American Psychological Foundation Awards for 1977: Gold Medal, Distinguished Contribution to Education in Psychology, and the National Media.

On August 27, 1977, at the annual meeting of the APA in San Francisco, the American Psychological Foundation announced the recipients of the Gold Medal Award, the Distinguished Contribution to Education in Psychology Award, and the National Media Awards. William Bevan, President of the APF, made the presentations. Daniel Katz received the Gold Medal Award; Fred McKinney was given the Teaching Award. National Media Award winners were Alice Lake, Peter Chew, Joel Greenberg, Ira Flatow, and WNEW-TV, New York. Other members of the APF are George W. Albee (Vice-President), Boris E. Cherney (Treasurer), Charles A. Kiesler (Secretary), Anne Anastasi, Albert Bandura, Donald T. Campbell, Kenneth B. Clark, Wilbert J. McKeachie, and Leona E. Tyler. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ACTH/CLIP immunoreactivity in the cat brain stem

The distribution of adrenocorticotropin hormone/corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide was studied in the cat brain stem, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. No immunoreactive cell bodies were observed. However, a high density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the periaqueductal gray, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the locus coeruleus, and the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. A moderate density was found in the central linear nucleus, the central tegmental field, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, and the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe. A low density was found in the superior and inferior colliculi, the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus sagulum, the superior central nucleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the paralemniscal, magnocellular, gigantocellular, and lateral tegmental fields. Moreover, single immunoreactive fibers were observed in numerous nuclei of the cat brain stem. In comparison with previous studies carried out in the same region of the cat, as well as the rat and the human, our results point to a more widespread distribution of adrenocorticotropin hormone/corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide immunoreactive structures in the cat brain stem. This widespread distribution indicates that the peptide might be involved in several physiological functions of the cat brain stem.     

American Psychological Foundation awards for 1985: Gold medal awards for psychological science, psychological professional, and contribution by a psychologist in the public interest; distinguished teaching in psychology award; distinguished teaching in biopsychology award; and the national psychology awards for excellence in the media.

On August 25, 1985, at the annual meeting of the APA in Los Angeles, California, the American Psychological Foundation announced the recipients of the Psychological Science Gold Medal Award, John I. and Beatrice C. Lacey; the Psychological Professional Gold Medal Award, E. Lowell Kelly; the Contribution by a Psychologist in the Public Interest Gold Medal Award, Otto Klineberg; the Distinguished Teaching in Psychology Award, Wilbert J. McKeachie; the Distinguished Teaching in Biopsychology, Frank A. Beach; and the National Psychology Awards for Excellence in the Media, (individual awards to Joel Greenberg, Warren Froelich, Sandra Scarr, Joseph Alper, Donna Jones, and Ene Riisna, and a joint award to Deanne Barkley, Philip Capice, and Norman Gimbel). Florence L. Denmark, president of the APF, made the presentations. The citations and biographies for the recipients are presented here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials

The MICs of 13 antibiotics (doxycycline, thiamphenicol, rifampin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin, and pristinamycin) were determined for 27 available rickettsial species or strains. We used two in vitro cell culture methods described previously: the plaque assay and the microplaque colorimetric assay. Our results confirm the susceptibilities of rickettsiae to doxycycline, thiamphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. Beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and cotrimoxazole were not active. Typhus group rickettsiae were susceptible to all macrolides tested, whereas the spotted fever group rickettsiae, R. bellii, and R. canada were more resistant, with josamycin, a safe alternative for the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever, being the most effective compound. Strain Bar 29, R. massiliae, R. montana, R. aeschlimannii, and R. rhipicephali, which are members of the same phylogenetic subgroup, were more resistant to rifampin than the other rickettsiae tested. Heterogeneity in susceptibility to rifampin, which we report for the first time, may explain in vivo discrepancies in the effectiveness of this antibiotic for the treatment of rickettsial diseases. We hypothesize that rifampin resistance and erythromycin susceptibility may reflect a divergence during the evolution of rickettsiae.     

