辛硫磷微乳剂浊点的影响因素分析

配制了10％辛硫磷微乳剂,研究了体系中复配表面活性剂、助表面活性剂及电解质对微乳剂浊点的影响.结果表明:可用浊点法筛选出HLB值较高的表面活性剂,再结合微乳剂性能指标确定出适合体系的复配表面活性剂.微乳剂的浊点随复配表面活性剂中非离子表面活性剂含量的增多而升高,但制剂冷贮稳定性能下降.助表面活性剂的种类和含量对微乳剂浊...     

Relationship among Emulsion Type,Emulsion Stability and the Presence of Additives

The effect of various additives on the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of nonionic emulsifiers has been compared from the measurement of the effect of these additives on the phase inversion temperature (PIT) and on the emulsion inversion point (EIP). Theoretical aspects of PIT and EIP methods in the presence of various additives have also been discussed. Considerations based on the micelle formation and coalescence rates of emulsion globules in connection with the type and stability of emulsion formed using the PIT and EIP methods are presented. It was found that the combination of the PIT or EIP and the HLB-value may be very useful in the selection of the most suitable emulsifier mixture in the presence of additives for a given emulsion system.     

The Determination of the Effective HLB of Nonionic Surfactants by a Phenol Titration I: Relation to Cloud Point

The qualitative similarities in two various methods of the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) determination based on the cloud point and so called phenol index measurements are demonstrated. The effects of polyoxyethylene chain length, surfactant concentration and the presence of additives on the cloud point and phenol index values have been compared. The results are interpreted as the change of the effective HLB of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants.     

The effect of glycols on the hydrophile-lipophile balance and the micelle formation of nonionic surfactants

The empirical hydrophile-liophile balance (HLB) value of nonionic surfactants is an important parameter used to predict performance as, e.g., emulsifiers, solubilizers and wetting agents. However, the HLB value is based on an original molecular structure and does not take into account all the factors affecting the performance of nonionics, such as presence of additives, type of solvent, temperature, degree of hydration, structural modifications of the surfactant molecule and decomposition of surfactants. On a performance basis, where these factors come into play, a given nonionic surfactant may exhibit a multiplicity of apparent HLB values. Accordingly, we recently introduced the term “effective HLB value” which is a performance value which incorporates into the HLB the parameters listed above. The HLB value thus becomes a variable depending on the physical and chemical conditions at the time of the measurement. In this work, we investigated the effect of adding glycols and diglycols on the HLB using 3 different methods: cloud point, phenol index and critical micelle concentration (cmc). We found that this type of additive increases the cloud point, phenol index, cmc and the “effective HLB” of a polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactant. The effectiveness of the glycols in causing these increases was in the following order; dipropylene glycol > 1,4-butanediol > 1,2-propanediol > diethylene glycol > ethylene glycol. The solvent effect of glycols and diglycols on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the surfactant molecule are discussed. On the hydrocarbon part of the surfactant molecule, the solvents cause a weakening of the hydrophobic bond and an increase in the cmc. On the polyoxyethylene part of the molecule, the solvent may cause either an increase or a decrease in the cmc. The effect on the hydro-philic portion is related to hydrogen bonding exhibited by the additives. The results obtained again suggest that the effective HLB value, which is a measure of the HLB under operative conditions, may be of greater practical significance than calculated HLB.     

不同影响因子对微乳剂浊点的影响

采用升温法测定微乳剂的浊点,研究各因子对微乳剂浊点的影响,结果表明：表面活性剂的HLB（亲水亲油平衡）值增大,其亲水性增强,微乳剂的浊点升高.水中Ca^＋、Mg^＋浓度增加,微乳剂的浊点降低.pH对微乳剂的浊点无明显影响.助表面活性剂的碳链越长,对微乳剂浊点影响越大,浊点下降越多.     

醇酸改性硝化纤维素水乳液的制备研究

采用醇酸树脂相反转乳化法制备了硝化纤维素乳液。分析了反相乳液聚合过程中电导率的变化规律,研究了乳化剂HLB值、乳化剂用量和乳化温度等因素对乳液临界含水量Rf值及其稳定性的影响。     

Preparation of epoxy acrylate emulsion using mixed surfactants and its polymerization

Summary A series of epoxy acrylate emulsions were prepared with several surfactants ranging from HLB 12 to 14 at 40°C. For epoxy acrylate emulsion, additives and conditions were established among factors: HLB value of emulsion, agitation speed, water dropping speed, and dropping amount of the deionized water. For emulsion polymereization with water soluble initiator KPS, emulsion was broken during polymerization, because interfacial complex formed by association of surfactant with co-surfactants stabilizing emulsion was weakened by interpenetration of radicals formed at aqueous. Accordingly, the polymerization of epoxy acrylate emulsion was carried out by using oil soluble initiator, AIBN, and the conversion changes with initiator concentration and HLB values were investigated.     

