压缩剪切作用下PBX的响应特性

为了研究高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)在压缩剪切作用下的响应特性,采用设计的压缩剪切试验装置,对Φ20 mm×40 mm的PBX-932和PBX-C43在22~57 m·s-1撞击速度范围内进行了响应试验。试验中采用压力计测试了压力变化过程,通过高速录像照片分析了撞击过程,采用冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,分析了两种炸药的响应特性。结果表明,随着撞击速度增加,两种PBX炸药的损伤度增加。在压力160~400 MPa,脉宽1.5 ms的压缩剪切作用下,PBX-C43和PBX-932的撞击速度阈值分别为25.5~27.7 m·s-1和22.7~24.4 m·s-1。两种炸药的反应程度基本一致。     

常温和75℃条件下PBX-2炸药射弹撞击响应特性

为了研究常温和75℃条件下PBX-2炸药射弹撞击响应特性,采用高温撞击试验装置对PBX-2炸药进行了射弹撞击试验。采用冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,结合回收样品综合分析了常温和75℃下炸药的响应特性。采用有限元程序LS-DYNA计算分析了不同撞击速度对应的常温和75℃PBX-2炸药的受力变化。结果表明,常温下PBX-2炸药撞击点火反应速度阈值为263.5~269.9m·s~(-1);加热至75℃时,PBX-2炸药撞击点火反应速度阈值为316~367m·s~(-1)。相比常温状态,当射弹撞击速度低于800m·s~(-1)时,75℃条件下PBX-2炸药反应程度明显下降,但射弹撞击速度高于800m·s-1时,约1.54GPa的输入压力就能使75℃PBX-2炸药产生剧烈反应。     

PBX炸药在滑道试验中的响应

介绍了钝感炸药滑道试验方法,对4种PBX炸药进行了滑道试验,利用高速相机观测炸药发生点火以及点火增长或熄灭的过程,利用超压传感器和加速度传感器测试了炸药反应超压和撞击加速度;试验结果表明PBX-1和PBX-2两种以TATB为基的炸药在落高为6.1 m、撞击角度14°的滑道试验中,表现比较钝感,符合钝感炸药的要求,而另外两种HMX基的PBX炸药则发生了点火,甚至发生了剧烈反应;在滑道试验中,热点的温度不仅与摩擦系数相关,而且与材料的力学性能和热物理性能有密切关系。     

不同机械约束下压装PBX炸药反应演化行为

为研究机械约束下炸药反应演化行为,加深对武器装药意外点火后反应烈度演化影响因素及机制的认识,对压装PBX炸药反应演化过程进行实验研究。设计一种机械约束装药点火实验装置,采用激光干涉仪和压力传感器分别测量壳体膨胀速度和内部压力,分析不同约束下两种HMX基压装PBX炸药装药的反应演化行为;结合空气冲击波超压测试结果和装置、炸药残骸回收分析,表征装药的反应烈度。研究结果表明：2 MPa机械约束下,PBX-1和PBX-2装药反应最高压力不超过200 MPa,壳体膨胀速度在70 m/s左右,装药反应烈度为爆燃;50 MPa机械约束下,PBX-1和PBX-2装药在百微秒甚至几十微秒内压力超过1 GPa,壳体膨胀速度达到500 m/s,装药发生爆炸反应;不同炸药的力学性能会造成装药反应演化过程存在一定差异,但机械约束影响更明显,新装置2 MPa和50 MPa机械约束装药反应压力和约束壳体速度相差接近1个数量级。     

聚能射流对带壳浇注PBX装药的撞击响应

为研究聚能射流对带壳浇注高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的引爆特性,利用弹径Ф82 mm的聚能装药形成了一种直径细、速度大于7000 m·s-1的高速射流,以及一直径较粗、速度约5000 m·s-1长杆状射流,分别对覆盖有210,255 mm和165,210 mm两组不同厚度钢板的PBX进行了撞击试验。采用高速摄影观测分析了射流撞击下带壳PBX点火引爆的反应过程。用LS-DYNA软件验证了试验结果,得到了不同射流对PBX的引爆能量值。结果表明:弹径Ф82 mm的聚能装药形成的射流能够可靠引爆覆盖小于255 mm厚钢板的浇注PBX,能满足反导弹战斗部毁伤厚壳体目标的需求。     

