Distributed Generation with Heat Recovery and Storage

Electricity produced by distributed energy resources (DER) located close to end-use loads has the potential to meet consumer requirements more efficiently than the existing centralized grid. Installation of DER allows consumers to circumvent the costs associated with transmission congestion and other nonenergy costs of electricity delivery and potentially to take advantage of market opportunities to purchase energy when attractive. On-site, single-cycle thermal power generation is typically less efficient than central station generation, but by avoiding nonfuel costs of grid power and by utilizing combined heat and power applications, i.e., recovering heat from small-scale on-site thermal generation to displace fuel purchases, DER can become attractive to a strictly cost-minimizing consumer. In previous efforts, the decisions facing typical commercial consumers have been addressed using a mixed-integer linear program, the DER customer adoption model (DER-CAM). Given the site’s energy loads, utility tariff structure, and information (both technical and financial) on candidate DER technologies, DER-CAM minimizes the overall energy cost for a test year by selecting the units to install and determining their hourly operating schedules. In this paper, the capabilities of DER-CAM are enhanced by the inclusion of the option to store recovered low-grade heat. By being able to keep an inventory of heat for use in subsequent periods, sites are able to lower costs even further by reducing lucrative peak-shaving generation, while relying on storage to meet heat loads. This and other effects of storage are demonstrated by analysis of five typical commercial buildings in San Francisco, California, in the United States, and an estimate of the cost per unit capacity of heat storage is calculated.     

Opportunities for Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Energy Systems: BMC Case Study in Lobatse, Botswana

Whenever industrial plants consume power and heat there is a need to consider energy efficient investment on a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. CHP represents a service of proven, reliable, and cost-efficient technologies that are already making an important contribution to meeting global heat and electricity demand. However, while some countries have been able to achieve a higher market share of these technologies, some have shown less or no interest at all, especially the developing countries. The primary purpose of this work is to investigate the viability and financial benefits of incorporating a CHP plant at Botswana Meat Commission. The research suggests that CHP can bring financial benefits to Botswana Meat Commission, by replacing the aging inefficient coal-fired thermal plant and the electricity from the power utility company. Some of the benefits are low emission of pollutants. CHP can also alleviate the problem of acute power shortage in Botswana, while benefiting from the discovery of trillions of coal-bed methane.     

冶金企业热电厂碳排放特性研究

冶金企业自备热电厂除为冶金企业生产提供必要的电力以外,还向企业及周边热用户提供热能,采用单位能源产品碳排放量指标结合火用 分析来评价热电联产的碳排放特性,将单位能源产品碳排放指标分解成最小排放量和附加排放量进行研究。研究结果表明：热电联产通过能源梯级利用,提高总体能源转换效率,减少化石能源使用,有利于实现碳减排。     

Integrated Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Installation

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system to be placed over the existing visitor center skylight for the Independence National Park in Philadelphia, Pa. using an integrated approach. The approach included calibrated building energy and lighting models (sensors and computational), estimation of the PV power produced, and cost taking into consideration the reduction based on cooling energy and emissions avoided by the displacement of purchased electricity (the mix of generating technologies in the local power control area was used to estimate avoided emissions). The design of the PV system was guided by the building orientation and skylight construction and was based on currently available PV modules. Several array sizes were considered since the choice of array size has implications for power production and shading, as well as for building cooling energy demand.     

Sustainability and Economics of the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor

The advanced high-temperature reactor is a new reactor concept that combines four technologies in a new way: coated-particle nuclear fuels traditionally used for helium-cooled reactors, Brayton power cycles, passive safety systems and plant designs from liquid-cooled fast reactors, and low-pressure liquid-salt coolants. The new combination of technologies may enable the development of a large high-efficiency, lower-cost high-temperature (700?to?1,000°C) reactor for electricity and hydrogen production. As the peak reactor coolant temperatures approach 700°C, several technologies (Brayton cycles, passive reactor safety systems, available materials, etc.) work together to improve total system performance while significantly reducing costs relative to those for other reactors. A window of performance and lower capital costs exists between these temperatures and the practical temperature limits of materials. The higher temperatures and efficiency of the Brayton power cycle greatly reduce the total heat rejection compared with that achieved in current light-water reactors and may allow economic heat rejection with dry cooling towers, thus radically reducing the water consumption used in energy production. The option for dry cooling is facilitated by the characteristics of Brayton cycles, which reject heat over a temperature range of 40?to?50°C and thus match the requirements of dry cooling systems.     

