数控机床误差的多项式预报与补偿

建立了数控机床空间误差预报的多项式模型，该模型把机床的空间误差表示为机床运动坐标的多项式函数；提出了用激光球杆仪直接测量机床空间误差的方法；由机床工作空间有限定位点误差的测量数据，利用最小二乘法来决定误差预报模型的系数。在XK713数控加工中心上进行了误差的多项式建模和补偿实验，结果表明本误差预报和补偿方法省时，效果显著。     

基于球杆仪的五轴数控机床误差快速检测方法

几何误差是五轴数控机床重要误差源,针对传统测量方法仪器昂贵、测量周期长问题,提出基于球杆仪的五轴数控机床几何误差快速检测方法。对于机床的平动轴误差,利用多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换法,建立平动轴空间误差模型,通过球杆仪在同一平面不同位置进行两次圆轨迹,辨识出4项平动轴关键线性误差;针对五轴机床的转台和摆动轴,设计基于球杆仪的多条空间测试轨迹,完整求解出旋转轴12项几何误差。实验结果显示,所提方法获得转角定位误差与激光干涉仪法最大误差为0.001 8°,利用检测结果进行机床空间误差补偿,测试轨迹偏差由16μm降至4μm,为补偿前的25%,验证了方法的有效性。提出的五轴机床几何误差检测方法方便、便捷,适用于工业现场。     

机床的几何精度和测量(上)

从机床的精度与误差、精度标准、几何误差分析等方面论述了机床误差形成的机理,讨论了机床静态几何精度、误差模型的建立以及误差的测量和补偿方法,提出了机床静态精度设计的基本原则,并对激光干涉、激光跟踪、球杆仪等新型测量方法和手段在多轴空间误差测量、回转轴误差测量等方面的应用进行了介绍.     

基于Matlab的串并联机床空间误差建模及补偿**!

构建了5-DOF串并联机床的正解和逆解误差运动方程。基于Matlab程序对正解运动方程进行编程,根据原始误差参数仿真出机床空间误差补偿前刀具切削模型,根据隐含误差参数仿真出机床空间误差补偿后刀具切削模型。对比补偿前和补偿后模型的面形误差,结果表明:补偿前和补偿后模型的面形误差均呈现四周大中间小,通过误差补偿可有效减小机床空间误差。     

基于克里金插值的机床空间误差测量与补偿方法研究

提出了一种基于克里金插值的机床空间误差测量与补偿方法。机床加工精度一般受切削力、热变形和空间误差的影响,为采集机床空间误差样本,提出了一种基于克里金插值的测量方法,利用激光跟踪仪测量给定点的空间误差,通过克里金插值计算给定点之间的空间误差,并进行了机床空间误差测量实验。结果表明,克里金插值的计算精度明显高于线性插值,有效提高了空间误差测量精度。为实施空间误差补偿,通过对机床误差模型进行分步解耦,开发了空间误差补偿器,并进行了机床空间误差补偿实验。结果表明,机床主轴在X轴方向的变形量为025μm,实施空间误差补偿后,某工件平面加工后的最大轮廓误差由15μm减小到了5μm。该补偿方法为提高数控机床的加工精度提供了一种有效途径。     

基于激光干涉仪的数控机床运动误差识别与补偿

提出了数控机床运动误差的软件补偿方法。采用刚体运动假设和齐次坐标变换建立了多轴机床空间运动误差的通用模型。该模型把刀具相对于工件的空间误差表示为机床各结构件之间运动误差的位置函数。给出了全部运动误差参数的激光干扰仪识别方法，提出了一种新的roll误差测量措施，在立式加工中心上进行了运动误差的补偿实验，结果证明所提出的运动误差软件联动补偿效果显著。     

基于球杆仪的五轴机床RTCP误差检测及补偿

针对五轴机床RTCP误差检测存在检测时间长、测量精度低的情况,提出用球杆仪检测RTCP误差的方法,分析可知AC双转台RTCP误差不仅有4项位置误差,而且存在4项角度误差和初始安装误差。根据机床运动链建立AC双转台RTCP误差模型,采用基于球杆仪的检测方法,并推导RTCP误差元素求解方法。通过误差补偿试验验证了误差模型和误差求解方法的准确性和有效性。     

