微观孔洞和逆偏析缺陷的形成机理与耦合预测研究进展

本文首先分别总结了微观孔洞和逆偏析2种凝固缺陷的形成机理及各自预测模型的发展,然后对二者的耦合预测模型发展做了概括总结,最后重点介绍了近期作者所建立的一个新的耦合预测模型。该模型首先利用气体元素在液-固-气三相中的分配规律,结合因液相在枝晶间补缩通道内流动受阻引起的局部压降,建立了一个新的微观孔洞预测模型;然后结合微观孔洞的析出对糊状区枝晶间补缩液流的影响规律,对经典的"局部溶质再分配方程"进行修正,得到一个新的逆偏析解析模型。针对以柱状枝晶方式定向凝固的Al-4.5%Cu(质量分数)合金的计算结果表明,凝固过程中微观孔洞的形成,会补偿糊状区中的凝固收缩,从而减少枝晶间的补缩液流,使糊状区枝晶间溶质富集程度减小,最终使逆偏析得到缓解。     

挤压铸造工艺参数的设计准则

通过对挤压铸造过程凝固和流变行为的分析,提出了密实比压、保压时间、浇注量以及挤压力4个关键工艺参数的设计准则和相应的设计计算公式。密实比压必须大于挤压合金熔点附近的流变应力与沿补缩通道流变的压力降之和,或者挤压力的有效补缩距离大于热节位置与加压位置的距离,或者热节位置(最后凝固部位)的比压始终大于零,否则就会出现收缩缺陷;保压时间约等于最后凝固位置的凝固时间与开始加压时间之和,否则会出现收缩缺陷或裂纹缺陷;浇注量必须大于考虑了金属熔体的体收缩和工艺余料的临界浇注量,同时还要小于压室的有效容积,否则会出现不能完整成形的缺陷。挤压力应大于密实压力、压头运动过程的阻力以及凝固壳发生切变流动的剪切抗力或发生拉伸流动的拉伸抗力之和,否则可能出现不能成形或存在收缩缺陷。这些准则在钢铁材料和铝合金的挤压铸造实践中被证明有效可行。     

一种新的基于FDM/FEM挤压铸造收缩缺陷计算模型

根据挤压铸造的凝固特点,采用高阶导热偏微分方程有限差分计算模型(FDM格式)进行温度场数值模拟,使用动态孤立多熔池判定法确定熔池位置,采用FEM进行熔池中心位置压力计算。若熔池中心位置的压力已经降至0,封闭在硬壳内的液态金属将在没有压力作用的情况下凝固,并按照重力补缩方式进行补缩。采用孤立熔池等效液面下降法来预测收缩缺陷的形成,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

海外文献速报

压铸流动及凝固模拟,AC4CH铝合金吸引流动试验的数值模拟,考虑加压的熔液补缩作用下挤压铸造缩松量的定量预测,铝合金压铸破断激冷层的形成与移动的数值计算     

球墨铸铁铸件的补缩工艺

通过分析和总结在生产实践过程中球墨铸铁铸件产生缩孔缩松缺陷以及成功解决办法,对球铁铸件凝固收缩理论提出理解和看法:铸件的补缩及缺陷产生取决于压力,由于球铁的凝固特性使石墨化膨胀和凝固收缩分离.薄壁件截面凝固差异不明显,石墨化膨胀压力无法有效利用,厚大件的截面凝固的差异大,容易实现石墨化膨胀压力的利用.铸造补缩工艺的设计原则就是提供并保持这样的压力,对薄壁要强调外部压力补缩,厚壁则充分利用石墨化膨胀压力自补缩.     

铝合金短车架挤压铸造工艺及模具的研究

针对轮椅短车架零件的结构特点,结合生产实际,运用AnyCasting软件模拟了流道尺寸对缩孔、缩松的影响。结果表明,挤压铸造流道设计对铸件的补缩效果有重要影响,挤压铸造时合金液在补缩压力下流经浇道对铸件进行补缩,但对远离浇口的铸件厚大部位因压力传递的有效性受到限制。采用局部挤压或冷却水、激冷块等措施来调节厚大部位的凝固顺序,可以减少缩孔、缩松缺陷。     

铝合金铸件中的凝固缺陷形成机理及预测

孔洞与热裂是铸件在凝固过程中最常遇到的典型缺陷。两者均形成于合金凝固末期,与液相补缩不足相关,但又有各自的形成机理。铝合金熔体对氢气有很大的溶解度,凝固过程中又因为溶解度的剧降而析出。孔洞是液相中过饱和的气体压力与凝固收缩引起的压力降共同作用的结果。热裂则是在凝固末期由于铸件收缩受阻而产生的应力以及液相补缩不足而导致的,其不仅与合金性质、铸造条件有关,并且受铸件形状的影响。文章基于近年来该方面的理论研究成果,总结了关于孔洞与热裂的形成机理以及几种目前所应用的经典预测模型,并对这几种模型的理论基础以及所考虑的关键参数进行了分析与讨论,在此基础上提出了未来新模型的研究方向和亟需解决的关键问题。     