Theoretical Performances of RC Elements Built at Turn of the Century

In the 19th century, the invention of reinforced concrete (RC) technology paved the way for innovation in building methods, though its actual mechanical behavior was not fully understood for some time afterwards. The early period of the inventors and builders, such as Jean Bordenave, Paul Cottancin, A. Bonna, Fran?ois Hennebique, Edmond Coignet, and N. de Tedesco, was followed by a time of intensive activity for the theorists, who developed several accurate analysis methods. A considerable contribution to this success came from the builders themselves, who adopted methods capable of achieving an effective distribution of the reinforcement, and from the technical literature, which facilitated the growth of this new technique. Initially, the theories were somewhat confused because different, sometimes contrasting approaches were used by different authors. By way of example, suffice it to mention the hypotheses developed by Mattias Koenen, P. Neumann, Edmond Coignet, N. de Tedesco, Max Ritter von Thullie, Josef Melan, J. B. Johnson, Léon Stellet, L. Lefort, F. Chaudy, Josef Anton Spitzer, Wilhelm Ritter, and Armand Considère. However, RC became a highly successful material for the 20th century, capable of satisfying the most challenging demands of designers and customers. In this paper special attention is paid to the contribution of the theories suggested at the time, in order to verify their validity in relation to our present understanding.     

Role of NAD+ and ADP-ribosylation in the maintenance of the Golgi structure

We have investigated the role of the ADP- ribosylation induced by brefeldin A (BFA) in the mechanisms controlling the architecture of the Golgi complex. BFA causes the rapid disassembly of this organelle into a network of tubules, prevents the association of coatomer and other proteins to Golgi membranes, and stimulates the ADP-ribosylation of two cytosolic proteins of 38 and 50 kD (GAPDH and BARS-50; De Matteis, M.A., M. DiGirolamo, A. Colanzi, M. Pallas, G. Di Tullio, L.J. McDonald, J. Moss, G. Santini, S. Bannykh, D. Corda, and A. Luini. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1114-1118; Di Girolamo, M., M.G. Silletta, M.A. De Matteis, A. Braca, A. Colanzi, D. Pawlak, M.M. Rasenick, A. Luini, and D. Corda. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:7065-7069). To study the role of ADP-ribosylation, this reaction was inhibited by depletion of NAD+ (the ADP-ribose donor) or by using selective pharmacological blockers in permeabilized cells. In NAD+-depleted cells and in the presence of dialized cytosol, BFA detached coat proteins from Golgi membranes with normal potency but failed to alter the organelle's structure. Readdition of NAD+ triggered Golgi disassembly by BFA. This effect of NAD+ was mimicked by the use of pre-ADP- ribosylated cytosol. The further addition of extracts enriched in native BARS-50 abolished the ability of ADP-ribosylated cytosol to support the effect of BFA. Pharmacological blockers of the BFA-dependent ADP-ribosylation (Weigert, R., A. Colanzi, A. Mironov, R. Buccione, C. Cericola, M.G. Sciulli, G. Santini, S. Flati, A. Fusella, J. Donaldson, M. DiGirolamo, D. Corda, M.A. De Matteis, and A. Luini. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14200-14207) prevented Golgi disassembly by BFA in permeabilized cells. These inhibitors became inactive in the presence of pre-ADP-ribosylated cytosol, and their activity was rescued by supplementing the cytosol with a native BARS-50-enriched fraction. These results indicate that ADP-ribosylation plays a role in the Golgi disassembling activity of BFA, and suggest that the ADP-ribosylated substrates are components of the machinery controlling the structure of the Golgi apparatus.     

American Psychological Foundation Awards for 1976: Gold Medal, Distinguished Contributions to Education in Psychology, and the National Media.

