从城市到建筑从建筑到城市——维也纳城市图书馆新馆

维也纳城市图书馆新馆是奥地利建筑师恩斯特·迈尔(ErnstMayr)在国际设计竞赛中的中标实施作品,建成使用后成为维也纳的一个地标性建筑。本文介绍了图书馆的概况,并深入解析了其创作理念和方法。     

规划中城市设计的探索

对城市设计的内涵进行了分析，从城市总体规划、控制性详细规划、修建性详细规划三个阶段对城市设计进行了论述，提出了在控制性详细规划阶段强调城市设计的重要意义。结合太原市高新区控制性详细规划，在规划中运用城市设计的理论和方法进行了一些研究和探索，达到了非常好的效果。     

Cross-city spillovers in Chinese housing markets: From a city network perspective

Cross-city spillovers among housing markets are usually modelled by the classical spatial autoregressive models, which usually suffer from identification problems in practice. This paper investigates the cross-city house price spillovers arising from city network externalities wherein a city's connections with other cities in the urban network create the external house price premium through productivity and amenity gains. Using a cross-sectional data set for an urban system in eastern China, we present significant evidence for positive network spillovers by the application of spatial lag of X model and spatial Durbin error model. Besides, common shocks are also proved to be responsible for cross-city dependence of house prices.     

How to Overcome the Dichotomous Nature of Smart City Research: Proposed Methodology and Results of a Pilot Study

ABSTRACT

Overcoming the dichotomous nature of smart city research is fundamental to providing cities with a clear understanding of how smart city development should be approached. This paper introduces a research methodology for conducting the multiple-case study analyses necessary to meet this challenge. After presenting the methodology, we test the practical feasibility, effectiveness, and logistics of such a methodology by examining the activities that Vienna has implemented in building its smart city development strategy. The results of this pilot study show how the application of the proposed methodology can help smart city researchers codify the knowledge produced from multiple smart city experiences, using a common protocol. This in turn allows them to: (1) coordinate efforts when investigating the strategic principles that drive smart city development and test the divergent hypotheses emerging from the scientific literature; (2) share the results of this investigation and hypothesis testing by conducting extensive cross-case analyses among multiple studies able to capture the generic qualities of the findings; (3) gain consensus on the way to think about, conceptualize, and standardize the analysis of smart city developments; and (4) develop innovative monitoring and evaluation systems for smart city development strategies by reflecting upon the lessons learned from current practices.     

渐进式保留与更新方法在老城区控规中的应用

提出以渐进式保留与更新的思想和方法进行老城区控规的编制,结合地块区位及使用性质、产权特征、用地性质的兼容性以及其他相关因素划分地块边界,使现状分析与规划的内容具有一定的连贯性与条理性,并根据不同类型的用地提出相应的系列规划控制指标,以便管理与实施。     

From a top-down to a bottom-up urban discourse: (re) constructing the city in a family-inclusive way

This paper focuses on urban discourses as powerful instruments intertwined with the dialectic of inclusion and exclusion. First, three dominant contemporary urban discourses developed in the field of urban planning are scrutinized on their inclusiveness of families and daily family life. The attractive city, the creative city and the city as an emancipation machine are examples of urban discourses communicated top-down via reports, debates and media attention. It is argued that these three discourses do not address families as urban citizens nor the very notion of reproduction and its daily manifestation. The exclusionary character of contemporary urban discourses does not only result in a neglect of urban families, it also legitimates non-intervention when it comes to family issues. This conclusion activated the search for an alternative discourse as expanded in the second part of the paper. This alternative discourse is constructed from the bottom-up and is rooted in the day-to-day experiences of urban families themselves. It is a refined discourse, with interrelated geographical scales including the city as a whole, the neighbourhood, the street and the home. This is a city that integrates—as families themselves do—the different domains of life. The city is appreciated for its qualities of proximity, the neighbourhood for its ethnically mixed children’s domains, the street as an urban haven and the house as the place that accommodates private life for each member of the family. This alternative discourse is called the balanced city. The empirical basis is drawn from middle-class urban families in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.     

