牛乳α-乳白蛋白免疫球蛋白G线性表位的关键氨基酸识别

α-乳白蛋白是牛乳中的主要过敏原,开展α-乳白蛋白表位定位及氨基酸特性研究可深入了解过敏原的致 敏机理,有助于更好地认识免疫球蛋白G（immunoglobulin G,IgG）在乳过敏反应中的作用,为制备低过敏乳制 品提供理论指导。本研究采用丙氨酸免疫表位扫描技术识别α-乳白蛋白的关键氨基酸,即用牛乳过敏患者血清中 IgG识别α-乳白蛋白系列合成的多肽,筛选作用表位,然后用丙氨酸依次取代作用表位的氨基酸合成新的多肽,以 牛乳过敏患者血清池为抗体识别关键氨基酸。结果表明：α-乳白蛋白IgG作用表位的氨基酸序列定位为aa6～20、 aa21～35、aa36～50和aa86～100;关键氨基酸为第9位的苯丙氨酸、第15位的亮氨酸、第24位的脯氨酸、第26位的 色氨酸和第32位的组氨酸。     

牛乳α-乳白蛋白IgE线性表位的关键氨基酸识别

α-乳白蛋白是引起牛乳过敏的主要过敏原之一。识别α-乳白蛋白作用表位及影响致敏性的关键氨基酸,对于揭示α-乳白蛋白致敏机理及低致敏乳制品的开发具有重要的意义。本研究采用固相合成技术合成α-乳白蛋白系列多肽,以牛乳过敏患者血清为探针,通过酶联免疫吸附分析法识别α-乳白蛋白的作用表位和关键氨基酸。结果表明:免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulins,Ig)E作用表位的氨基酸序列定位为aa1-15、aa6-20、aa46-60、aa71-85和aa101-115。α-乳白蛋白IgE作用表位关键氨基酸为第8位的缬氨酸、第9位的苯丙氨酸、第10位的精氨酸、第103位的酪氨酸、第105位的亮氨酸和第107位组氨酸。本研究可以为过敏原c DNA克隆以激活T细胞、降低IgE结合能力提供重要思路。     

加工对牛乳过敏原的影响

简单介绍了牛乳中主要过敏原成分β-乳球蛋白、酪蛋白、α-乳白蛋白的生化性质及其过敏原表位.详细陈述了加热、加压、酶解、糖基化、发酵等加工方法对牛乳过敏原的影响,对开发无过敏或低过敏的乳制品具有一定指导作用.     

食物过敏原表位定位技术的研究进展

表位是过敏原的物质基础,表位定位技术是过敏原表位研究的工具,包括表位定位和表位预测两种。新的表位定位技术主要包括噬菌体展示技术、质谱技术、表面等离子共振技术、蛋白芯片技术、核磁共振技术。相比于传统的过敏原表位定位技术,新的表位定位技术在灵敏度、准确性和快速等方面具有优势。表位预测是运用生物信息学方法对过敏原表位进行预测。本文将对新的表位定位技术在表位定位中的应用、表位预测以及相关应用进展进行阐述。     

牛乳β-乳球蛋白过敏原表位及其潜在应用

过敏原表位是过敏原直接参与免疫反应的物质基础, 也是导致过敏反应的“元凶”。牛乳β-乳球蛋白是lipocalin家族的代表和常用模式蛋白, 它的表位信息比较完整, 拥有7个人血清IgE和6个IgG的线性表位、3个IgE结合的构象性表位以及7个T细胞表位。另外, 它的动物源血清IgE、IgG和T细胞表位也在不断被发现。牛乳β-乳球蛋白的表位信息为基于表位的应用提供了重要的支撑, 它们的应用主要涉及到预测食物过敏原的致敏性, 食物过敏的交叉反应, 食物过敏的诊断, 食物过敏的免疫治疗以及食物过敏原的检测等5个方面。     

水牛乳中主要过敏原的分离纯化

牛乳和水牛乳存在免疫交叉反应,牛乳过敏患者可能对水牛乳过敏。因此,分离纯化出水牛乳中各种过敏原将为进一步的工作奠定物质基础。实验中以摩拉水牛乳为原料,通过等电点沉淀、凝胶柱层析法和阴离子交换法分离纯化水牛乳的酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白α-乳白蛋白,得到了SDS-PAGE纯(纯度≥90%)的β-乳球蛋白α-乳白蛋白。离子交换层析分离β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白的得率分别为50.26%、52.86%;凝胶层析分离β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白的得率分别为49.39%、84.19%。实验结果表明,等电点沉淀、凝胶柱层析法和阴离子交换法适合于分离水牛乳中主要过敏原成分。     

加热对牛乳蛋白过敏原的影响

对牛乳中主要过敏原β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和酪蛋白进行了介绍,分析了在加热过程中牛乳过敏原的物理变化和化学改性,详细论述了加热对牛乳过敏原抗原性的影响及作用机理.     

