钛合金表面磨粒流加工工艺研究

本文以钛合金薄壁试片为基体材料,研究了磨粒流工艺对该类材料零件的表面加工特征。结果表明:磨粒流加工工艺对钛合金表面具有较好的加工效果,在沿磨料流动的方向上,试片边缘的磨削去除量大于中部。随着加工循环次数的增加,每个循环的平均磨削量有所下降,这与磨料温度升高所引起的黏度减小以及磨粒的钝化现象有关。扫描电镜形貌显示,试片表面呈极为细致的沟槽所组成的磨削状态。     

Surface finish generated in hard turning of quenched alloy steel parts using conventional and wiper ceramic inserts

Significant progress has already been achieved in green manufacturing including dry and hard, often high-speed, machining technologies. For instance, the demand for higher productivity has resulted in the wider application of ceramic and PCBN tools with special multi-radii (wiper) geometry. This paper reports some important characteristics of the surface roughness produced in the turning of a hardened low-chromium alloy steel using mixed alumina–titanium carbon (TiC) ceramic cutting tools equipped with both conventional and wiper inserts. The characteristic geometrical features of surfaces obtained in both these turning operations have been assessed by means of representative two-dimensional (2D) surface roughness parameters, and some 3D visualizations, which allowed more complete characterization of the surface topography and prediction of its service properties. Results show that keeping equivalent feed rates, i.e. 0.1 mm/rev for conventional and 0.2 mm/rev for wiper tools, the surfaces obtained have similar 3D height roughness parameters, and comparable values of skew and kurtosis. At defined cutting parameters, surfaces produced by wiper tools contain blunt peaks with distinctly smaller slopes resulting in better bearing properties. Only marginal changes of Ra parameter were recorded during 15 min machining trials.     

微磨料空气射流加工玻璃微流道结构研究

采用微磨料气射流加工技术(MAJM),对普通硅酸盐玻璃进行微流道槽加工.对通过掩膜加工与非掩膜加工效果相比较,得出在掩膜加工过程中,由于磨料的二次反弹冲蚀作用,所加工出的槽,槽壁较陡;在掩膜加工过程中,改变喷射距离、喷射压力、喷嘴移动速度和磨料流量四个加工参数,对加工槽的轮廓、加工过程中的材料去除率、磨料的流量效应进行研究,得出当喷射距离为4 mm,喷射压力为0.5 MPa,喷嘴移动速度为1.0 mm/s,磨料流量为0.117 g/s时,加工效果最好.通过倾斜喷射与掩膜加工相结合,研究了磨料磨粒的二次反弹冲蚀现象,为复杂三维微结构的加工,提供了一种新方法.     

小孔径内圆表面磁性研磨加工实验研究

本文以纺织配件钢领为例,对普通内圆表面和小孔径（〈20mm）内圆表面磁性研磨加工进行了试验研究。分析了不同加工参数对被加工内圆表面粗糙度和研磨量的影响。加工小孔内圆时,采用了轴向开圆槽的研磨棒,以改善磁场中磨料流的均匀性。得出了内圆表面磁性研磨加工的优化参数为：磁感应强度B〈1．2T,加工间隙△=1mm,研磨时间t=4min,工作轴向振动频率f=10Hg。     

Modification of surface finish produced by hard turning using superfinishing and burnishing operations

In this study the surface finish produced by hard turning of a 41Cr4 low-alloy steel quenched to about 60 HRC hardness, using mixed Al₂O₃-TiC ceramic inserts, was subsequently modified by superfinishing and multipass burnishing operations. In the case of hard turning surfaces were produced by conventional and Wiper cutting tool inserts. The main goal of this study was to examine how additional abrasive and non-removal technological operations change 2D and 3D roughness parameters and enhance service properties of the machined surfaces. It was documented that both superfinishing and burnishing operations allow to obtain smoother surfaces with lower surface roughness and better bearing characteristics.     

