Growth Behavior of α Phase in Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo-0.35Si-0.7Nd Titanium Alloy

The thermal stability of the microstructure of a near-α titanium alloy after aging at 750℃ was investigated using optical microscope and transmission electron microscope as well as composition analysis. Aging treatment brings about significant coarsening of grain boundary α and α platelets within the colonies for martensitic microstructure. The observed changes are related to the growth steps or ledges of the interface and lamellar termination presented in the microstructure. The composition analysis of the coarsened α plate is consistent with the growth kinetics. The α Widmanstatten plates were coarsened due to the movement of α/β interface for Widmanstatten microstructure, and the phase boundaries of primary α (αp) phase directly moved into the transformed β for bimodal microstructure.     

Growth Behavior of a Phase in Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.OMo-0.35Si-0.7Nd Titanium Alloy

The thermal stability of the microstructure of a near-αtitanium alloy after aging at 750℃was investigated using optical microscope and transmission electron microscope as well as composition analysis. Aging treatment brings about significant coarsening of grain boundaryαandαplatelets within the colonies for martensitic microstructure. The observed changes are related to the growth steps or ledges of the interface and lamellar termination presented in the microstructure. The composition analysis of the coarsenedαplate is consistent with the growth kinetics. TheαWidmanstatten plates were coarsened due to the movement ofα/βinterface for Widmansta'tten microstructure, and the phase boundaries of primaryα(αp) phase directly moved into the transformedβfor bimodal microstructure.     

Distinct dendritic α phase emerging on the surface of primary α phase in a compressed near-α titanium alloy

The characteristic of the surface morphology of primary α phase was studied in a deformed near-α titanium alloy. Dendritic α phase emerged on the surfaces of primary α phase when the alloy was air-cooled in α + β phase field after deformation. The dendritic α grain has the same orientation with its original primary α grain. The formation of the dendritic α phase could be explained by interface instability in epitaxial growth process of the primary α phase. The dislocations induced by deformation could facilitate the formation of dendritic α phase leading to the dendritic α phase and more obvious with the increase of strain. The growth of dendritic α phase was finally limited by the nucleation of second α phase with cooling.     

Prediction of Austenitization and Homogenization of Q235 Plain Carbon Steel during Reheating Process

In this paper,the austenitization and homogenization process of Q235 plain carbon steel during reheating is predicted using a two-dimensional model which has been developed for the prediction of diffusive phase transformation(e,g.αto γ).The diffusion equations are solved within each phase(αand γ) and an explicit finite volume technique formulated for a regular hexagonal grid are used.The discrete interface is represented by special volume elements α/γ,an volume element α undergoes a transition to an interface state before it becomes γ.The procedure allows us to handle the displacement of theinterface while respecting the flux condition at the interface.The simulated microstructure shows the dissolution of ferrite particles in the austenite matrix is presented at different stages of the phase transflrmation.Specifically,the influence of the microstructure scale and the hwating rate on the phase transformation kinetics has been investigated.The experimental results agree well with the simulated ones.     

Composition Distribution in the MnxCd1-xIn2Te4 Ingot Grown by ACRT-B Method

MnxCd1-xIn2Te4 (x=0.1) ingot was successfully grown by the modified Bridgman technique, which applied the accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) in Bridgman process, or briefly ACRT-B. The growth interface profile shape and the composition distribution in the MnxCd1-xIn2Te4 (x=0.1) ingot were analyzed. Even though the stoichiometric composition was synthesized in the original ingot, the composition has been redistributed during the ACRT-B growth process. Mn and Cd contents decrease while In increases along the longitudinal axis. The partition ratios of solutes Mn, Cd and In at the growth interface are evaluated by a mathematical method based on the experimental data, which are found to be 1.286, 1.926 and 0.729 in α phase growth process, and 1.120, 1.055 and 0.985 in β phase growth process, respectively. In the radial direction,Mn and Cd contents increase while In decreases with the distance from the centerline of the ingot.     

Interfacial Microstructure between WC-Based Cermet and Cu Alloy

A WC-TiC-Co/CuZnNi composite layer was produced on 1045 steel substrate by means of inside-furnace brazing technique. The microstructure, phase constituent and interfacial diffusion behavior between cermet and CuZnNi alloy were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that microstructure of matrix was α and β phases. Cermet particies were surrounded by the α+β phases in the composite layer and their sizes were almost similar to those in original state. The interfacial zone was formed by the mutual diffusion of elements under the condition of high temperature. The interface consists of WC, TiC, CuZn, and CuNi phases, and there are no microcracks and inclusions near the interface.     

Effects of Oxygen on the Microstructure of Ti_(47)Al_(0.7)B Alloys

The effects of oxygen on the microstructure of Ti-47Al-0.7B (at. pct) alloy for as-cast automotive valves were investigated. Six alloys with oxygen content from 0.4 to 1.4 at. pct were prepared by induction melting and centrifugal casting in CaO crucible under protective atmosphere. The microstructures were observed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the increase of oxygen content led to grain refinement and enhanced the microhardness as well as the α 2 ...     

Synthesis of High Purity SiC Powder for High-resistivity SiC Single Crystals Growth

High purity silicon carbide （SIC） powder was synthesized in-situ by chemical reaction between silicon and carbon powder. In order to ensure that the impurity concentration of the resulting SiC powder is suitable for high-resistivity SiC single crystal growth, the preparation technology of SiC powder is different from that of SiC ceramic. The influence of the shape and size of carbon particles on the morphology and phase composition of the obtained SiC powder were discussed. The phase composition and morphology of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the composition of resulting SiC by in-situ synthesis from Si/C mixture strongly depends on the nature of the carbon source, which corresponds to the particle size and shape, as well as the preparation temperature. In the experimental conditions, flake graphite is more suitable for the synthesis of SiC powder than activated carbon because of its relatively smaller particle size and flake shape, which make the conversion more complete. The major phase composition of the full conversion products is β-SiC, with traces of α-SiC. Glow discharge mass spectroscopy measurements indicated that SiC powder synthesized with this chemical reaction method can meet the purity demand for the growth of high-resistivity SiC single crystals.     