牛乳中主要蛋白过敏原研究现状

牛乳蛋白过敏原的研究成为近几年国内外的研究热点之一.依据有关牛乳中过敏原的研究报道.对牛乳中的主要过敏原酪蛋白、B-乳球蛋白(p-LG)及á一乳白蛋白(á-LA)的结构特征、表位、改性等的研究现状进行介绍,并对牛乳蛋白过敏原的研究进行展望.     

降低牛乳蛋白致敏性的改性方法研究进展

近年来,牛乳过敏的发病率增加,引起了国内外的广泛关注,已经成为研究热点之一。牛乳中的蛋白质是引起过敏的主要原因,其中酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、以及α-乳白蛋白是主要过敏原。研究概述了牛乳蛋白过敏的免疫病理机制以及引起牛乳蛋白过敏的主要过敏原,主要介绍了目前国内外研究中采用的改性方法的技术进展,包括热处理、糖基化、高压处理、酶法水解等,同时列举了诸多实例,并对其进行分析总结。通过改性方法可以一定程度上降低致敏性,但是关于过敏机理、适用性以及改性过程中是否会出现新的过敏原表位的问题仍然需要进一步的研究。     

牛乳乳清中主要过敏原的B细胞表位定位

采用噬菌体展示技术结合生物信息学定位牛乳α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的B细胞表位,分析不同类型表位之间的氨基酸组成和空间分布规律。结果表明,某些线性表位是构象性表位的组成部分,IgE与IgG表位存在共同区域。本研究得到的表位是牛乳过敏诊断和预后的候选生物标志物,也可用于指导于低致敏性乳制品的开发。     

牛乳中主要过敏原的研究进展

依据国内外关于牛乳中过敏原的研究报道,对牛乳中主要过敏原的结构特征、致敏性、表位、过敏原之间的交叉反应等进行了详细的介绍。     

牛乳酪蛋白检测方法研究进展

牛乳含有丰富的蛋白质,是比较理想的营养物质,但也是常见的过敏原之一。酪蛋白是牛乳中含量最高的蛋白,常作为牛乳过敏检测的主要参考指标之一。其检测方法主要包括基于免疫学的方法、聚合酶链式反应技术（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）、毛细管电泳分析、色谱法、质谱法等,本文就其检测方法的原理、特性及实际应用进行综述,并对未来检测的发展方向进行展望。     

生物信息学技术在食物过敏原表位预测中的应用

表位是过敏原与抗体结合的物质基础。基于生物信息学技术的表位预测包括线性表位预测和构象性表位预测。其中线性表位预测主要是基于过敏原蛋白的理化性质进行预测;构象性表位预测主要包括基于蛋白结构信息和结合噬菌体展示技术的两大类预测。利用生物信息学技术预测食物过敏原表位主要应用在牛乳、鸡蛋、鱼、甲壳类水产动物等动物性食物过敏原和花生、大豆、小麦、果蔬类等植物性食物过敏原方面。     

Altering allergenicity of cow's milk by food processing for applications in infant formula

Cow's milk-based infant formulas have a long tradition in infant nutrition, although some infants are unable to use them due to presence of several known allergens. Various processing methods have been identified capable of reducing cow's milk protein allergenicity including thermal and non-thermal methods and their combinations. Heat treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been in production of hypoallergenic infant formulas. However, modulation of allergenic epitopes depends on the extent of heat treatment applied, which consequently may also reduce a nutritional value of these proteins. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis may not target allergenic epitopes thus allergenicity may persist; however released peptides may have detrimental impact on taste and functional properties of final products. Modulation of allergenicity of milk proteins appears to require a concerted effort to minimize detrimental effects as clinical studies conducted on commercial hypoallergenic formulas demonstrated persistence of allergic symptoms. This article covers traditional and novel processing methods and their impact on reduction of cow's milk allergenicity in milk-based infant formulas.     