City approaches to smart city evaluation and reporting: case studies in the United Kingdom

Smart technologies create opportunities for urban development and regeneration, leading to a proliferation of projects/programmes designed to address city strategies around environmental, economic and social challenges. Whilst there is considerable critical debate on the merits of smart city developments, there has been surprisingly little research on the evaluation of smart interventions, and the outcomes of embedded smart technologies for cities and citizens. This examines case-study research undertaken in Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Milton Keynes and Peterborough, on city approaches to smart city evaluation and reporting. Findings exemplify contemporary city evaluation and reporting practices, challenges and recommendations to support smart urban development.     

The right to the city: theory and practice in Brazil

In Brazil, a country notorious for its spatially segregated, unequal cities, a 2001 federal law recognizes the “right to the city” and mandates participation in planning processes, aiming to achieve social justice. Planning theory has dealt extensively with the “right to the city”, but critical examination of the implementation of this law – the Statute of the City – is lacking. Drawing on the ideals of Lefebvre and the global “right to the city” movement, I contribute to the theoretical debate on the right to the city, connecting this discussion to an analysis of the practice of applying this ideal in Brazil. I examine the challenges of implementing this innovative policy in Niterói (Rio de Janeiro State), showing that a more nuanced approach is needed to understand Brazil's unique right to the city experience.     

The garden city idea in the CIAM discourse on urbanism: a path to comprehensive planning

Over a period of three decades, from 1928 to 1959, the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) formed an unconventional working team and a complex laboratory of progressive ideas for designing the city. During the founding years of the organization and the transatlantic emigration of many of its major figures during the second half of the 1930s, a profound engagement with the most important trends in the European and North American debates on planning had become the critical foundation for their common task. The organization's consequent basic convictions and demands summed up the most effective maxims of the discipline since the turn of the century. Officially, CIAM tried to distinguish itself from traditional urban planning and instead advocated modern urban planning as the antithesis to everything that existed previously. Seen from a historical perspective, however, numerous points of connection – in particular to the garden city movement – become very clear. The various members of CIAM were deeply influenced ideologically by Ebenezer Howard's visions for urbanism. Personal contact to representatives of the garden city movement, active involvement in its institutions, and broad implementation of Howard's ideas in the context of European and North American planning led CIAM from the analysis of the functions of the existing city to a comprehensive design of the modern city.     

Between suburbanisation and re-urbanisation: revisiting the urban life cycle in a Mediterranean compact city

The redistribution of population over larger regions progressively further away from the dense core seems to be the new feature of the (originally compact) Mediterranean cities. With the aim of better understanding the nature of the urban transition taking place in these cities, we studied the phenomenon of population redistribution in Athens Metropolitan Area (AMA) in light of the city’s Urban Life Cycle (ULC). The research was carried out for a time frame of 60 years (1951–2011) using spatial analysis, correlation and multivariate statistics. Results reveal a phase of compact urban expansion occurring in the AMA until 1991, reflected in suburbanisation processes in the immediate proximity of the urban agglomeration. In the following period, the analysis showed signs of a period of transition difficult to interpret within the approach adopted by the ULC theory. A number of municipalities of the urban area experienced positive rates of population growth after decades of decline, while municipalities of the agglomeration and ring remain relatively stable. Altogether, these results can be interpreted as signs of a potential future re-urbanisation. The analysis performed provides insights on the debate over the future of Mediterranean cities, while demonstrating the advantages of adopting a multi-scale assessment methodology for identifying urban transitions.     

An optimization model for water quantity and quality integrated management of an urban lake in a water deficient city

This paper presents an optimization model for water quantity and quality integrated management of an urban lake in a water deficient city. A representative water quantity and quality safeguard system served urban lake, including multi-source water supply facilities, recirculating water purification facilities and surplus water discharge facilities, is widely used in Chinese water deficient cities. Because it is complicated, any mismanagement will result in water quality deterioration, water waste and high operation cost. The presented model attempts to achieve the objectives of controlling water pollution, reducing economic cost and improving water utilization efficiency through an optimized operating water safeguard system. The model is applied to Qingjing Lake in Tianjin, China. Results show that the model plays a more positive role for water quantity and quality integrated management.     