挤压铸造方式对ZA43合金力学性能的影响

从合金液的流动和压力损失的角度 ,研究了两种挤压铸造方式对ZA43合金力学性能的影响。结果表明 :冲头式挤压铸造使合金液反向充型流动 ,改善了ZA43合金的凝固条件 ,有利于补缩 ,且压力损失小。柱塞式挤压铸造虽然也加强合金液流动 ,但没有宏观的充型运动 ,且压力损失大。为获得高塑性ZA43合金铸件 ,柱塞式挤压铸造所需的比压比冲头式挤压铸造的大得多     

挤压铸造方式对ZA43合金力学性能的影响

从合金液的流动和压力损失的角度,研究了两种挤压铸造方式对ZA43合金力学性能的影响。结果表明:冲头式挤压铸造使合金液反向充型流动,改善了ZA43合金的凝固条件,有利于补缩,且压力损失小。柱塞式挤压铸造虽然也加强合金液流动,但没有宏观的充型运动,且压力损失大。为获得高塑性ZA43合金铸件,柱塞式挤压铸造所需的比压比冲头式挤压铸造的大得多。     

铝合金双重挤压铸造补缩位置和补缩力的确定

以某铝合金汽车轮毂为研究对象,运用铸造有限元分析软件,对其进行了挤压铸造数值模拟。研究了填充和凝固过程中温度场的分布,预测了在此过程出现的缩孔、缩松缺陷位置。模拟结果显示,轮毂中心部位容易产生缩孔、缩松,因此将双重挤压铸造补缩位置设置在轮毂中心部位。计算补缩力时采用屈服准则分析并得出补缩力的经验公式,然后对轮毂进行双重挤压模拟,最终确定补缩力的大小。     

挤压铸造压力对铝合金铸件微观孔洞影响的研究

使用LECO RHEN602测氢仪检测了A356铝合金熔体的氢含量,并对不同挤压压力下(40、60、80 MPa)凝固的挤压铸造试样进行了图像分析,测得试样不同部位的微观孔洞的尺寸和体积分数.对比分析结果表明,试样整体微观孔洞的尺寸和体积分数均随挤压压力的增大而减小.     

Three-dimensional granular model of semi-solid metallic alloys undergoing solidification: Fluid flow and localization of feeding

A three-dimensional (3-D) granular model which simulates fluid flow within solidifying alloys with a globular microstructure, such as that found in grain refined Al alloys, is presented. The model geometry within a representative volume element (RVE) consists of a set of prismatic triangular elements representing the intergranular liquid channels. The pressure field within the liquid channels is calculated using a finite elements (FEs) method assuming a Poiseuille flow within each channel and flow conservation at triple lines. The fluid flow is induced by solidification shrinkage and openings at grain boundaries due to deformation of the coherent solid. The granular model predictions are validated against bulk data calculated with averaging techniques. The results show that a fluid flow simulation of globular semi-solid materials is able to reproduce both a map of the 3-D intergranular pressure and the localization of feeding within the mushy zone. A new hot cracking sensitivity coefficient is then proposed. Based on a mass balance performed over a solidifying isothermal volume element, this coefficient accounts for tensile deformation of the semi-solid domain and for the induced intergranular liquid feeding. The fluid flow model is then used to calculate the pressure drop in the mushy zone during the direct chill casting of aluminum alloy billets. The predicted pressure demonstrates that deep in the mushy zone where the permeability is low the local pressure can be significantly lower than the pressure predicted by averaging techniques.     

半固态流变模锻工艺参数对铝合金制件质量的影响

分析半固态流变模锻技术的工艺过程及其特点,指出影响铝合金性能的工艺参数主要有：浇注温度、模锻比压、模锻速度、保压时间、模具温度。根据有关试验结果,归纳出采用半固态流变模锻工艺生产的铝合金可能出现的缺陷有：裂纹、冷隔、型腔充填不满、皮下针孔、疏松、缩孔、气孔。针对这些缺陷提出了相应的预防措施。     

铝合金轮毂连接盘挤压铸造数值模拟

采用ProCAST软件对6061铝合金轮毂连接盘挤压铸造过程进行模拟.研究了浇注温度、模具预热温度、比压对铸件缩孔缩松的影响.结果 表明,浇注温度700℃、模具预热温度300℃、比压50MPa为最佳铸造方案.     