秸秆基环氧树脂乳液的制备及其涂膜性能

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)复配为乳化剂,通过相反转技术乳化秸秆基环氧树脂,考察了复配乳化剂的HLB值、用量以及乳化温度和搅拌速率对乳液临界含水量Rf值、粒径及稳定性的影响,获得了如下较佳的乳化工艺条件:HLB值17,复合乳化剂用量8%,乳化温度35°C,搅拌速率800 r/min。以此工艺制得的乳液稳定性较好,平均粒径为1.57μm。以水性聚酰胺为固化剂,将此乳液制成清漆,固化后所得漆膜综合性能良好。     

水乳液乳化剂的选择

文章介绍了适用于水性乳液体系的乳化剂的分类,各类乳化剂的性质特点,如浊点、克拉夫温度等.此外还介绍了选择乳化剂时常用的RHLB法及优缺点,以及复合乳化剂与单一乳化剂、高分子乳化剂与低分子乳化剂的性能比较及其优点.最后总结了水乳液乳化剂的选择方法,即先确定RHLB,选择不同乳化剂复配出HLB等于RHLB的若干种复合乳化剂,在其中挑选最优品种.     

Role of operating conditions in determining droplet size and viscosity of tackifier emulsions formed via phase inversion

Water‐based pressure‐sensitive adhesives are formulated by combining a polymer latex with a tackifier emulsion. The latter is an oil‐in‐water emulsion made by the process of phase inversion. The phase inversion itself is carried out in a stirred tank fitted with a heating jacket by progressively adding water to a water‐in‐oil emulsion. The point of onset of phase inversion and the characteristics of the emulsion that is formed depend on process conditions; these include temperature, rate of water addition, and agitation speed. The role of these operating conditions is elucidated here. Increasing temperature delayed the onset of phase inversion slightly, but it did not affect emulsion particle size, provided it remained below a critical value. Agitation speed had to be increased upon increasing the water flow rate to prevent increasing the particle size. Finally, the point of onset of phase inversion could be predicted reasonably well using a model available in the literature. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 96–106, 2011     

Control of swelling in liquid emulsion membranes employed for lactic acid separation

Control of the swelling of two different liquid emulsion membrane systems for separation of lactic acid was examined. The major disadvantages of swelling are dilution of the separated product and emulsion breakage. Several additives including liquid paraffin, cyclohexanone and n-decanol were investigated with respect to both emulsion swelling and lactic acid separation rate. If swelling is a function of surfactant concentration, the swelling increases with the quantity of the hydrophilic part in the surfactant. Therefore, a surfactant with a low hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) value should be used to reduce the swelling. The use of Span 85 (HLB = 1·8) as co-surfactant achieved the objective in the case of a tri-n-octylamine/Span 80 system.     

添加剂的浓度对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响

各类添加剂都能对非离子表面活性剂的浊点产生影响.今研究了离子型表面活性剂、增溶物和电解质类添加剂在不同浓度下对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响.其中离子型表面活性剂和增溶物类添加剂可在极低的浓度上改变AEO9的浊点,且随着添加剂加入浓度的增加,AEO9的浊点也逐渐增加,当添加剂浓度达到离子型表面活性剂或增溶物的临界胶束浓度时,AEO9的浊点将出现急剧上升.而电解质类添加剂对AEO9浊点的影响表现出具有临界浓度现象,只有当添加剂的浓度达到相应的临界浓度之后,具有盐析效应的电解质将使AEO9浊点线性下降,而具有盐溶效应的电解质则使AEO9浊点线性升高,且不同电解质相应的临界浓度随着其阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性增加,同时其对AEO9浊点的改变程度则随着阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性下降.     

聚环氧丙醇/环氧丙烷超支化聚合物的抗乳化性能

在对不同结构聚环氧丙醇/环氧丙烷超支化聚合物水数、表面张力、浊点表征的基础上,考察了聚合物添加质量浓度、温度对150SN基础油抗乳化性能的影响。结果表明,HLB值、质量浓度均显著影响各体系的抗乳化性能。当质量浓度为2.0×10-2g/L时,HLB值(亲水-亲油平衡值)14.7～14.9(水数法)、浊点58.6～65.1℃的超支化聚合物显示了较好的抗乳化性能。此外,升高温度有利于抗乳化性能的提升。     

Influence of Surfactant on the Characteristics of W1/O/W2-Microparticles

The water-in-oil-in water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsion evaporation technique is widely used when the microencapsulation of soluble agents like naloxone HCl is intended. The present work shows the effect of HLB emulsifiers added to phase O on microsphere morphology, size, release, drug encapsulation efficiency. The addition of sorbitan ester to first emulsion (W₁/O) and the HLB of the surfactant have an important effect on the characteristics of poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP). This MP with sorbitan esters added were smaller and released the hydrophilic drug, naloxone, with no-significant difference at pH 5 versus pH 7.5 (phosphate medium). This is an important fact when long-drug release is considered since it is known that PLGA degradation leads to media acidification. The HLB value had an important effect on drug loading. Sorbitan monooleate led to the highest naloxone loading. Because of its low HLB (4.3), it is most suitable for stabilizing the W₁/O emulsion, which is fundamental for the successful entrapment of a hydrophilic compound in MP prepared by double emulsion technique. Finally, drug solubility in the MP matrixes cannot be considered as a predictive parameter for drug encapsulation. Both surfactants increased the naloxone solubility in the polymer PLGA and only sorbitan monooleate increased the drug entrapment.     