On September 4, 1976, at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association (APA) in Washington, D.C., the American Psychological Foundation (APF) announced the recipients of the Gold Medal Award, the Distinguished Contributions to Education in Psychology Award, and the National Media Awards. William Sevan, President of the APF, made the presentations. Arthur W. Melton received the Gold Medal Award. James V. McConnell was given the Teaching Award. National Media Award winners were Jonathan L. Freedman, Edward Edelson, Kenneth L. Woodward, and Lonnie Carton. Other members of the APF are George W. Albee (Vice-President), Boris E. Cherney (Treasurer), Charles A. Kiesler (Secretary), Anne Anastasi, Albert Bandura, Donald T. Campbell, Kenneth B. Clark, Kenneth B. Little, Wilbert J. McKeachie, George A. Miller, and Leona E. Tyler. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The thalamo-hyperstriatal system is established by the time of hatching in chicks (Gallus gallus): a cholera toxin B subunit study

Connections of the thalamo-hyperstriatal system of hatchling chicks were investigated using multiple injections of cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) in the wulst. In the diencephalon, cells with CTb-like immunoreactivity (CTb-LI) were seen bilaterally in n. dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis dorsalis and ventralis, n. dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars magnocellularis, and pars lateralis rostralis. Within this complex, more CTb-LI cells were observed in the ventral portions of the ipsilateral side, whereas more labeled cells were found in the dorsolateral portions of the contralateral side. Moreover, CTb-LI cells were seen bilaterally in n. superficialis magnocellularis. In the nonvisual thalamic structures, numerous CTb-LI cells were seen in n. dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis and n. dorsolateralis posterior thalami. In the ventral thalamus, intense CTb-LI fibers/terminals were present in the external half of the external laminae of n. geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis. Moderate to minor concentrations of fibrous labeling were found in n. intercalatus thalami and n. ventrolateral thalami. Moreover, efferent projections of the wulst were evident in the most ventral half of the optic tectum and the pretectal areas. The latter included n. pretectalis medialis, n. spiriformis medialis, n. principalis precommissuralis, n. lentiformis mesencephali, pars magnocellularis, and n. superficialis synecephali. Also, CTb-LI fibers were seen in n. basal optic root. The present study provides strong evidence that neuronal connections of the thalamo-hyperstriatal system are well established by the time of hatching. Additionally, efferent projections from the wulst to the diencephalic, mesencephalic, and pretectal structures are evident.     

A paramedian tangential approach to lumbosacral extraforaminal disc herniations

OBJECTIVE: Extraforaminal disc herniations today are operated on via the so-called lateral approach. Clinical experience has shown that in contrast to levels L2/3-L4/5, this approach may become extremely difficult at the L5-S1 level. According to new microanatomic studies, the previous lateral approaches at this level often do not allow access to the neuroforamen without partial or total destruction of the L5-S1 facet joint. Postoperatively, this may lead to joint irritation with consecutive low back and pseudoradicular pain. To preserve the facet joint, a new approach was developed based on an anatomic study. METHODS: The approach was first considered with the help of bone specimens including ilium, vertebra 5, and sacrum. Thereafter, lumbar maceration specimens were prepared leaving ligaments, intervertebral discs, and joints intact. From these specimens, bony and ligamentous landmarks were deduced. Finally, the approach was tested on seven cadavers. Subsequently, the approach was performed on 13 patients and the intraoperative findings, the clinical feasibility, and the postoperative results were analyzed. APPROACH: After a transverse skin incision above the dorsal curvature of the ilium, the paravertebral muscles are dissected from the ilium medially toward the spinous process. Lateral from the apophyseal joint, a canal is drilled through the spongiosa of the sacrum. Primarily, a thin layer of inner cortex is spared to protect the content of the neuroforamen. Subsequently, it can easily be removed with the dissector to enter the extraforaminal space. In the depth of the drilled canal, the nerve root is found, because it is fixed at the sacrum near the disc space by the anterior lumbosacral ligaments. Riding on the nerve root, the intertransverse ligament and muscle can be removed with the punch. It is then possible to see the neuroforamen and extraforaminal space in front of the joint. Free fragments and contained discs can then easily be found and removed. CONCLUSION: Using this new approach, the L5-S1 joint remains intact. Space for instrumental manipulations is created in areas not essential for joint function. For this procedure, newly defined anatomic landmarks, such as the ileolumbar ligament, upper edge of the sacrum, lateral rim of the apophyseal joint, and para-articular notch, guide the operative route. In accordance with the preliminary anatomic studies, this approach was successfully used in 13 patients, and we think that it is a promising alternative that helps to preserve joint function and dorsal root ganglion integrity.     