Analysis of an effective solution to excessive heat supply in a city primary heating network using gas-fired boilers for peak-load compensation

Through investigation of the Dengfeng heating network in the city of Daqing, China, for the 2007-2008 heating season, we found serious problems of excessive heat supply in the primary heating network. Therefore, we propose the application of gas-fired boilers in underperforming heating substations as peak-load heat sources to effectively adapt to the regulation demands of seasonal heat-load fluctuations and reduce the excessive heat supply. First, we calculated the excessive heat supply rates (EHSRs) of five substations using detailed investigative data. We then discussed the feasibility of the proposed scheme providing energy savings from both energetic and exergetic points of view. The results showed that the average EHSR of the five substations between January and March was 20.57% of the gross heat production but consequently reduced to 6.24% with the installation of the gas-fired boilers. Therefore, the combined heating scheme with coal as the basic heat-source and gas-fired boilers as peak-load heat sources is energy-efficient to some extent, although requires the use of natural gas. Meanwhile, the exergy decreased by 10.97%, which indicates that the combined heating scheme effectively reduces the primary energy consumption and pollutant emission of the heating systems.     

西方草坪建植观念之形成及其全球传播(下):亚非等地的接受与发展

19世纪以后草坪已成为西欧城乡景观的重要部分,并随着西方殖民主义的扩张被迅速传播到非西方世界,在各地经历了不同的接受和发展历程,并被赋予了不同的社会、政治和文化意义。本文论述草坪作为西方城市近代性的象征被引入北非、南亚和东亚,及其迅速改变城市景观特征和城市生活方式的历史过程,在3个层面上讨论草坪在这些非西方地区的发展:以公园为代表的公共空间,以机关的园区和周边环境为代表的半公共空间,以及以私人住宅为代表的私有空间,比较东、西方草坪建植观念和实践的异同。     

Application of an energy management and control system to assess the potential of different control strategies in HVAC systems

The significant and continuous increment in the global electricity consumption is asking for energy saving strategies. Efficient control for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) is the most cost-effective way to minimize the use of energy in buildings. In this framework, an energy management and control system (EMCS) has been developed to schedule electricity end-uses in the campus of the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Spain. This paper presents an evaluation performed by using the EMCS of different control strategies for HVAC split systems. It analyzed the effect of different schedules for a common air-conditioning device and demand response strategies are tested in several situations. The economic saving is calculated taking into account the electricity contract clauses. Finally, a test is made for the control of a group of similar devices in order to reduce the maximum peak power in consumption and to obtain a flexible load shape with the HVAC loads. The studies are then extrapolated to a larger system, the whole University campus, for which energy and economic savings are quantified.     

The structural variability of quarters and residential areas in the historical texture of the city of Yazd based on Islamic rules and jurisprudence: a case study of Golchinan quarter

According to many researchers and scholars, religious beliefs can be considered as the most influential factor in forming Muslim urban spaces and their architectural elements. In fact, historical cities reflect the culture and beliefs of their residences. Among all historical places in Iranian cities, the historical texture of the city of Yazd, especially the quarters since the age of Qajar dynasty, are well preserved. The present study aims at identifying the Islamic principles and values influencing the formation of architectural spaces and the extent of their applications in one of the historical quarters known as Golchinan. The results of the conformation of the theoretical findings with the data acquired from field studies revealed that almost 90% of the urban and architectural spaces (e.g. residential areas, mosques, bazaars, and pathways) in Yazd are directly influenced by Islamic principles. In other words, there is a strong conformity between the accepted Islamic values of the society and what actually was applied to urban constructions during Qajar dynasty.     

Social capital in industrial districts: Influence of the strength of ties and density of the network on the sense of belonging to the district

A sense of belonging is a crucial factor determining the identification of the firms in industrial districts. From the social capital perspective, this paper analyses how the structural and relational dimensions of social capital determine a firm's sense of belonging to the industrial district. The study analyses a sample of 213 companies belonging to two Spanish industrial districts. Results of the survey offer an important contribution to the specific literature by finding the explanatory factors with which to distinguish between groups according to their level of embeddedness in the district.     