Organic Additives and Electrolytes as Cloud Point Modifiers in Octylphenol Ethoxylate Solutions

Cloud point measurements of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, an octylphenol ethoxylate, were carried out in the absence and presence of various organic additives such as n-alkanols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol), glycols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol), glycol ethers (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE)) and electrolytes (LiCl, KCl, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, MgCl₂ and AlCl₃). The combined effect of these organic additives and electrolytes on cloud point (CP) measurement was also investigated. The effect of nature of cation, anion and valency of cation on CP is also reported. Among the n-alkanols and glycol ethers as additives, n-butanol and EGMBE were found to decrease the CP while all other additives increase the cloud point. The addition of electrolytes (LiCl, NaCl and KCl) to the solution of Triton X-100 (TX-100) decreases the CP but the rate of decrease in CP with concentration does not follow the lyotropic series of effect. Sodium halides (except NaI) also decrease the CP and the rate of decrease follows the lyotropic series of effect even in the presence of organic additives. NaI is a water structure breaker, hence it increases the cloud point. Further, cations of increasing valency lessen the depression in CP of TX-100 with the rate of decrease in CP following the order Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Al³⁺ even in the presence of organic additives.

Emulsification for castor biomass oil

The effect of the emulsifier formula on the stability of castor oil-water system was studied through compounding three groups of emulsifiers from the aspects of stability factor of absorbance, centrifuge stability, demulsification time in quiescence, appearance of the droplets, and viscosity. The best emulsifier formula for castor biomass oil was the composite formula of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate. Correlation exists between the stability of emulsion and the viscosity/particle size of the droplets, with better stability in the case of greater viscosity or narrower distribution of particle size in the emulsion of castor oil-water system. Methanol added to the castor oil-water system may decrease the viscosity of the emulsion. Comparing the castor oil-water emulsion with methanol-castor oil-water emulsion, the optimal hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB) value based on castor oil-water system was acquired between 6.6 and 7.5, while the optimal HLB value based on the methanol-castor oil-water system was between 5.5 and 6.0. The optimal HLB value of methanol-castor oil-water system gradually moved to that of castor oil-water emulsion with adding more water.     

聚环氧丙醇/环氧丙烷超支化聚合物的抗乳化性能研究

本文在对不同结构的聚环氧丙醇/环氧丙烷超支化聚合物在水数、表面张力、浊点表征基础上,研究了聚合物添加浓度、温度对150SN基础油抗乳化性能的影响。研究结果发现：HLB值、浓度均显著影响各体系的抗乳化性能。当浓度在2.0×10-2g/L时,HLB值（亲水-亲油平衡值）14.7~14.9左右（水数法）、浊点58.6℃～65.1℃的超支化聚合物显示了较好的抗乳化性能。此外,升高温度有利于抗乳化性能的提升。     

聚醚型非离子表面活性剂的浊点及其影响因素

总结了非离子表面活性剂浓度、外加聚合物、离子表面活性剂、无机电解质、助表面活性剂等对聚醚型非离子表面活性剂水溶液浊点的影响规律 ,发现聚合物由于其结构和分子量不同对浊点的影响也不同 ,一般可使浊点降低 ;加入离子表面活性剂可以和非离子表面活性剂形成混合胶束 ,从而使浊点升高 ;无机盐由于存在盐析和盐溶两种不同效应而对浊点的影响比较复杂 ;醇和有机酸等助表面活性剂根据其碳链的长短不同而影响浊点。这些规律对非离子表面活性剂的研究和应用有一定的指导意义。     

柴油微乳状液及微小乳状液的制备

以HLB值选择乳化剂 ,制备出了柴油O/W微小乳状液及W /O微乳状液 ,系统地考察了复合乳化剂的HLB值、种类、组成、乳化温度、极性添加剂对两种乳状液的形成及粒径的影响     

硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚的合成及性能研究

以硬脂酸为基本原料,与单乙醇胺反应后得到硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺,再与环氧乙烷(EO)在碱性催化剂作用下进行乙氧基化反应,合成具有不同聚合度的聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂。通过红外光谱图和NMR表征,确定了产品的结构和平均聚合度,并测试了产品的表面张力、cmc值、γcmc、HLB值和浊点等表面活性。