南秦岭金龙山金矿床金属矿物学研究

通过显微镜和电子探针鉴定金龙山金矿的矿物种类主要有黄铁矿、砷黄铁矿、毒砂、砷黝铜矿、锌黝铜矿、硫锑铅矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉砷镍矿和雄黄等,其中,砷黝铜矿、锌黝铜矿、硫锑铅矿和辉砷镍矿等为首次在该区发现的矿物种类。通过电子探针观察与测试,确定黄铁矿具有含砷黄铁矿增生环带,而且条带状黄铁矿具有含砷黄铁矿增生体,形成条带状和斑杂状黄铁矿。金龙山金矿中金属硫化物含量偏低,多呈稀疏浸染状分布,研究矿物分布特征非常困难。通过野外观察发现,硫化物的分布与构造变形的强弱成正比,构造变形越强则硫化物的含量越高,颗粒越粗大,分布越密集。研究得出强变形带中硫化物多呈条带状分布,弱变形域中硫化物多呈稀疏浸染状分布。经过野外观察与室内研究确定了硫化物的相互关系,其形成经历了3个阶段,早期阶段为缓慢结晶阶段,中期阶段为快速结晶阶段,晚期阶段为叠加形成阶段。     

Ultrastructure and lectin cytochemistry of the cloacal pelvic glands in the male newt Triturus marmoratus marmoratus

The cloacal organ of Salamandridae species contains four glands: pelvic, dorsal, ventral, and Kingsbury's glands. Pelvic glands have been studied only by light microscopy with conventional methods, and consist of multiple tubular serous glands with a prismatic epithelium which contains numerous PAS positive secretory granules. The present report is an ultrastructural and lectin cytochemistry characterization of the pelvic glands of Triturus marmoratus marmoratus throughout the reproductive cycle. Our methods consisted of conventional electron microscopy, and colloidal-gold lectin cytochemistry of the following lectins: WGA, ConA, LcA, UEA-I, PNA, SBA, and HPA. In the prereproductive period, the glands showed a tall epithelium which consisted of two cell types, dark and clear cells, surrounded by elongated, myoepithelial cells. Both dark and clear cells showed the ultrastructural characteristics of secretory cells, and exhibited many secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm. Areas showing densely packed, degenerating cell organelles--which were not surrounded by membrane--were observed in the dark cells whereas the clear cells showed large heterolysosomes. In the postreproductive period the number of secretory granules decreased, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was less developed, and areas of degenerating organelles were absent. In addition, small basal cells appeared. The results of the lectin histochemistry study were similar in both reproductive periods. In the epithelial cells, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, and secretory granules exclusively labeled to ConA. In all cell types, the nuclei reacted to all lectins while the cytosol only reacted to LcA lectin. The ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of the pelvic glands of T. marmoratus suggest that these glands could be homologous to the mammalian seminal vesicles and prostate.     

浮选过程中颗粒--气泡黏附作用机理及研究进展

系统分析总结了浮选过程中颗粒与气泡的黏附概率模型、EDLVO理论、颗粒-气泡集合体的受力分析、影响因素分析和颗粒-气泡黏附的研究进展.基于接触时间、感应时间的方法和能量势垒的方法,分别从动力学和热力学的角度分析总结了黏附概率模型,并从动力学和热力学的角度解释了颗粒大小、气泡大小、颗粒疏水性、颗粒表面粗糙度和溶液pH对黏附概率的影响,对静态环境和湍流环境中颗粒-气泡集合体进行了受力分析,颗粒和气泡的黏附力有毛细作用力、液体静压力和浮力,静态环境中的脱附力只有重力,但是湍流环境中的脱附力还包括振荡力和离心力.很多研究学者利用先进的仪器和检测手段对颗粒-气泡的黏附做了大量的研究,取得了大量研究成果.颗粒-气泡黏附作用过程相当复杂,试验研究时简化了作用条件,目前理论不能满意解释黏附过程,需要结合实际进行更深层次、更全面的研究.      

