分布式发电政策综述

发展分布式能源系统是我国推动能源生产和利用方式变革的重要举措之一。结合国家能源发展"十二五"规划提出的分布式发电重点领域,分别介绍了天然气分布式能源和分布式可再生能源的发展重点和目标,梳理了国家及上海市关于发展天然气分布式能源系统及分布式可再生能源系统的有关政策,最后解读了分布式发电管理暂行办法的具体内容,可供相关机构和企业投资决策参考。     

能源体制改革开创能源互联网时代

中国当前进入能源体制深化改革时期,业内对未来能源格局、“互联网＋能源”等纷纷解读、莫衷一是。回顾了国内外从智慧能源系统到能源互联网的发展历程,阐述了对能源互联网的认识以及能源体制改革对发展能源互联网的意义。未来能源体系由基础能源互联网及更高层级的能源互联网构成,具有开放、平等、互动、共享的特点;以人为本是能源互联网的基本出发点,互联网使得能源系统诸多环节趋于最优化,最终能为每个人提供“最佳”能源服务;能源互联网有望容纳更多可再生能源,天然气分布式能源在其中的备用、调节作用增强;能源互联网代表着先进生产力,有望解决当前能源问题,并催生新型能源服务行业,助力中国社会经济转型。     

能源利用新模式——能源互联网

随着环境污染加剧、能源严重短缺等问题的出现,可再生能源的利用将越来越普及.以可再生能源技术和信息技术紧密结合为特征的"能源互联网"将会带来第三次工业革命.介绍了"能源互联网"的发展、内涵及其市场前景,并详细阐述了其应具备的特征以及架构体系和技术支撑.作为未来能源发展的新趋势,"能源互联网"将在能源消费、能源技术、能源产业方面带来革命潮流."能源互联网"在促进能源可持续发展的同时,也将为社会带来巨大福利.     

沿海地区可再生能源开发利用结构优化研究

针对我国目前能源开发利用可持续性及环境友好性差的问题,首先系统地分析了能源开发利用优化影响因素,在此基础上以经济效益、二氧化碳排放量、能源开发比例的综合效益最大为目标函数,从能源属性、经济、技术、环境和安全等方面考虑建立约束条件,构建了沿海地区可再生能源开发利用结构优化的多目标规划模型。以大连为例,对其沿海可再生能源结构进行优化,得到该地区目标年内的最优能源开发利用量,对模型进行了参数敏感性分析。研究成果可为可再生能源开发利用结构规划与政策制定提供参考。     

国家可再生能源中心成立

2012年2月23日，中国国家可再生能源中心（China Nation NRenewable Energy Center，以下简称CNREC）在北京成立。这是我国可再生能源行业政策体系和管理措施一次重大举措，有望在可再生能源配额制实施、发电并网消纳、分布式能源发展等关键领域发挥重要作用。     

基于可再生能源的分布式发电技术的应用及前景

对以可再生能源为基础的分布式发电技术进行介绍,分析分布式发电的优势和推广应用的必要性,介绍国内外分布式发电系统的应用状况以及我国分布式发电的前景和发展目标,讨论我国可再生能源分布式发电存在的问题.     

第四次工业革命背景下油气行业的发展路径

迄今为止,人类社会已经经历了三次工业革命,即18世纪蒸汽机的应用、19世纪电力的广泛使用以及20世纪互联网和新能源体系革命的出现。而现在,第四次工业革命已经拉开序幕,除了智能互联的机器和系统以外,还包括从生物技术到纳米技术,从可再生能源到量子信息技术以及人工智能和机器人技术。还有各领域技术的突破和融合,以及他们横跨物理、数字和生物几大领域的互动。可再生能源技术作为核心之一,也将在这一次革命中加速发展,从而影响化石能源在能源结构中的占比。油气作为传统化石燃料中的重要组成部分,如果谋求更长远的可持续发展,就必须找准适合自己的发展路径。提高天然气在能源结构中的比重、加强数字化信息技术在油气的勘探开发中的应用、创新油气的勘探与开发技术、提高油气利用效率以及平衡好新能源与传统化石能源之间的替代关系,都是长久发展油气行业的重要路径。     

中国农村能源发展现状及“十二五”展望

近年来,我国高度重视农村能源建设,投资力度不断增加,政策法规体系初步建立,农村沼气已实现跨越式发展,太阳能热利用持续快速增长,秸秆能源化利用也取得初步进展。但还存在着优质能源比例低、城乡差距大、投资结构不合理以及市场化程度低等问题。建议在"十二五"期间,按照"因地制宜、多能互补、综合利用、讲求效益"的发展方针,大力推广农村可再生能源和节能技术,采取完善政策法规、开发农村能源市场等措施,促进农村社会经济可持续发展。     