HR-2钢精密零件表面磁力研磨磨粒加工机理研究

磁性研磨是一种利用磁场中的磁性磨料对具有相对运动的工件表面进行光整加工的新技术。本文对磁性磨粒的加工机理进行了分析，对奥氏体不锈钢精密薄壁零件表面进行了磁性研磨工艺试验。通过试验找出了磁性原料：铝镍钴（AlNiCo）；磁性磨料粒度：60^#-70^#；在工件转速、磁感应强度、研磨时间等工艺参数为定值时，加工的奥氏体不锈钢精密薄壁零件的表面粗糙度达到了Ra0．1μm的要求。     

Investigation of the finishing characteristics in an internal tube finishing process by magnetic abrasive finishing combined with electrolysis

In this research, the finishing characteristics in a tube's internal finishing process using the method of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) combined with electrolysis has been studied. Electrolysis produces an aluminium oxide film that accelerates the removal of the initial hairline morphology on the surface. Subsequently, the film is removed with MAF. This process significantly minimises the surface roughness in a reduced time. The way the finishing conditions, such as the pole–pipe gap, iron particle size and abrasiveness combinations, and processing time affected the surface morphology in the MAF machining process has been particularly examined. The surface roughness was measured and images of the finished surfaces were recorded to study the morphology changes. Prolonged electrolysis finishing was seen to deepen the oxidation film and pits, which adversely affects the surface. This evidence suggests that the pit residuals contribute to higher surface roughness values.     

The influence of the microstructure of hardened tool steel workpiece on the wear of PCBN cutting tools

Due to the recent developments of advanced cutting tool materials in the superbarasive family, such as cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools, the interest in cutting hardened steels has increased significantly. High flexibility and ability to manufacture complex workpiece geometry in one set up is the main advantage of hard turning compared to grinding. The focus of this study is to investigate the performance and wear behavior of CBN tools in finish, dry turning of four different hardened steels, treated to the same hardness R_c = 54. The following four materials were machined: X155CrMoV 12 cold work steel (AISI D2), X38CrMoV5 (AISI H11) hot work steel, 35NiCrMo16 hot work steel and 100Cr6 bearing steel (AISI 52100). A large variation in tool wear rate was observed in the machining of these steels. The tool flank grooves have been correlated to the microstructure of these steels, namely the presence of various carbides. The chip study reveals that there is presence of different amounts of white layers in machining these steels.     

Experimental study on ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of hardened steel using PCD tools

Diamond tools cannot usually be applied for machining hardened steels while applying conventional cutting technique. As an alternative, ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) technique was successfully applied for obtaining mirror surface on such steels using single crystal diamond (SCD) tools. In order to reduce production cost without compromising mirror surface quality, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools may be tested against highly expensive SCD tools. However, study on machining of hardened steel using PCD tools applying the UEVC technique has not yet been reported. The current research presents an experimental study on UEVC of hardened stainless steel (a typical Stavax, hardness 49 HRC) using the PCD tools. Face turning experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of three machining parameters: nominal depth of cut, feed rate, and nominal cutting speed on output performances such as cutting force, tool flank wear, surface roughness, and chip formation. Experimental results show that nominal cutting speed has very strong influence on the output performances, compared to the other two parameters. The surface roughness improves with a decrease in cutting speed. A mirror-like surface of approximately 804 mm² with a roughness value R_a of 11 nm was achieved at a lower cutting speed. Theoretical explanations have been given to support the results drawn from the UEVC experiments. It can be concluded that, while applying the UEVC technique, the inexpensive PCD tools instead of the SCD tools can be effectively applied to obtain optical surface for producing precise molds from the hardened steel.     