Urinary microscopy as seen by nephrologists

Urinary microscopy is a diagnostic tool which is largely used by nephrologists. In the opinion of the authors the best results can be achieved when all the aspects concerning this test are properly taken into account. Thus, from the methodological point of view, proper patient guidance, proper urine collection and handling, adequate microscopic equipment, and knowledge of the factors which can influence the results are all necessary. All the elements of clinical importance have to be known, namely, erythrocytes (with their morphological subtypes), leukocytes, tubular cells, uroepithelial cells (both superficial and deep), lipids, casts, crystals, and microorganisms. Then, the urinary findings have to be interpreted and, whenever possible, also combined into urinary profiles (e.g., the nephritic sediment, the nephrotic sediment). This, combined with other laboratory tests, the pathologic findings, and the clinical data, allows for the definition and management of urinary tract diseases.     

Thermodynamics of binding of the core trimannoside of asparagine-linked carbohydrates and deoxy analogs to Dioclea grandiflora lectin

The Man/Glc-specific seed lectin from Dioclea grandiflora (DGL) is a member of the Diocleinae subtribe that includes the jack bean lectin concanavalin A (ConA). Both DGL and ConA bind with high affinity to the "core" trimannoside moiety, 3, 6-di-O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, which is present in asparagine-linked carbohydrates. Recent hemagglutination inhibition studies suggest that DGL and ConA recognize similar epitopes of the trisaccharide but possess different binding specificities for complex carbohydrates (Gupta, D., Oscarson, S., Raju, T. S., Stanley, P., Toone, E. J., and Brewer, C. F. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 242, 320-326). In the present study, we have used isothermal titration microcalorimetry to determine the thermodynamics of binding of DGL to a complete set of monodeoxy analogs of the core trimannoside as well as a tetradeoxy analog. The thermodynamic data indicate that DGL recognizes the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-hydroxyl groups of the alpha(1,6) Man residue, the 3- and 4-hydroxyl group of the alpha(1, 3) Man residue, and the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the central Man residue of the trimannoside. The thermodynamic data for the tetradeoxy analog lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxyl group of the alpha(1, 3) Man residue, and the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the central Man residue of the trimannoside are consistent with the involvement of these hydroxyl groups in binding. While the overall pattern of data for DGL binding to the deoxy analogs is similar to that for ConA (Gupta, D., Dam, T. K., Oscarson, S., and Brewer, C. F. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6388-6392), differences exist in the data for certain monodeoxy analogs binding to the two lectins. Differences are also observed in the thermodynamics of binding of DGL and ConA to a biantennary complex carbohydrate. In the following paper (Rozwarski, D. A., Swami, B. M., Brewer, C. F., and Sacchettini, J. C. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32818-32825), the x-ray crystal structure of DGL complexed to the core trimannoside is presented, and a comparison is made of the thermodynamic binding data for DGL and ConA as well as the structures of their respective trimannoside complexes.     

锂离子电池安全性研究进展

综述了近年来电解液的热稳定性影响因素、热失控过程及产物成分、单体及电池组燃爆安全性、灭火措施的研究进展.指出电解液的热稳定性受锂盐和有机溶剂的共同影响,当电池内部温度达到120℃左右时放热反应开始出现,在热量持续积累的情况下热失控将自发进行,同时产生氢气和烷烃类具有燃烧爆炸危险的气体产物.与二氧化碳和干粉类灭火剂相比,七氟丙烷和水的灭火效果较好.最后对锂离子电池的应用前景做了展望,提出了不同滥用条件下的热失控过程、热失控产物生成机理,指出开发新型电解液和寻求高效灭火介质是今后研究的方向.      