Carbon dioxide emissions reduction technology and its application prospects in the steel industry

Fossil-fuel burning greenhouse gas induced global warming has been recognized as global environmental problems,reduce and ultimately control the energy production in the use of CO₂ emissions, global energy production will be a major challenge.As a highly intensive materials and energy,iron and steel enterprises,need to be invested to produce one ton of steel about two tons of material and 0.7 t of standard coal energy,and while producing two tons of CO₂.Therefore,reducing CO₂ emissions from iron and steel industry has become the focus of the global steel industry.This paper describes an integrated domestic and international measures to control carbon dioxide emissions research progress and future technology trends, with emphasis on the domestic steel industry emissions of carbon dioxide status of technology development and industrialization of implementation of the proposed on this basis,including dry quenching technology, gas,power generation,coal moisture control technology,blast furnace injection plastics technology,the use of coking process for treating municipal waste plastics technology,sintering heat generation,low pressure saturated steam for power generation,metallurgical slag heat recovery technology,coke oven gas hydrogen technology and the other key technologies energy saving technologies,including the development,promotion and popularization of the steel industry in China will be the CO₂ emission reduction technology direction and focus.At this stage,the Chinese steel industry can be improved the energy efficiency and recycling of waste heat and energy,reduce unit GDP,CO₂ emissions;but in the long run,should increase CO₂ capture and storage on the input of technology can possible effective control of the adverse effects of CO₂ emissions.     

基于分析的钢铁企业热电联产碳排放研究

热电厂是钢铁企业重要的能源生产部门,热电联产的碳排放量关系到整个企业碳减排成效。采用单位能源产品碳排放量指标,结合分析来评价热电厂的碳排放量,将单位能源产品碳排放量分解成最小排放量和附加排放量进行研究。研究结果表明：热电联产通过能源梯级利用,提高能源转换效率,减少化石能源使用,有利于实现钢铁企业减少碳排放。     

近零碳排电弧炉炼钢工艺技术研究及展望

 中国钢铁工业碳排放占全国总排放比例达16%,减少钢铁工业碳排放是中国政府实现“碳达峰、碳中和”承诺的重要抓手。在碳中和背景下,全球钢铁行业正加速推动技术革新以降低碳排放。提出近零碳排电弧炉炼钢新工艺,从能量来源碳近零、冶炼过程碳近零、原料生产碳近零3个层面开展技术创新,以实现炼钢工序碳近零。在能量来源碳近零方面,提出利用太阳能、风能及谷电等能源昼夜交替补充,能量有效存储及释放、微型智能电网及电弧炉优化供电,实现绿色能源的直接高效利用;在冶炼过程碳近零方面,提出利用氢能烧嘴、无碳发泡剂、CO₂-Ar动态底吹脱氮、熔池内O₂-CaO喷吹脱磷及系统能效评价等关键技术实现非涉碳冶炼;在原料生产碳近零方面,提出利用绿氢直接还原炼铁及相关配套技术、绿电等离子热风窑炉配合碳捕集工艺等大幅降低原辅料生产过程碳排放。对电弧炉炼钢过程能量输入、冶炼涉碳及原料带碳的吨钢坯二氧化碳排放进行了衡算,并结合上述关键技术减碳能力分析,计算预测该近零碳排电弧炉炼钢新工艺最终极限碳排放可降低到64 kg/t(钢)。因此,开展近零碳排电弧炉炼钢工艺研究,加速其工业落地应用,将有助于促进中国钢铁工业创新发展和绿色低碳发展。     

钢铁企业热电厂碳排放的评价研究

热电厂是钢铁企业重要的能源生产部门,热电联产的碳排放量关系到整个企业碳减排成效。采用单位能源产品碳排放量指标结合火用分析来评价热电厂的碳排放量,将单位能源产品碳排放量分解成最小排放量和附加排放量进行研究。结果表明:热电联产通过能源梯级利用,提高能源转换效率,减少化石能源使用,有利于实现钢铁企业减少碳排放。     

熔盐电化学石墨化研究进展及展望

近年来,提出了一种高效、环境友好的熔盐电化学转化方法,可将碳污染物直接转化为高附加值的石墨化产物。本文综述了熔盐电化学石墨化的工艺流程、产物的结构特征与转化机理。详细介绍了碳纳米材料在锂离子电池和铝离子电池等二次电池中的应用前景,突出了转化和利用丰富的二次碳资源实现高附加值应用的高效策略。最后,对开发熔盐电化学石墨化与规模化低能耗电解技术、构建先进高温熔盐电化学原位表征技术与定量化分析方法、深入研究电化学石墨化微观转化机理、推动石墨化产品的工程化应用进行了分析与展望。      