中国可持续能源系统刍议

叙述了在中国现有条件下,以煤为核心的高碳能源协同利用以及与各种能源协同低碳发展的＂IGCC＋多联产＋CCUS＂的战略思路,指出,2020年前可再生能源发展无法改变中国以煤为主的能源结构,提出,煤的协同利用是中国低碳发展的关键,化石能源和可再生能源的协同利用是中国低碳发展的必须,储能和各种能源互补,协同可再生能源发展与蓄能,集中和分布式供能的协同,电网、天然气网、热（冷）网及水网的协同是中国低碳发展的方向以及实现各种能源协同的IDDD＋N原则。     

中德生态园能源互联网规划实践研究

以山东青岛中德生态园区为研究对象,分析不同功能区域对冷、热、电等方面的不同需求,从而产生终端用能种类、时间、数量等方面的需求多样性,为满足这种需求,最终确定以充分利用可再生能源和新能源为主要原则,以分布式为主、集中式为辅的能源互联网为主体的供能模式,并详细介绍整个能源互联网的规划方案。     

Coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with desalination load: a review

Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet (EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.     

Study on the low-cost flow battery technologies for energy storage

大规模储能技术是实现可再生能源并网和普及应用的核心技术,也是发展能源互联网、分布式发电、电力辅助调频、离网供电、安全备用电源等领域的关键使能技术。液流电池是一类新兴的大规模储能技术,经过近几年的快速发展,已经具备规模应用的竞争力。液流电池具备安全性好、单个循环储能时间长、功率/容量独立设计、储能容量大和寿命长等特点。目前液流电池成本偏高,高成本制约了液流电池储能技术大规模商业化应用。针对这一行业"痛点"问题,本文通过创新型的电池堆结构、新型关键材料和工艺研究,将液流电池堆功率密度提高2~4倍,实现电池堆的小型化,有效提高关键部件利用率,有望将液流电池系统成本降低20%~30%。     

高铁客运站分布式多能源系统供能协同优化策略研究

为解决传统高铁客运站供能系统中能源利用率较低的问题,以日运行购气费用和购电费用最优为优化目标,以系统运行过程中实时能量平衡为约束条件,以可再生能源出力和吸收式制冷占比为优化变量,建立多能源协同供能的分布式能源系统,并将该模型应用于北方某高铁客运站,分析可再生能源的利用率、制冷系统中可再生能源电出力的电制冷占比以及电网出力的节电率。仿真计算结果表明,分布式能源系统的使用提高了可再生能源的利用率,其中风电机组出力占其出力极限的96.5%,光伏机组出力94.7%;相比于参比系统,分布式能源系统的成本节约率为12.5%;电制冷占比为13%;电网的节电率为53.9%。     

Feasibility assessment of introducing distributed energy resources in urban areas of China

In this study, based on the consideration of achieving a low-carbon city, a distributed energy system is promoted by integrating combined heat and power (CHP) plant, biomass energy and photovoltaic technology, for the urban areas in China. An analytical model has been developed for estimating an economically efficient installation and operation pattern for the distributed energy system. As an illustrative example, a numerical study is conducted of feasible distributed energy system for a model area in Shanghai, while considering five scenarios with different technology combinations. According to the simulation results, although enjoying reasonable environmental merits, it is hard to diffuse the distributed generation technologies, especially some renewable ones, in the model area from the economic point of view. Currently, the most feasible technology is the natural gas CHP system, which has a cost reduction ratio of only 0.7%. In addition, the sensitivity analyses illustrate that the introduction of electricity buy-back and the reduction of biogas price can promote the adoption of some renewable technologies to some extent.     

Multi-objective optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems using PSO-simulation based approach

Recently, the increasing energy demand has caused dramatic consumption of fossil fuels and unavoidable raising energy prices. Moreover, environmental effect of fossil fuel led to the need of using renewable energy (RE) to meet the rising energy demand. Unpredictability and the high cost of the renewable energy technologies are the main challenges of renewable energy usage. In this context, the integration of renewable energy sources to meet the energy demand of a given area is a promising scenario to overcome the RE challenges. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) including various generators and storage devices. The ε-constraint method has been applied to minimize simultaneously the total cost of the system, unmet load, and fuel emission. A particle swarm optimization (PSO)-simulation based approach has been used to tackle the multi-objective optimization problem. The proposed approach has been tested on a case study of an HRES system that includes wind turbine, photovoltaic (PV) panels, diesel generator, batteries, fuel cell (FC), electrolyzer and hydrogen tank. Finally, a sensitivity analysis study is performed to study the sensibility of different parameters to the developed model.     