铝合金挤压铸件缺陷概论

概要讨论了各种挤压铸造条件下,铝合金挤压铸件的缺陷(如:缩松、缩孔、夹渣、冷隔、浇不足、偏析、气孔及裂纹 等)形成机制、特征、影响因素及防止办法等。     

High-strength aluminum alloys hollow billet prepared by two-phase zone continuous casting

The two-phase zone continuous casting (TZCC) technique was used to continuously cast high-strength aluminum alloy hollow billets, and a verified 3D model of TZCC was used to simulate the flow and temperature fields at casting speeds of 2–6 mm·min⁻¹. Hollow billets under the same conditions were prepared, and their macro/microstructures were analyzed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. During the TZCC process, a circular fluid flow appears in front of the mushy zone, and the induction heated stepped mold and convective heat transfer result in a curved solidification front with depressed region near the inner wall and a vertical temperature gradient. The deflection of the solidification front decreases and the average cooling rate in the mushy zone increases with increasing casting speed. Experimental results for a 2D12 alloy show that hot tearing periodically appears in the hollow billet accompanied by macrosegregation near the inner wall at casting speeds of 2 and 4 mm·min⁻¹, while macroscopic defects of hot tearing and macrosegregation weaken and the average size of columnar crystals in the hollow billets decreases with further increasing casting speed. 2D12 aluminum alloy hollow billets with no macroscopic defects, the finest columnar crystals, and excellent mechanical properties were prepared by TZCC at a casting speed of 6 mm·min⁻¹, which is beneficial for the further plastic forming process.

     

Prediction of Hot Tearing Using a Dimensionless Niyama Criterion

The dimensionless form of the well-known Niyama criterion is extended to include the effect of applied strain. Under applied tensile strain, the pressure drop in the mushy zone is enhanced and pores grow beyond typical shrinkage porosity without deformation. This porosity growth can be expected to align perpendicular to the applied strain and to contribute to hot tearing. A model to capture this coupled effect of solidification shrinkage and applied strain on the mushy zone is derived. The dimensionless Niyama criterion can be used to determine the critical liquid fraction value below which porosity forms. This critical value is a function of alloy properties, solidification conditions, and strain rate. Once a dimensionless Niyama criterion value is obtained from thermal and mechanical simulation results, the corresponding shrinkage and deformation pore volume fractions can be calculated. The novelty of the proposed method lies in using the critical liquid fraction at the critical pressure drop within the mushy zone to determine the onset of hot tearing. The magnitude of pore growth due to shrinkage and deformation is plotted as a function of the dimensionless Niyama criterion for an Al-Cu alloy as an example. Furthermore, a typical hot tear “lambda”-shaped curve showing deformation pore volume as a function of alloy content is produced for two Niyama criterion values.     

水平连铸BFe30-1-1白铜管坯凝固过程的数值模拟

根据空心管坯的凝固传热特点建立了空心管坯水平连铸数值计算模型,采用ANSYS软件计算了水平连铸过程中浇注温度、冷却强度及拉坯速度对BFe30-1-1白铜合金管坯糊状区宽度和液穴深度的影响。结果表明,浇注温度、拉坯速度和冷却强度均对管坯液穴深度和糊状区宽度有重要影响,而浇注温度则对糊状区宽度影响不大。在此基础上采用试验的方法制备了表面光滑、无裂纹缺陷的空心BFe30-1-1白铜管坯。     

铜合金低压铸造中浇不足缺陷的数值模拟

浇不足是铜合金低压铸造中常见的缺陷之一,采用数值模拟不仅可以预测铸件最终的浇不足形态,还可以进一步分析浇不足的产生与演化过程,而预测浇不足的关键是处理好合金糊状区对金属液流动的影响。针对铜合金修正了糊状区的变粘度-多孔介质-临界固相率模型,基于变物性参数计算并对比分析了其与变粘度-临界固相率模型模拟结果的差异性。实际生产表明,修正后的变粘度-多孔介质-临界固相率模型可以准确预测出铸件的浇不足缺陷,数值计算模型更可靠。     

挤压铸造ZA27合金的凝固特性及组织分析

研究了ZA27合金挤压铸造的凝固特性和组织.差热分析表明挤压铸造可以使锌铝合金的凝固过程发生变化,压力在750MPa以上可抑制共晶反应的发生.压力下凝固,可大大减少ZA27合金的缩孔、缩松、气孔等缺陷,提高合金致密度,细化和改善组织,减轻枝晶偏析,使铸件整体的成分均匀.