PBX炸药药片的摩擦感度响应特性

为研究高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)在摩擦作用下的响应特性,采用药片摩擦感度试验装置分别对PBX-923和PBX-2炸药进行了试验,采用冲击波超压传感器测量了样品的反应超压,根据回收样品分析了两种炸药的响应特性,计算了摩擦作用下PBX发生点火的摩擦功阈值和摩擦功率,分析了药片摩擦感度试验中炸药的点火机制。结果表明,炸药与光滑的钢板摩擦时PBX-923炸药和PBX-2炸药的反应摩擦功分别大于515.9 J和583.2 J,摩擦功率分别大于10.12 k W和11.44 k W,而PBX-923炸药与砂靶摩擦时对应的反应摩擦功阈值为294.7~368.3 J,摩擦功率为7.80~9.75 k W,PBX-2炸药与砂靶摩擦时反应摩擦功阈值为147.3~191.5 J、摩擦功率为3.90~5.07 k W,表明摩擦作用难以整体均匀加热PBX发生点火,炸药与砂靶摩擦的点火主导机制是摩擦引发的剪切作用点火。     

初始裂纹对高聚物粘结炸药低速撞击点火影响数值模拟研究

应用Visco-SCRAM模型和热点模型研究初始裂纹对奥克托今基(Octogen,HMX)高聚物粘结炸药(Polymer bonded explosive,PBX)炸药低速撞击点火的影响,主要针对标准低速撞击Steven试验进行模拟,分析初始裂纹尺寸和初始裂纹非均匀分布对PBX炸药内部温升及热点形成的影响。计算结果表明,随着初始裂纹尺寸的增加,HMX基PBX炸药内部裂纹表面的摩擦生热增强,导致其内部温升明显,更容易形成热点。当初始裂纹尺寸从1 mm增加到3 mm时,点火速度阈值从45 m·s~(-1)降低到38 m·s~(-1)。考虑初始裂纹非均匀性影响,在低速撞击过程中,PBX炸药内部温升区域发生明显的改变。而且,初始裂纹非均匀性有利于PBX炸药低速撞击过程热点形成,并导致点火速度阈值降低。当初始裂纹尺寸服从均匀分布U(0.8,1.2)时,点火速度阈值为36 m·s~(-1)。当初始裂纹服从正态分布N(1,0.115)时,点火速度阈值为31 m·s~(-1)。     

用抛射弹撞击法(Steven试验)研究PBX-2炸药加速老化前后反应能力

采用2kg弹丸对55℃加速老化180天和540天的PBX-2炸药进行了Steven试验,试验中采用锰铜压力计测试了样品中的压力变化过程,通过高速录像照片和压力曲线分析了炸药点火反应的延迟时间,通过冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压。对加速老化前后炸药的试验结果进行了对比,试验结果初步表明加速老化前后的PBX-2炸药在Steven试验中发生反应的反应程度和受力过程并无明显变化。     

炸药燃烧产物驱动裂纹动态扩展耦合特性

为了研究炸药燃烧产物驱动基体中裂纹动态扩展的耦合特性,加深对武器装药意外点火后反应进入裂纹形成对流燃烧引发高烈度反应的机理性认识,采用热点火方式对某奥克托今(HMX)基(质量分数为95%)高聚物粘结炸药PBX预置缺口点火,采用数字高速摄影技术对炸药燃烧产物驱动裂纹动态扩展过程开展了实验研究。结果表明,由于高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)存在较强的细观非均匀性,同一种炸药的不同样品细观结构也不完全相同,导致其裂纹扩展路径存在差异(可能沿直线传播,也可能会发生偏转),但是在相同的约束条件和预应力下其扩展速度基本一致,本研究实验条件下,该PBX炸药裂纹扩展平均速度为146.7 m·s~(-1)。     

用连续爆速法测定工业炸药爆速

采用电测法和连续速度探针法分别测量了粉状乳化炸药和乳化炸药的平均爆速和连续爆速.结果表明,粉状乳化炸药在装药密度为850 kg·m-3和820 kg·m-3时,平均爆速分别为4526 m·s-1和4020 m·s-1; 稳定爆轰时连续爆速范围分别为4300～4600 m·s-1和4000～4300 m·s-1.乳化炸药在装药密度为900 kg·m-3和840 kg·m-3时,平均爆速分别为4384 m·s-1和2345 m·s-1; 连续爆速范围分别为3370～4592 m·s-1和2871～3420 m·s-1.显然,平均爆速测试结果与连续爆速的测试结果吻合很好,且连续速度探针法能满足准确测量工业炸药在装药结构中爆速连续变化的要求.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.