基于球杆仪的直线轴位置相关误差辨识研究

针对多轴机床空间误差检测及辨识方法成本高、时间长等问题,提出一种新的基于球杆仪测试的直线轴位置相关几何误差辨识方法。分别建立各平面内轴运动误差模型,并采用多项式对误差元素预拟合,以常规的三平面圆弧轨迹测量获取误差数据,并基于最小二乘法求解拟合系数,替代直接对误差元素具体数值求解的传统方法,实现对各直线轴位置相关误差元素的辨识。通过实验验证了辨识结果的正确性和有效性,该方法对机床直线轴误差辨识、补偿具有参考价值。     

螺旋锥齿轮数控磨齿机机床空间误差与机床调整参数的关系

为求得对各项机床调整参数影响较大的机床空间误差,分析螺旋锥齿轮加工过程中数控机床空间误差物理涵义,并建立七轴五联动数控磨齿机床空间误差模型.基于齐次变换矩阵方法建立机床空间误差与机床调整参数之间的几何等量关系,推导出两者间的关联函数并进行分析.通过实例分析,发现对机床刀位调整值影响较大的机床空间误差主要是三直线轴垂直度误差和x轴沿Z向垂直度误差;对机床轮位调整值影响较明显的机床空间误差为z轴、B轴沿x向直线度误差以及A轴的安装距误差.为机床调整参数优化及螺旋锥齿轮几何误差补偿提供了理论依据.     

双转台五轴机床空间误差补偿技术研究

几何误差、热误差和切削力误差占到了机床总误差的75%,对这3项误差进行控制是提高机床加工精度的关键所在。以双转台五轴机床的空间误差作为研究对象,通过对加工位置、主要热源及电动机电流等相关因素进行分析,确定空间误差建模所需的位移变量、温度变量和切削力变量。以现有的多种误差建模方法为基础,通过对信息融合技术进行研究,提出一种机床空间误差的多模型融合预测方法,建立综合反映几何误差、热误差和切削力误差的最优空间误差模型。最后以DSP为核心,设计空间误差补偿器,实施空间误差补偿,验证补偿效果。结果显示,建立的模型预测精度较高,残差小于2μm,而实施空间误差补偿后,加工零件的轮廓误差也由15μm降到了5μm,补偿效果明显。     

五轴数控机床万能主轴头空间误差建模研究

五轴机床万能主轴头空间误差建模的传统方法采用齐次变换矩阵(HTM)进行运算,计算过程复杂,物理意义很难理解。提出了一种主轴头空间误差的简化建模方法。综合考虑了主轴头两个旋转轴的运动误差和刀具热误差对主轴头空间精度造成的影响。优化了机床运动坐标系设置,从而降低了空间误差模型的复杂性。基于刚体运动学原理,描述了主轴头的运动误差传递关系。结合实例,推导出了主轴头空间误差的数学表达式,其建模过程简单,物理意义明确。     

数控机床误差的激光干涉仪自动瞄准测量及补偿技术研究

开发了用于数控机床空间误差测量的激光干涉仪自动瞄准系统。该系统实现了机床多轴联动、而激光束的方向发生连续改变时空间曲线轨迹定位误差的测量。提出了通过一次对光实现数控机床整个空间定位误差的直接测量方法。采用网格方法储存测量误差,用有限元法实现补偿误差的预报。在立式数控加工中心上进行了误差的测量和补偿试验,结果表明所提出的误差测量方法精度高、速度快,误差补偿效果明显。     

A general strategy for geometric error identification of multi-axis machine tools based on point measurement

Geometric error component identification is needed to realize the geometric error compensation which can significantly enhance the accuracy of multi-axis machine tools. Laser tracker has been applied to geometric error identification of machine tools increasingly due to its high capability in 3D metrology. A general method, based on point measurement using a laser tracker is developed for identifying the geometric error components of multi-axis machine tools in this study. By using this method, all the component errors and location errors of each axis (including the linear axis and rotary axis) of the multi-axis machine tools can be measured. Three pre-described targets are fixed on the stage of the under-test axis which moves step by step. The coordinates of the three targets at every step are determined by a laser tracker based on the sequential multilateration method. The volumetric errors of these three target points at each step can be obtained by comparing the measured values of the target points’ coordinates with the ideal values. Then, nine equations can be established by inversely applying the geometric error model of the axis under test, which can explicitly describe the relationship between the geometric error components and volumetric error components, and then the component errors of this axis can be obtained by solving these equations. The location errors of the axis under test can be determined through the curve fitting. In brief, all the geometric error components of a single axis of multi-axis machine tools can be measured by the proposed method. The validity of the proposed method is verified through a series of experiments, and the experimental results indicate that the proposed method is capable of identifying all the geometric error components of multi-axis machine tools of arbitrary configuration.     