A variable gain state‐feedback technique for an AMD control system with stroke limit and its application to a high‐rise building

As the auxiliary mass of an active mass damper/driver (AMD) control system in a high‐rise building has excessive strokes and its relative velocities are in the same direction with the strokes, the auxiliary mass probably collides with its anti‐collision device. As a result, the structural responses increase and even the structural safety is endangered. In this paper, a variable gain state‐feedback control system is proposed to limit the strokes and relative velocities of the auxiliary mass, so as to ensure the safety of the system. Firstly, the limited state of the auxiliary mass is defined, and a regional pole assignment algorithm that utilizes only a damping factor is realized as a control gain. Then the relationship between the control gain corresponding to the stroke and its threshold limit value is deduced. A suitable threshold limit value is chosen to reduce the strokes and the relative velocities. Finally, the performance characteristics of the control systems with or without stroke limit are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the controller limits the strokes effectively on the premise of guaranteeing the control effects and the AMD parameters. To verify its effectiveness, the proposed methodology is also applied to an experiment of a four‐storey frame.     

Night and day at the beach: Relating social life to location and infrastructure in a Brazilian city

Brazilian city beaches are public spaces favoring citizens well-being. Urban studies relate built form and infrastructure with urban vitality and coastal studies underline uses as important for beach management, yet few researches relate form and infrastructure with beach uses. Understanding daily life as essential for public spaces and that spatial form relates with uses, this paper assesses time-based relationships between built and natural physical attributes and social life on the beaches of João Pessoa, a coastal city in North-east Brazil. Physical attributes are investigated at city scale - beach type, street network centrality and topography - and seafront scale - land uses, public/private interfaces, public infrastructure, beach sections and water quality. Beach social life was surveyed online, enquiring peoples' beach choice, visiting time and place, activities and evaluation. Infrastructure and street network follow topography and help configure shore and promenade for different landscapes. More central beaches have diverse land uses, well-equipped promenades and lighting and were popular night and day, while less central beaches had less infrastructure and were visited only by day. Findings highlight how physical attributes facilitate uses and, together with peoples’ evaluation, can inform urban beach design and planning.     

Appraisal of thermal performance of a glazed office with a solar control coating: Cases in Mexico and Canada

The use of solar passive strategies such as new solar control coatings on windows for buildings with large glazed areas, have recently become important and helpful tools, mainly because these developments help to reduce heat gains and/or losses through transparent materials, diminishing energy loads, and improving the environment inside buildings. This paper shows an assessment of the thermal performance for an office on top of a building with four different configurations of window glass, and their influence on the indoor conditions. The window glass configurations are: clear glass, glass-film (SnS–Cu_xS solar control coating), double-glass-film, and double clear glass. The simulations were carried out using weather data from Mexico City and Ottawa, which are a good representation of two extreme weather conditions, in order to assess the thermal behaviour inside offices, such as energy loads, costs for air conditioning, and the influence of interior heat transfer coefficient correlations. The results indicate that the glass-film proves to be the less appropriate configuration due to the high temperatures reached on the film surface, which has an impact on the air temperatures inside the office and contributes to increase the energy consumption. In general, the double glass-film configuration results to be adequate for both climates, nevertheless it shows a better performance for Ottawa than Mexico City, where a simple double clear glass would work the same way.     

The locus of control: a determinant of opportunistic behaviour in construction health and safety

Current research and practice in the field of risk management focus almost exclusively on the downside of risk, meaning that many opportunities for improved performance go unmissed. There is substantial evidence that opportunities demand a different management approach to problems and, that there is need to better understand this process. However, our understanding of opportunism has been hindered by the absence of research into the main forces that impede and drive opportunistic behaviour. This paper explores these forces and investigates one in particular – the locus of control (self perceived influence over decision‐making). This investigation is conducted in a health and safety context because this is an area of particularly poor performance in the construction industry, where the locus of control is especially relevant. The paper concludes that the overall locus of control is high in relation to health and safety issues. However, there is considerable discrepancy in perceived levels of influence between different occupational, gender and ethnic groups, which need to be addressed if the industry is to improve its performance in this area.