Women's midlife health. Reframing menopause

In primary care and gynecologic settings, midwives will manage the care of women during the perimenopause transition as well as throughout the postmenopausal period. As such, they will need to understand the issues that are at the heart of the debate regarding menopause and aging. This article reviews the endocrinology of menopause, the history of menopause treatment in this century, and the various physical, psychological, and role changes that accompany the developmental processes of menopause. Bleeding pattern changes, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and genital, skin, and weight changes are discussed. Sexuality, breast, cardiovascular, skeletal, as well as hormone therapy issues are examined. The basics of the midlife health office visit are included.     

Lack of effect of cytoplasmic tail truncations on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ROD env particle release activity

In addition to its role in receptor binding, the envelope glycoprotein of certain human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates, including ROD10, exhibits a biological activity that enhances the release of HIV-2, HIV-1, and simian immunodeficiency virus particles from infected cells. The present study aims at better defining the functional domains involved in this biological activity. To this end, we have characterized the envelope protein of the ROD14 isolate of HIV-2, which, despite 95% homology with the ROD10 envelope at the amino acid level, is unable to enhance viral particle release. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the presence of a truncation in the cytoplasmic tail of the ROD14 envelope was not responsible for the lack of activity, as previously reported for the HIV-2 ST isolate (G. D. Ritter, Jr., G. Yamshchikov, S. J. Cohen, and M. J. Mulligan, J. Virol. 70:2669-2673, 1996). Similarly, several modifications of the length of the ROD10 envelope cytoplasmic tail did not impair its ability to enhance particle release, suggesting that, in the case of the HIV-2 ROD isolate, particle release activity is not regulated by the length of the cytoplasmic tail.     

Control of abdominal muscles

Abdominal muscles serve many roles; in addition to breathing, especially at higher levels of chemical drive or at increased end-expiratory lung volumes, they are responsible for, or contribute to, such protective reflexes as cough, sneeze, and vomiting, generate the high intra-abdominal pressures necessary for defecation and parturition, are active during postural adjustments, and play an essential role in vocalization in many species. Despite this widespread involvement, however, their control has, with rare exceptions, received little attention for two major reasons. First, in most anesthetized or decerebrate preparations, they are relatively inactive at rest, in part because the position of the preparation (supine or prone with abdomen supported), reduces lung volume and, therefore, their activity. Second, unlike phrenic motoneurons innervating the diaphragm, identification of motoneurons to a particular abdominal muscle is difficult. At the lumbar level, a given motoneuron may innervate any one of the four abdominal muscles; at the thoracic level, they are also intermixed with those innervating the intercostals. The two internal muscles, the internal oblique and the transverse abdominis, respond more to increases in chemical or volume-related drive than the two external muscles, the rectus abdominis and external oblique; the basis for this differential sensitivity is unknown. Segmental reflexes at the thoracic and lumbar levels are sufficient to activate abdominal motoneurons in the absence of descending drive but the basis for these reflex effects is also unknown. Neuroanatomical experiments demonstrate many more inputs to, and outputs from, the nucleus retroambigualis, the brainstem region in which the premotor neurons are located, than can be accounted for by their respiratory role alone. These other connections likely subserve activities other than respiration. Studies of the multifunctional roles of the abdominal muscles, on the basis of recent work, hold considerable promise for improving our understanding of their control.     

重毒性铅污染土壤清洁高效修复研究进展

在介绍了铅元素污染背景、现状与危害的基础上,对土壤中铅的来源、赋存形式及其提取方法进行了详细介绍。结合土壤修复技术研究现状,对三大修复方法如物理、化学及生物修复法进行了系统综述,并从效率、适用性、经济性等方面评估了3种修复方法的优势与劣势,发现化学修复最适合重毒性铅污染治理。随之对化学淋洗法和固定化/稳定法作了详细介绍,探讨并评价了不同种类淋洗剂和固化剂的修复机制、修复效果、适用性和应用前景等。最后对未来重毒性铅污染土壤清洁高效修复提出了展望,修复方法应尽量减少对土壤的破坏;对高铅污染土壤来说联合修复技术的发展是土壤修复富有潜力的发展方向;应当尽可能地确定铅污染土壤修复机制,实现定向修复;同时应加强多功能复合材料的研发。