磨料对磁流变工作液性能及加工效果的影响

本文研究了磁流变工作液中添加磨料种类、含量、粒度对其性能的影响,以及对磁流变效应微砂轮加工效果的影响。结果表明:添加磨料对磁流变效应的影响程度以氧化铈、碳化硅、金刚石、氧化铝的顺序增大,随着添加磨料含量增加、粒度增大,磁流变效应均被削弱。磁流变效应微砂轮加工微沟槽过程中,添加磨料对微砂轮加工性能的影响受到添加磨料对磁流变效应和磁流变效应微砂轮加工性能正反两方面的影响而出现最优加工效果。当磨料含量为3%时沟槽的宽度、深度和材料去除率都达到最大;当磨料粒度为W3.5时,加工沟槽的宽度最大;当磨料粒度为W7时,加工沟槽的深度和材料去除率最大。     

Research on the abrasive wear resistance of YDCrMoV coating produced by CO_2 shielded flux-cored wire surfacing

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Improvement of surface finish on SKD steel using electro-discharge machining with aluminum and surfactant added dielectric

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is widely used to process hard materials in the industry. Electrical discharge distribution effects can be achieved by the addition of Al powder in the dielectric. A fine surface roughness value of the workpiece is thus obtained. However, the electrostatic force among fine Al particles is found to agglomerate the Al powders in the dielectric. A surfactant can be adopted to separate the Al powder in the dielectric homogenously. A better surface even the mirror-like quality of the EDMed workpiece is thus desired. In the study, the effect of surfactant and Al powders added in the dielectric on the surface status of the workpiece after EDM is investigated.It is observed the best distribution effect is found when the concentrations of the Al powder and surfactant in the dielectric are 0.1 and 0.25 g/L, respectively. An optimal surface roughness (Ra) value of 0.172 μm is achieved under the following parameter—positive polarity, discharge current 0.3 A, pulse duration time 1.5 μs, open circuit potential 140 V, gap voltage 90 V and surfactant concentration 0.25 g/L.The surface roughness status of the workpiece has been improved up to 60% as compared to that EDMed under pure dielectric with high surface roughness Ra of 0.434 μm.     

Attempts to fabricate micro injection molding tools and assemble molded micro parts on same EDM machine

An EDM method for manufacturing plastic micro gear pumps is proposed. Micro gates and cavities for mating gears are machined by EDM in both sides of a stainless steel foil, respectively. The foil is then transferred to an injection molding machine, and fixed to a mold to form mating gears by injection molding. The mating gears formed on the foils are then re-positioned on the EDM machine, released from the foil, and placed in a second foil pre-machined by EDM for the pump housing, using an ejector pin fabricated by reshaping the tool electrode used to machine the two foils.     

电火花强化工艺制造金刚石镀层实验研究

为实现金刚石工具的快速制造和在线快速修复,探索了一种简单快速的金刚石表面强化工艺方法的可行性。以金刚石颗粒和钴颗粒为主要成分,采用压制工艺制作电极,并用该电极在基体材料304不锈钢板上进行电火花强化实验,探究电极的压制压力、金刚石含量、加工电流和加工时间等参数对实验效果的影响规律。用镀钛金刚石电极加工5 min,可得到表面上金刚石颗粒的表面积分数为13.5%、厚度为400μm的强化层,且该强化层具有很好的磨削性能。     

The structure of parts produced by stereolithography injection mould tools and the effect on part shrinkage

Stereolithography (SL) tooling for plastic injection moulding provides a low cost and quick alternative to hard tooling methods when producing a small quantity of parts. However, work by the authors has shown that a different rate of polymer shrinkage was experienced in semi-crystalline parts when produced from SL moulds as compared to those from conventional metal tooling methods. Different shrinkage means the parts are not truly the same as those that would be produced by metal tooling and highlights a disadvantage to SL tooling.This work associates the increased shrinkage experienced to a greater percentage crystallinity developed in the parts due to their thermal history during processing. In these experiments the cooling rate, which is imparted due to the heat transfer characteristics of the mould has been identified as the controlling factor of a parts % crystalline content and the cause of shrinkage anomalies.The morphology analysis results show that there is 30% more crystallinity developed in the nylon (PA66) parts produced in SL moulds than those produced from aluminium moulds. The results also reveal different characteristics during thermal analysis that may also be due to the thermal history imparted by the mould.The work utilises the thermal analysis technique differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to quantify the different levels of crystallinity in the parts. The thermal characteristics of the mould are demonstrated by real-time data acquisition.     