A new approach to thermally induced volumetric error compensation

A traditional model for thermally induced volumetric error of a three-axis machine tool requires measurement of 21 geometric error components and their variation data at different temperatures. Collecting these data is difficult and time consuming. This paper describes the development of a new model for calculating thermally induced volumetric error based on the variation of three error components only. The considered error components are the three axial positioning errors of a machine tool. They are modelled as functions of ball-screw nut temperature and travel distance to predict positioning errors when the thermal condition of the machine tool has changed due to continuous usage. It is assumed that the other 18 error components remain identical to the pre-calibrated cold start values. This assumption is justified by the fact that the machine tool’s thermal status significantly affects three axial positioning errors that dominate machining errors for a machine tool after its continuous use. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model two types of machining jobs, milling and drilling, on a three-axis horizontal CNC machining centre are simulated and the machined part profiles are predicted. The results show that the thermally induced volumetric error was reduced from 115.40 to 45.37?μm for the milled surface, and the maximum distance error between drilled holes for the drilling operation was reduced from 38.69 to ?0.14?μm after compensation.     

数控机床空间几何误差测量研究进展

数控机床是衡量国家制造装配业水平的重要标志,数控机床的加工精度是反映其性能和水平的一个关键指标。误差补偿是提高数控机床加工精度的一个主要途径和发展趋势,数控机床空间误差快速、精确测量是进行误差补偿、提高数控机床精度的前提与关键。如何快速准确测量数控机床各种误差成为国内外测量域的一个研究热点和重点,出现了很多不同类型的测量方法和仪器。按测量仪方法及仪器与测量策略这两条主线,对现有数控机床空间几何误差测量方法进行较全面介绍,分析了各种方法的优缺点,讨论了其发展趋势。     

Thermally induced volumetric error modeling based on thermal drift and its compensation in Z-axis

Traditional thermally induced volumetric error modeling requires 21 geometric error components at different temperatures. Taking thermal drift errors into account, 30 geometric errors are described to model volumetric error in this paper. The main sources of thermally induced volumetric error are positioning errors of each axis and thermal drift errors. An experiment on milling and boring machine is carried out, which shows that volumetric error in Z-axis is affected significantly. To compensate volumetric error of Z-axis, a model of positioning error is proposed based on nut temperature. A finite elements analysis of headstock thermal characteristic is carried out, and error chain is established, which shows the main source of thermal drift of Z-axis is ram expansion. Thermal drift compensation system of Z-axis is developed based on Invar metal and thermal error compensation module of Siemens CNC system. Therefore, the positioning error and thermal drift of Z-axis are compensated. The thermally induced volumetric error in Z-axis is reduced by 80 % after compensation.     

大型数控龙门铣床几何误差补偿方法研究

针对大型数控龙门铣床几何误差的问题,建立了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差模型,分析了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差源;利用API(T3)激光跟踪仪高精度大尺寸的测量特点及数据处理能力,提出了X、Y、Z轴线位移误差、角位移误差及各轴间垂直度误差的辨识算法,通过激光测量与计算准确地辨识了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差;建立了大型数控龙门铣床加工空间几何误差数学模型,采用基于对象的事件驱动机制的程序设计语言Visual Basic开发了几何误差补偿软件,实现了几何误差补偿;现场检测了大型数控龙门铣床空行程平面运动轨迹及工件的平面度。研究结果表明,该方法使平面加工精度提高了50.77%,并验证了几何误差模型的正确性及几何误差补偿方法的有效性。     

数控机床全误差模型和误差补偿技术的研究

加工精度是数控机床必须保证的一项性能指标。提高机床精度是先进制造技术的重要课题，有误差避免和误差补偿两种方法。前者使机床造价大幅上升，而且精度的提高也有一定的限度。后者的精度提高几乎没有限制，对数控机床，计算机实时误差补偿技术是一种经济、有效的基本途径。基于多体系统理论，推导了多坐标数控机床，包含几何误差和热误差的全误差模型。文中介绍了坐标数控机床项误差的辨识方法(22线、14线和9线法)，还介绍了回转坐标6项误差的辨识方法。通过软件补偿，在3坐标联动和4坐标联动数控机床上实现了几何误差和热误差的补偿。实践结果表明误差模型的准确性和补偿方法的实用性。