Proposals for wastewater treatment by applying flocculating activity of cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid

Cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid (C-L gamma-PGA) markedly purified polluted water collected from rivers and ponds by flocculation and precipitation. This effect of C-L gamma-PGA occasionally required pretreatment with polyaluminum chloride (PAC). Components of polluted water in rivers or ponds are generally thought to be clay minerals, microorganisms and chemical compounds. In this study, the flocculating activities of C-L gamma-PGA against suspensions of bentonite, diatomaceous earth, Escherichia coli and Mycrocystis aeruginosa, and against solutions of crystal violet and bisphenol A were investigated. The mode of action of C-L gamma-PGA is thought to be based on electrostatic interaction between flocculants, C-L gamma-PGA and PAC, and the surface of polluted water components, which may lead to neutralization of the zeta-potential of those components.     

Flocculating activity of cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid against bentonite and Escherichia coli suspension pretreated with FeCl3 and its interaction with Fe3+

Cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid (C-L gamma-PGA) at 5 microg/ml flocculated bentonite suspension pretreated with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) at 2 microg/ml Al3+-PAC to a transparency of approximately 30% after 30 min and more than 90% after 4 h, while Al3+ concentration in the upper phase of the suspension decreased with incubation time. When pretreated with FeCl3 at 16 microg/ml Fe3+-FeCl3, similar results were obtained. In the case of Escherichia coli suspension, the combination of C-L gamma-PGA and FeCl3 demonstrated a more marked flocculating activity with a satisfactory transparency occurring after 30 min of treatment, accompanied by a decrease in residual Fe3+ concentration. In the above two suspensions pretreated with FeCl3, small visible floats appeared in the early stage of incubation. These floats were found to be due to the direct interaction between FeCl3 and C-L gamma-PGA, indicating the formation of a water-insoluble complex. After allowing the suspension to stand for a long time, elemental analysis and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy of the precipitates produced suggested that not only the complex was formed due to the interaction between Fe3+ in FeCl3 and COO- in the C-L gamma-PGA molecule, but also Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)3 might be entrapped in this complex. This could be applied to scavenge metal ions including Fe3+ from polluted water.     

分心木酸性多糖SJP-2的理化性质及其抗氧化活性研究

以分心木为原料进行热水浸提,经过醇沉、脱色素、脱蛋白以及DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换柱色谱和Sephadex-G50凝胶柱色谱分离纯化得到一种酸性多糖组分（SJP-2）,再对该组分进行理化性质及抗氧化活性分析。结果表明:SJP-2不含蛋白,是一个低分散度,分子量较为均一的多糖,分子量为3.239×10³g/mol;HPLC分析得知SJP-2为一种酸性多糖,其单糖组成及摩尔比例为阿拉伯糖∶半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶半乳糖醛酸=1∶2.62∶4.45∶18.53;抗氧化活性测得SJP-2清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基以及ABTS自由基的IC₅₀分别为0.094、0.945、0.591 mg/m L,还原能力在1.0 mg/m L时达到1.158,ORAC值为（1217.99±31.22）μmol TE/g,说明SJP-2具有较高的体外抗氧化能力。      

荆条籽油的理化性质和神经酸的分离提纯

索氏法提取荆条籽中的油脂,测定其理化指标,并通过气相色谱分析脂肪酸组成和含量.结果显示,荆条籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,其中神经酸占3.45%.使用金属盐沉淀法和溶剂结晶法从荆条籽油脂肪酸中分离提纯神经酸.结果表明,使用金属盐沉淀法可以得到16.45%的神经酸,采用丙酮2次结晶法能将神经酸含量提高至5.57%,金属盐沉淀法扣结晶法结合使用,神经酸含量提高至6.24%.     

Physicochemical properties of gelatin gels from walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) skin cross-linked by gallic acid and rutin

Gelatin gels were cross-linked by gallic acid and rutin. The gel strength, viscoelastic properties, thermal stability, swelling property, ultrastructure, X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR spectra were determined to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the modified gels. The gel strength increased with increasing gallic acid concentration up to 20 mg/g dry gelatin, and then decreased at further elevated gallic acid concentration, while it continuously increased with increasing levels of rutin. Either cross-linking agent could enhance the elastic modulus (G′) and the viscous modulus (G″) of hydrogels, but the gelling and melting points didn’t show a notable improvement. Rutin boosted the thermal stability of xerogels, but decreased the equilibrium swelling ratio significantly, while as for gallic acid, there were no obvious effects on the thermal stability and equilibrium swelling ratio of xerogels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the ultrastructure changes of the modified xerogels suggesting that gelatin xerogel at rutin concentration of 8 mg/g dry gelatin showed the highest cross-linking density. X-ray diffraction revealed that both gallic acid and rutin could enter the spacing of polypeptide chains of gelatin to reinforce the intermolecular interaction. And FTIR spectra verified that gallic acid and rutin molecules mainly interacted with skeletal C–N–C group and carboxyl group of gelatin molecules in the formation of gels. The results suggested that rutin was a better cross-linking agent for gelatin, and gels treated with rutin could be found with different physicochemical properties.     

