件、离焦量和送丝速度对焊缝成形质量的影响,并优选工艺参数,分析了焊接接头的显微组织、硬度和拉伸强度。结果表明:在工艺参数为离焦量+2 mm、激光功率800 W、焊接速度20mm/s、送丝速度25 mm/s、送丝角度50°、丝光间距0 mm时进行激光填丝焊,焊缝表面未出现凹陷、不饱满等缺陷,且焊缝微观组织致密。焊接接头的平均抗拉强度为1287 MPa,大约是基材的1.32倍,比激光自熔焊提高了20.96%左右。     

TRIP800高强度钢激光焊工艺

针对TRIP800高强度钢进行激光焊接工艺研究。实验结果表明:1.8 mm厚的TRIP800高强度钢在纯度大于99.9%的氩气保护下,采用光纤激光器焊接,在焊接速度7 mm/s、激光功率570 W、离焦量0 mm的工艺参数条件下可以获得优质的焊缝;焊接接头的抗拉强度660 MPa,断裂方式为塑性断裂。最佳工艺参数条件下的焊缝硬度呈现"M"形分布,接头的最高硬度出现在热影响区,焊缝区硬度较高,母材硬度最低。     

基于电动汽车轻量化车身异种板材的激光钎焊工艺研究

采用激光钎焊工艺在厚度为0.7mm的DC54D+ZF45/45镀锌板与H420LAD+Z高强板间进行焊接并通过正交试验法分析了激光功率、焊接速度、送丝速度、离焦量对焊缝组织形貌的影响规律并探究其最佳工艺参数。试验结果表明,当激光功率P为4.1kW,离焦量为45mm,焊接速度Vw为1.3m/min,送丝速度Vf为2.6m/min,板材对接间隙为0.4mm时焊缝形貌最佳且强度高于母材,焊缝组织无缺陷,质量满足国家B级标准。     

冷轧双相钢激光焊接工艺优化与数值模拟研究

采用正交试验法对DP980冷轧双相钢进行了激光焊接工艺参数优化,采用Gambit软件对9组焊接工艺参数下的焊接接头的焊缝宽度和面积进行了数值模拟,并与实际焊缝测量结果进行了对比。结果表明,采用正交法得到DP980双相钢最优焊接工艺为:激光功率为1100 W、焊接速度为7 mm/s和离焦量为-2.5 mm;DP980钢激光焊接接头的焊缝正面宽度、背面宽度和横截面面积的数值模拟结果与实际结果具有较好的一致性。     

超薄不锈钢激光焊接头的微观组织与力学性能

研究了厚度为0.1 mm的321不锈钢薄板的搭接脉冲激光焊工艺,采用正交试验法对焊接工艺进行优化,并对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析测试。结果表明,采用在最优工艺参数——焊接速度0.5 m/min,激光功率150 W,离焦量+2 mm时,焊接接头的剪切载荷最大,达到母材拉伸力的94%,焊缝区的显微硬度值高于母材的;金相组织观察显示,焊缝中心为细小的等轴晶,焊缝边缘为细小的柱状晶;接头剪切断口SEM分析表明,接头呈明显的韧性断裂特征。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.