A hybrid optimization technique for proficient energy management in smart grid environment

Electrical energy is one of the key components for the development and sustainability of any nation. India is a developing country and blessed with a huge amount of renewable energy resources still there are various remote areas where the grid supply is rarely available. As electrical energy is the basic requirement, therefore it must be taken up on priority to exploit the available renewable energy resources integrated with storage devices like fuel cells and batteries for power generation and help the planners in providing the energy-efficient and alternative solution. This solution will not only meet electricity demand but also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a result the efficient, sustainable and eco-friendly solution can be achieved which would contribute a lot to the smart grid environment. In this paper, a modified grey wolf optimizer approach is utilized to develop a hybrid microgrid based on available renewable energy resources considering modern power grid interactions. The proposed approach would be able to provide a robust and efficient microgrid that utilizes solar photovoltaic technology and wind energy conversion system. This approach integrates renewable resources with the meta-heuristic optimization algorithm for optimal dispatch of energy in grid-connected hybrid microgrid system. The proposed approach is mainly aimed to provide the optimal sizing of renewable energy-based microgrids based on the load profile according to time of use. To validate the proposed approach, a comparative study is also conducted through a case study and shows a significant savings of 30.88% and 49.99% of the rolling cost in comparison with fuzzy logic and mixed integer linear programming-based energy management system respectively.     

Research on optimal confguration of hybrid energy storage capacity for wind-solar generation system

储能系统可以有效解决微电网中分布式可再生能源特别是风光互补发电的间歇性、波动性以及“源”与“荷”错位的问题。不同储能技术在响应时间、容量规模、技术成熟度及成本等方面各有特点,两种或多种储能技术耦合将可以更有效地满足用电系统的技术性和经济性的要求。针对电力用户对分布式可再生能源的利用情况,本文提出一种由压缩空气储能、锂电池和超级电容器组成的混合储能系统,建立了三种储能的数学模型,针对其不同的特性,提出了基于二次移动平均滤波的储能系统功率分配方法和基于连续性运行的容量优化配置方法。基于某个实际的用户负荷进行了案例分析,得到了混合储能系统的功率和容量配置结果,并分析了其运行特性。研究表明,在分布式可再生能源微电网中,多种储能技术耦合既能充分发挥每种储能的优势,又可以通过相互配合弥补各自的劣势,这对于可再生能源的充分利用和满足用电负荷的严苛需求具有重要的作用和意义,在分布式能源利用领域具有较好的工程应用前景。     

Research,development and the prospect of combined cooling,heating, and power systems

The development of a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system in China is presented in this paper. The key scientific problems of a distributed energy system and the integration principles of a CCHP system are also pointed out. Moreover, two corresponding CCHP systems: one with the complementarities of fossil fuels energy and renewable energy, and the other integrated with desalination technology, are investigated. With special attention to thermal energy utilization, the integrating characteristics of these systems are likewise revealed, and the important role that the principle of cascade utilization of physical energy plays in system integration is identified. We have found that the energy-saving ratio of the integrated CCHP systems can be as high as 30%, and as such, the innovative CCHP systems suitable for China's sustainable development are also recommended.     

Multi-objective optimal allocation strategy for the energy internet in Huangpu District,Guangzhou, China

To improve the overall efficiency of the energy system, the basic structure for the energy internet of coordination and optimization of “generation-grid-load-storage” of Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China is designed, while the arrangement for the output of centralized and distributed energy module and energy storage are proposed. Taking economic benefit maximization, environmental benefit maximization and energy efficiency maximization as sub-objectives, the mathematical model of multi-objective optimal allocation and operation strategy of the energy internet is established considering supply-demand balance constraints, equipment characteristic constraints, operation mode constraints, and energy conditions constraints. The calculation results show that without considering the outsourced electricity, the balanced strategy, the economic development strategy, the environmental protection strategy, and the energy efficiency strategy are obtained by calculation, which are all superior to the traditional energy supply strategy. Moreover, considering the outsourced electricity, the proportion of outsourced electricity to total electricity is 19.8%, which is the system optimization of the energy internet under certain power demand. Compared with other strategies without outsourced electricity, the outsourced electricity strategy can have a certain emission reduction effect, but at the same time reduce the economic benefit. Furthermore, the huge difference in demand for thermal and cooling load between industrial and commercial areas results in the installed capacity of gas distributed energy stations in industrial areas being nearly twice as large as that in commercial areas. The distributed photovoltaic power generation is allocated according to the proportion of the installed roof areas of photovoltaic power generation system in residential, industrial, and commercial areas.     

A multi-model method to assess the value of power-to-gas using excess renewable

Power-to-Gas (P2G) is a process that produces a gas from electricity, which is most commonly hydrogen via electrolysis. While some studies have considered hydrogen as a power-to-power storage vector, it could also be used as a fuel across the energy system, for example for transport or heat generation. Here, two energy models are used to explore the potential contribution of P2G as a cost-effective source of hydrogen, particularly for future energy systems with high variable renewable energy (VRE) in which there are occasional periods when electricity supply exceeds demand. A detailed electricity system model is iterated with a multi-vector energy system model using a soft-linking approach. This iterative approach addresses shortcomings in each model to better understand the optimal capacity of P2G and the potential economic capture rate of excess VRE. The modelling method is applied to Great Britain in 2050 as a case study. A substantial proportion of excess VRE in 2050 can be captured by P2G, and it is economically competitive compared with alternative sources. Moreover, the effectiveness and economic viability of P2G for reducing excess renewable is robust at even very high levels of renewable penetration.