热处理工艺对疏浚工程用船体钢组织及磨粒磨损性能的影响

为了提高疏浚工程船用低碳低合金耐磨钢的耐磨性能,分别采用淬火+200 ℃低温回火、淬火+250 ℃配分、循环热处理3种热处理工艺对试验钢进行热处理,并借助扫描电镜与透射电镜分析组织与析出相,磨粒磨损试验机测试磨损质量损失,硬度计测试热处理钢的硬度。结果表明,试验钢淬火+200 ℃回火后得到回火马氏体,基体中有少量碳化物,回火马氏体仍呈板条状;淬火-配分试验钢得到马氏体加较多残留奥氏体;经循环热处理后,试验钢中马氏体板条消失,基体中有颗粒状(Nb,Ti)C析出相。试验钢淬火-回火后硬度为39.5 HRC,淬火-配分试验钢硬度为40.5 HRC,循环热处理试验钢硬度30.8 HRC。试验钢耐磨性与硬度成正比,试验钢经循环热处理后,磨损量最大,耐磨性能最差,淬火-回火试验钢次之,淬火-配分钢耐磨性能最好。3组试验钢磨粒磨损后试样表面均出现大量犁沟,磨损机制主要是塑性变形。     

Surface integrity generated by oblique machining of steel and iron parts

In this study the surface integrity produced by oblique turning of a range of iron-based materials including C45 carbon, 41Cr4 low-alloy hardened, X6CrNiTi18-10 stainless steels and EN-GJS-500-7 spheroidal iron was quantified by means of 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters, strain-hardening effects and associated residual stresses. Surfaces were produced by a special straight-edged cutting tool with large inclination angle of 55° equipped with carbide and mixed Al₂O₃–TiC ceramic cutting tool inserts. It was documented that oblique machining performed with relatively higher feed rate allows obtaining lower surface roughness and, in general, better bearing characteristics. Moreover, compressive stresses with the maximum value located close to the machined surface and parabolic profile can be induced into the surface layer. The magnitude of stresses depends on the strain-hardening rate of the surface layer.     

基于DEFORM的单颗磨粒对零件表面冲击仿真与实验

磨削加工过程中,工件表面材料的去除是磨粒冲击、切削、划擦等综合作用的结果。为了研究磨削过程中的冲击现象,针对45~#钢工件,运用DEFORM-3D软件对单颗磨粒对工件表面的冲击强化过程进行有限元仿真,获得了工件内部应力场的分布情况,对磨削过程中工件表面等效应力与应变率进行了分析,得到了磨削参数对磨削过程的影响规律。对等效应力的分析表明:磨削过程中,工件受力是由很多脉冲力合成的。对应变率的分析表明:磨粒对工件表面的冲击强化效应显著。实验研究结果验证了理论与仿真分析结果的正确性,采用的仿真方法可有效分析与预测工件表面强化层指标。     

Influence of sintering temperature on the shrinkage and geometrical characteristics of steel parts produced by powder metallurgy

The dimensional and geometrical characteristics of Charpy bars produced with two different steels were investigated to evaluate the effect of increasing the sintering temperature from 1120 °C (conventional sintering temperature) up to 1350 °C. The problem was approached from the Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) point of view, referring to the standard ASME Y14.5 (2009). The dimensional and geometrical characteristics were evaluated using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), measuring the surfaces by scanning mode. The work highlights that the increase in the sintering temperature, aimed at improving the mechanical properties, does not prevent the main benefit of this technology, i.e., the possibility of producing parts with good dimensional and geometrical precision. Moreover, a methodology establishing the measurement procedures and data processing, to be used in future work for the characterisation of more complex shapes, was defined.