Genetic variants of bovine β- and κ-casein result in different immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy to cow milk is a common allergy in industrialized countries, mainly affecting young children and infants. β-Casein (CN) and κ-CN belong to the major allergens in cow milk. Within these milk proteins, genetic polymorphisms occur, which are characterized by substitutions or deletions of AA, resulting in different variants for each protein. Until now, these variants have not been considered when discussing the allergenic potential of bovine milk. In this study, the focus was placed on the arising peptide pattern after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of several β- and κ-CN variants to determine resistant fragments containing IgE-binding epitopes and to identify potential differences between these variants. β-Casein A¹, A², and B, as well as κ-CN A, B, and E, were separated and isolated from milk of cows homozygous for these variants and digested with an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. The resulting peptides were identified using mass spectrometry and compared with previously determined epitopes. Seven β-CN and 4 κ-CN peptides, common in all β- or κ-CN variants, remained of sufficient size to harbor IgE-binding epitopes. In addition, some peptides and, consequently, epitopes differ from each other due to the AA substitution occurring in the individual variants. The distinct peptides AA 108 to 129 of β-CN A¹ and A², AA 103 to 123 of β-CN B, as well as AA 59 to 72, AA 59 to 80, and AA 58 to 80 of all 3 β-CN variants correspond to the IgE-binding epitopes AA 107 to 120 and AA 55 to 70, respectively. In κ-CN, the 2 variant-specific peptides AA 136 to 149 (κ-CN A, E) and AA 134 to 150 (κ-CN B) are congruent with the IgE-binding epitope AA 137 to 148. The present study shows that genetic polymorphisms affected the arising peptide pattern of the caseins and thus modifications in the IgE-binding epitopes occurred. As a consequence, the casein variants could show differences in their allergenicity. Studies investigating the allergenic potential of these different peptides are currently in progress.     

牛奶替代品致敏性的识别

为找到牛奶替代资源,以牛奶过敏患者血清为探针,识别牛奶及其制品过敏原,并鉴别山羊奶、水牛奶、驴奶蛋白与牛奶过敏患者血清交叉反应性。结果表明,β - 乳球蛋白和a- 酪蛋白为牛奶主要过敏原,山羊奶、驴奶总蛋白IgE 结合能力低于牛奶,二者可以作为牛奶替代资源。     

Identification of the critical amino acid residues of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G epitopes on αs1-casein by alanine scanning analysis

α_s1-Casein represents one of the major allergens causing cow milk allergy. Few studies have clearly evaluated immunological relationships between IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes of α_s1-casein. This study aimed to map IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes of α_s1-casein by the serology method, and identify the critical amino acids of α_s1-casein by alanine scanning analysis. Our initial data revealed IgE-binding epitopes located in the sequences of AA 126 to 140, AA 6 to 20, AA 171 to 185, and AA 11 to 25. The sequences at AA 21 to 35, AA 56 to 70, and AA 161 to 175 were recognized by IgG antibodies. The alanine scanning analysis showed that IgE- and IgG-binding epitopes share the same critical AA: arginine at position 22 and phenylalanine at position 23. Results obtained from this study will provide necessary information to alter the cDNA to encode a protein with reduced IgE- or IgG-binding capacity.     

Comparative resistance of food proteins to adult and infant in vitro digestion models

IgE‐mediated allergy to milk and egg is widespread in industrialised countries and mainly affects infants and young children. It may be connected to an incomplete digestion of dietary proteins causing an inappropriate immune response in the gut. In order to study this, a biochemical model of infant gastroduodenal digestion has been developed, which has reduced levels of protease (eightfold for pepsin and tenfold for trypsin and chymotrypsin), phosphatidylcholine and bile salts, compared with the adult model. This model has been used to study the behaviour of three characterised food‐relevant proteins (bovine β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg), β‐casein (β‐CN) and hen's egg ovalbumin), all of which are relevant cows' milk and hens' egg allergens. Digestion products were characterised using electrophoresis, immunochemical techniques and MS. These showed that ovalbumin and β‐CN were digested more slowly using the infant model compared with the adult conditions. Resistant fragments of β‐CN were found in the infant model, which correspond to previously identified IgE epitopes. Surprisingly, β‐Lg was more extensively degraded in the infant model compared with the adult one. This difference was attributed to the tenfold reduction in phosphatidylcholine concentration in the infant model limiting the protective effect of this phospholipid on β‐Lg digestion.