Cost and Life Cycle Analysis for Deep CO2 Emissions Reduction for Steel Making: Direct Reduced Iron Technologies

Among heavy industrial sectors worldwide, the steel industry ranks first in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Technologies that produce direct reduced iron (DRI) enable the industry to reduce emissions or even approach net-zero CO₂ emissions for steel production. Herein, comprehensive cradle-to-gate (CTG) life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) are used to evaluate the CO₂ emissions of three DRI technologies. Compared to the baseline of blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) technology for steel making, using natural gas (NG) to produce DRI has the potential to reduce CTG CO₂ emissions by 33%. When 83% or 100% renewable H₂ is used for DRI production, DRI technologies can potentially reduce CO₂ emissions by 57% and 67%, respectively, compared to baseline BF–BOF technology. However, the renewable H₂ application for DRI increases the levelized cost of steel (LCOS). When renewable natural gas (RNG) and clean electricity are used for steel production, the CTG CO₂ emissions of all the DRI technologies can potentially be reduced by more than 90% compared to the baseline BF–BOF technology, although the LCOS depends largely on the cost of RNG and clean electricity.     

中国钢铁工业碳达峰及低碳转型路径

 2020年中国宣布将提高国家自主贡献力度,二氧化碳排放力争在2030年前达峰。钢铁工业作为典型的资源、能源密集型行业,是率先落实碳达峰的重要行业。分析了钢产量、生产结构、节能减排技术和碳税等因素对中国钢铁工业碳排放的影响程度。研究表明,不同的钢产量达峰时间将对钢铁工业的碳达峰产生不同影响,技术和生产结构因素也将对中国钢铁工业产生重要影响。地方区域是落实国家碳达峰任务的责任主体,对京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、汾渭平原和两广地区4个具有不同钢铁生产特点的重点区域碳排放进行研究,并分析了区域达峰方案。加快调整产业结构、推广低碳技术、改变能源结构、推进产业间耦合和加强碳资产管理等方面制定钢铁工业低碳转型路径,对实现中国钢铁工业碳排放早日达峰和碳中和有重要意义。     

电炉负能耗除尘技术研发

电炉炼钢所产生的高温含尘气体,通常采用先降温后除尘的方法,不但未回收烟气余热,却消耗了大量用于烟气冷却所需的水电等资源。电炉负能耗除尘技术,指电炉一次烟气采用高温除尘的同时回收蒸汽,回收的能源远远多于整个电炉除尘系统包括余热回收装置所付出的电能耗。该技术还可应用于AOD等其他炉窑的高温负能耗除尘,既可用于新建项目,也非常适合改造项目。     

分层供热富氢烧结关键技术探索与研究

 中国提出2030年碳达峰、2060年碳中和的“双碳”战略以缓解温室效应带来的环境问题。钢铁是仅次于火电的国内第二碳排放大户,作为钢铁行业中的核心环节,烧结工序的碳减排已是必然趋势。常规烧结工艺中,料层中固体颗粒燃料难准确满足“自蓄热效应”要求的“上多下少”的分布要求,导致料层内部供热不均、成矿质量差、能效低下,且易出现微观局部还原性气氛,对烧结成矿和烟气中CO增多造成负面影响,制约了烧结节能减碳水平的提升。对此,作者研究了燃料形态、燃料分布对烧结的影响规律,提出了“分层供热富氢烧结”理念,阐述了厚料层烧结条件下料层上、中、下各层不同的气固组合供热方法,即顶层依靠富氧点火耦合固体燃料供热、上中层依靠富氢燃气喷加耦合固体燃料供热,下层依靠水蒸气喷加耦合固体燃料供热,同时探明了对应该方法的分层供热低碳烧结机理,详细阐述了富氧点火耦合固体燃料顶层供热、富氢燃气喷加耦合固体燃料中上层供热、水蒸气喷加耦合固体燃料下层供热等关键技术及其技术效果,并对应用上述技术可能出现的烧结过湿层恶化问题提出了解决办法。通过这些技术的集成应用,可以大幅降低烧结工序能耗,减少烧结工序碳消耗、碳排放及其他污染物排放,并改善烧结矿质量。     

Considering Carbon Capture and Storage for Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste

Modern waste management practices encourage the recovery of energy from municipal solid waste after efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle appropriate materials. Energy can be recovered through direct mass burn in a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility or through the collection and combustion of biogas generated in sanitary landfills. Many comparisons have been made although rarely using best practice assumptions for both technologies; WTE proponents tend to assume low collection efficiency while landfill proponents tend to assume low electrical conversion efficiency. In general, WTE plants can be considered to have a better environmental performance (reduced emissions) with landfill having lower total costs (social and environmental). Both strategies have similar costs when considering 77% collection efficiency and a high efficiency (30% electrical conversion) WTE plant that displaces electricity from coal. The introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to waste management changes the landscape by increasing the capital costs and improving the environmental performance. The air emissions are significantly reduced, practically eliminated with oxygen combustion, as the capture of CO2 requires significant flue gas scrubbing. The introduction of CCS results in a net environmental benefit for WTE plants with a turnaround electricity price of $7/MWh, as compared to landfill gas with capture. The largest environmental cost for WTE plants is the classification of fly ash as chemical waste, which is reduced with oxygen combustion. The net cost of capturing CO2 from WTE facilities is estimated at $39/t CO2, one-third of the cost of CO2 capture from landfills.     

宝钢4号高炉采用的新技术

在分析的基础上，宝钢4号高炉建设应用了一系列新技术：如热压小炭砖炉缸结构、板壁结合的炉体冷却结构、铜冷却壁、新英巴渣处理技术、串罐无料钟炉顶、环缝洗涤煤气清洗工艺等先进技术，为4号高炉创造先进水平，实现高效、长寿、节能、环保奠定了坚实基础。     

柴油机富氧燃烧的试验研究

柴油设备在现代矿山中被广泛使用,其排出的碳烟、氮氧化物等污染物严重影响了井下的生产环境,甚至对井下工作人员的身体健康造成了威胁。该文在实验室环境下通过对柴油机进行富氧燃烧试验来研究柴油机的排放特性,寻找降低柴油机污染物排放的途径。该研究根据柴油机富氧燃烧的机理,设计了柴油机在不同工况下的富氧燃烧试验,对其在各不同工况下排出的碳烟、氮氧化物和一氧化碳进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:柴油机不论在何种工况下的富氧燃烧均可降低碳烟的排放;氮氧化物的排放会随着氧气的增加而上升;一氧化碳的排放也会有所降低,但降低的幅度不大。     

矿山地热防控与利用研究进展

从矿山地热致灾形式、热害控制技术、热能利用方法3个方面,对相关文献进行归纳,总结已有研究成果。结果表明,矿山地热的致灾形式有加剧煤岩体性质劣化、诱发支护结构失效和导致高温高湿环境三类,具体包括加剧围岩变形破坏、诱发吸附瓦斯溢出、降低锚杆锚固强度、加剧锚护材料腐蚀、损害工人身心健康、降低工人工作效率和增加机械设备故障率七方面。热害控制技术有非人工降温技术和人工降温技术两种,其中非人工降温技术分为热源控制技术、热湿环境调控技术和个体防护技术3类;根据制冷工质不同,可以将人工制冷降温系统分成气冷式、冰冷式和水冷式3大类,包括压缩空气制冷降温、冰制冷降温、地面集中制冷降温、地面排热井下集中降温、回风排热井下集中降温、地面热电联产制冷降温和热害资源化利用等制冷系统。通过提取矿井水和矿井回风中的余热用于矿区井口防冻、洗浴供暖和建筑物供暖,是目前矿山地热利用的主要方法。而直接提取巷道围岩热能的同时实现矿井降温是近年来的研究热点,也是矿山地热直接利用的关键;将地埋管换热器布置在采空区充填材料或巷道围岩内提取围岩热能、实现矿区多种清洁能源协同利用是未来矿山地热利用的发展方向之一。      

Longlife technologies of hearth area for blast furnace at Bengang

The problem of shortlife hearth of blast furnace was solved through the adoption of longlife technologies such as the application of UCAR hot pressed carbon brick-ceramic cup compound lining technology, closed-loop soft water cooling system,enhancing taphole maintenance and schreyerite lining protection etc. Longlife and high productivity had been achieved successfully.The transition of technological processes of the hearth for blast furnaces at BenGang are outlined in this paper.     

本钢高炉炉缸长寿技术

通过在高炉炉缸区域采用UCAR热压碳砖—陶瓷杯复合炉衬结构和软水密闭循环冷却系统,同时加强高炉操作和铁口维护,并在炉役末期采用钒钛矿护炉等措施,本钢彻底解决了炉缸短寿难题,延长了高炉寿命,提高了生产效率。