火麻籽及其油的理化性质研究

为了开发和利用火麻籽资源,以甘肃和宁夏火麻品种为原料,采用常规及仪器方法对火麻籽的主要营养成分、氨基酸组成及其油的脂肪酸组成和理化指标进行了分析测定.结果表明:甘肃和宁夏的火麻籽三维尺寸和物理特性比较接近,甘肃火麻籽的含油量大于宁夏的品种;两个品种火麻籽油的主要脂肪酸均为4种,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量约为88％,其中α-亚麻酸相对含量均在20％以上;两个品种火麻籽的蛋白质含量相当,其氨基酸组成基本一致且比例合理;两个品种火麻籽的矿物质含量相当,但主要矿物质元素含量差别较大.火麻籽含有多种营养成分,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

苹果籽及其油的理化特性研究

为了开发和利用苹果籽资源,采用常规及仪器分析的方法对苹果籽的主要营养成分、氨基酸组成,苹果籽油的脂肪酸组成和理化指标进行了分析测定.结果表明,苹果籽含油27.7%,油中含有5种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达89.33%;苹果籽含蛋白质34.0%,水分10.2%,氨基酸总量31.81%,并含有多种微量元素;苹果籽油折光率为1.4734,比重d20 40.9219,碘值129.3gI/100g,皂化值186.5 mgKOH/g.苹果籽含有多种营养成分,是一种理想的保健食品,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

山核桃油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

主要分析了山核桃油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,山核桃仁粗脂肪含量为68.81%,酸值(KOH)、过氧化值、皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)分别为3.10 mg/g、2.43 mmol/kg、195.9mg/g、105.9 g/100 g。山核桃油主要由5种脂肪酸组成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量分别为66.12%、21.81%。山核桃油Sn-2位脂肪酸主要由油酸、亚油酸组成,其含量分别为73.51%、23.90%;山核桃油甘三酯组成中OOO含量最高,为28.65%。用Rancimat法测定山核桃油的氧化稳定性,并推测出在25℃和20℃条件下,山核桃油货架寿命分别是0.41年和0.61年。     

谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

对谷子的基本组成和谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,谷子中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖和淀粉含量分别为13.9%、5.6%、66.5%和63.7%。谷子油的酸值(KOH)为11.9 mg/g,碘值(I)为132.9 g/100 g,过氧化值为30.9 mmol/kg,皂化值(KOH)为194.4 mg/g,不皂化物含量为2.73%。谷子油主要由10种脂肪酸组成,其中饱和脂肪酸含量占16.81%,主要为棕榈酸(7.87%)、硬脂酸(6.17%)和花生酸(2.03%);不饱和脂肪酸含量达83.26%,其中以亚油酸含量(65.30%)最高,其次为油酸(14.20%)和亚麻酸(2.93%)。因此,谷子油是一种极具开发价值的营养保健油脂。     

山羊油理化特性及脂肪酸组成

以新鲜山羊的羊板油和肾脏油为原料,熬制得到山羊油,测定其主要的理化特性、脂肪酸组成.结果表明:板油的皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)和折光指数(65 ℃)分别为196.8 mg/g、47.9 g/100 g和1.452 4;肾脏油的皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)和折光指数(65 ℃)分别为194.7 mg/g、37.8 g/100 g和1.452 0.板油全样脂肪酸中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸的含量分别为18.09%、20.85%和45.54%;肾脏油全样脂肪酸中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸的含量分别为17.06%、34.57%和38.28%.板油Sn-2位脂肪酸中油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸的含量分别为64.60%、11.52%和9.84%;肾脏油Sn-2位脂肪酸中油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸的含量分别为55.62%、20.70%和12.65%.山羊油中还含有一定量的C17:0和C16:2.     

不同酥油理化特性及脂肪酸组成分析

对食用酥油和工业酥油的理化特性和脂肪酸组成进行了研究.结果表明:脂肪是食用酥油和工业酥油的主要组成成分,含量分别为87.58％和98.87％;食用酥油与工业酥油的酸值(KOH)分别为1.23、5.71 mg/g,过氧化值分别为0.475 7、1.003 6 meq/kg,折光指数(50℃)分别为1.443 5、1.438 8,皂化值(KOH)分别为122.97、130.60 mg/g,碘值(Ⅰ)分别为30.41、44.50 g/100 g,黏度(50℃)分别为29.2、25.2 mPa·s,熔点分别为42.3、47.5℃;食用酥油与工业酥油饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为84.83％、15.17％和76.37％、23.63％.     

鸵鸟油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用索氏提取法提取了在陕西养殖的鸵鸟油,室温分离得到液体油和固体脂.采用化学方法和气相色谱仪测定了两者常规理化指标和脂肪酸组成.结果表明,鸵鸟液体油和固体脂除碘值外其他理化指标稍有不同,其中脂肪酸组成及含量也有差异.液体油主要含有棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸等,不饱和脂肪酸含量为63.96%,其中油酸含量最高,达到42.23%;固体脂主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸等,饱和脂肪酸含量为55.93%,其中棕榈酸含量最高,为45.23%.     

葡萄皮色苷理化性质及抑菌活性研究

该实验通过提取葡萄皮色苷并研究了葡萄皮色苷的可见吸收光谱、光稳定性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、耐氧化还原性,以及金属离子和食品添加剂对色苷稳定性的影响。并对葡萄皮色苷的细菌和真菌抑菌活性做出了探究。提取工艺为50%vol乙醇-0.7%柠檬酸提取剂,55℃浸提4.5h,对各种物理化学因素影响有良好的耐性,并发现葡萄皮色苷具有显著的抑菌活性,有待开发。     

甘薯酸浆中微生物絮凝性研究

酸浆是我国传统的鲜薯(或绿豆)淀粉生产工艺中用于淀粉分离净化的生物絮凝剂.为了研究酸浆中微生物的絮凝性,本研究以甘薯酸浆为研究对象,模拟实际生产中酸浆的发酵工艺,对自然发酵甘薯酸浆中微生物消长规律进行分析.结果表明,酸浆中乳酸菌含量最高,其次为酵母菌,霉菌含量最低.在酸浆絮凝活性最高时,对其中的微生物进行分离纯化,从中共分离出1株乳酸菌、2株酵母菌和1株霉菌.通过对各菌株絮凝性的研究发现,只有乳酸杆菌L1具有絮凝活性,并且其絮凝活性物质分布在菌体上,酵母菌Y1对乳酸菌的生长具有促进作用,二者呈互生关系.     

大叶紫薇种籽油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成的GC/MS分析

为了开发和利用大叶紫薇种籽油,以溶剂提取法从大叶紫薇种籽中提取了油脂,分析测定了其油脂的理化特性,并采用GC/MS对大叶紫薇种籽油的脂肪酸组成进行了测定.测定结果表明,其折光指数和碘值较高,分别为1.4820和132.3 gI/100g;从大叶紫薇种籽油中检测出12种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸含量达74.57%、油酸含量8.38%、软脂酸含量6.68%、硬脂酸含量4.26%,不饱和脂肪酸总含量达85.76%,尤其是首次从大叶紫薇种籽油中检测出支链脂肪酸和奇数碳脂肪酸14-甲基-十六烷酸和二十三烷酸,表明大叶紫薇种籽油是一种值得开发的保健油脂.     

番茄籽油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成的GC/MS分析

以溶剂法从番茄籽中提取番茄籽油,对其理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明,不饱和脂肪酸含量达77·65%,其中亚油酸含量49·27%、油酸含量25·85%、软脂酸含量16·04%、硬脂酸含量5·71%。     

香榧子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

主要对香榧子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,香榧子粗蛋白、粗脂肪、饼粕总糖及淀粉质量分数分别为48.3%、14.6%、37.6%和68.3%。香榧子油的酸值、碘值、过氧化值及皂化值分别为0.95 mg KOH/g、131.3 g/100 g、8.76 mmol/kg、137.9 mg KOH/g。香榧子油主要由12种脂肪酸组成,饱和脂肪酸以山嵛酸(12.2%)为主,其次是棕榈酸(9.95%)和十七碳酸(0.18%);不饱和脂肪酸中亚油酸(41.9%)和油酸(26.0%)较高,还含有3.51%的共轭二烯酸——顺-11,顺-13-二十碳二烯酸;长碳链脂肪酸质量分数较高,达18%。香榧子油Sn-2位脂肪酸主要由油酸(46.5%)和亚油酸(45.3%)组成。香榧子油甘三酯组成中分布比较均匀,主要为β-LOL(7.51%)、LLL(7.32%)、β-LOBe(6.28%)和β-LLBe(6.12%)。     

山茱萸籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

主要对山茱萸籽的组成、山茱萸籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析.结果表明:山茱萸籽中还原糖、总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为29.2％、64.7％、21.7％和13.1％.山茱萸籽油酸值(KOH)、碘值(Ⅰ)、过氧化值及皂化值(KOH)分别为0.97 mg/g、113.8 g/100 g、8.9 mmol/kg、186.5 mg/g.山茱萸籽油中饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(10.40％)为主,其次是硬脂酸(3.49％)和山嵛酸(3.32％);不饱和脂肪酸中油酸(35.80％)和亚油酸(34.60％)含量较高,还含有5.51％的芥酸.     

茶叶籽油理化特性及脂肪酸组成初步研究

利用索氏抽提法从4种茶叶籽中提取油脂,对茶叶籽油理化特性进行测定,并用气相色谱法测定4种茶叶籽油脂肪酸组成;结果显示,茶叶籽油脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等组成,其中油酸60.89%～64.35%、亚油酸14.41%～20.55%,油酸和亚油酸之和为75.30%～84.90%,表明茶叶籽油具有较高营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

柑橘籽油理化特性及脂肪酸组成研究

利用索氏抽提法从3种柑橘籽中提取油脂,并对柑橘籽油的理化特性进行了测定。利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对3种柑橘籽油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析和鉴定,每种柑橘籽油都分析鉴定出了10种脂肪酸,其中主要成分为亚油酸和油酸。柑橘籽油具有较高的营养价值,作为新油源具有一定的开发前景。