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of the Grain Size Evolution during Isothermal Forging of a TC6 Alloy

Hot compression was conducted at a Thermecmaster-Z simulator, at deformation temperatures of 800～1040℃, with strain rates of 0.001～50 s-1 and height reduction of 50%. Grain size of the prior α phase was measured with a Leica LABOR-LUX12MFS/ST microscope to which QUANTIMET 500 software for image analysis for quantitative metallography was linked. According to the present experimental data, a constitutive relationship for a TC6 alloy and a model for grain size of the prior α phase were established based on the Arrhenius' equation and the Yada's equation,respectively. By finite element (FE) simulation, deformation distribution was determined for isothermal forging of a TC6 aerofoil blade at temperatures of 860～940℃ and hammer velocities of 9～3000.0 mm/min. Meanwhile, the grain size of the prior α phase is simulated during isothermal forging of the TC6 aerofoil blade, by combining FE outputs with the present grain size model. The present results illustrate the grain size and its distribution in the prior α phase during the isothermal forging of the TC6 aerofoil blade. The simulated results show that the height reduction, deformation temperature, and hammer velocity have significant effects on distribution of the equivalent strain and the grain size of the prior α phase.     

Diffusion Bonding of Dissimilar Intermetallic Alloys Based on Ti_2AlNb and TiAl

Direct diffusion bonding of an orthorhombic Ti 2 AlNb base alloy to a TiAl base alloy, Ti-22Al-23Nb-2Ta and Ti-46.2Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B (at. pct), was carried out and the interface microstructure, formation of new phase at the interface and joint strength were characterized. At low temperature, a new phase with AlNb 2-structure, Al(Nb, Ti) 2 , was formed in the interface region adjacent to the O base alloy. The α 2 was found to be the major reaction product and developed in the interface region adjacent to the ...     

Effect of Substrate Characteristics on Interdiffusion Coefficients of Ni and Al Atoms inβ-NiAl Phase of Aluminide Coatings

Interdiffusion coefficients at 950℃ and 1050℃ are calculated by Wagner analysis method as a function of composition of β-NiAI phase. Theβ-NiAI phase is formed by pack cementation on surface of superalloy. Results of the calculation show that interdiffusion coefficients inβ-NiAI phase strongly depend on the compositions and vary over several orders of magnitude. Compared with the interdiffusion coefficients in the stoichiometricβ-NiAI phase, the interdiffusion coefficients in β-NiAI phase formed on superalloy is obviously small, probably due to the composition, complicated microstructure and precipitates. However, it could be seen clearly that the shapes of the diffusivity curves are very similar to each other. The similarity of the diffusion curves and the difference between interdiffusion coefficients imply that the compositions, microstructures and precipitates of superalloy have a distinctly adverse effect on the interdiffusion of Ni and Al atoms during aluminization, but do not change the essential characteristics of β-NiAI phase.     

Microstructure Evolution during Solidification of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy in Semisolid

The liquid quenching method was adopted to study the solidification morphology and microstructure of AZglD Mg alloy in semisolid. The results indicate that cooling rate has important effects upon the solidification structures. Under the cooling rate of liquid quenching, primary α-phase grows first by attaching on the original α grains, or independent nucleation and growth. The high cooling rate makes primary α-phase grow in ＂rags＂ or dendrite shape. Eutectic solidification is carried out in terms of both dissociated growth and symbiotic growth. The dissociated growth forms rough and large β-phase at grain boundaries, while symbiotic growth forms eutectic of laminar structure. The small liquid pool inside the original α-phase solidifies basically in the same way as that of intergranular liquid, but owing to less amount of liquid phase, the eutectic solidification is mainly carried out in the dissociated pattern.     

Microstructure—Properties Correlation of Dual Phase Steels Produced by Controlled Rolling Process

The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of compositional and processing parameters on the microstructure and properties of dual phase steel produced directly by hot rolling and rapid cooling.Steels with the base composition of 0.1%C,1.4%Si,and 1.0%Mn with additions of 0.5%Cr to influence hardenability,0.04%Nb to retard recrystallization in the latter stages of rolling,or 0.02% Ti to inhibit grain growth during and after reheating were investigated.Investigation was made to predict microstructure evolution and to correlate microstructure with processing parameters.The effects of the important microstructure parameters such as ferrite grain size,martensite volume fraction (VM) and morphology (polygonal or fibrous) on the tensile and impact properties are discussed.Multiple linear regression analysis of the ultimate tensile strength has shown that,increasing VM and martensite microhardness and grain refinement of ferrite are the major contributions to increase the strength of the steel.It was found that the dual-phase steel produced by controlled rolling process,with a microstructure which consisted of fine grained ferrite(4μm) and 35%-40% fibrous martensite,presented optimum tensile and impact properties because of enhanced resistance to crack propagation.     

Massive Si Phase and Its Growth Mechanism in Al-Si Casting Alloy

Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to observe the microstructure of the AI-11.6%Si and AI-11.6%Si-0.4%Mg alloys and the morphology of the massive silicon particles. It is found that the massive silicon phase, observed in the unfully modified alloys with 0.010%Sr, disappears completely in the alloys fully modified with 0.020%Sr. The serrations and reentrant edges shown in the massive silicon particles with the conventional casting indicate that the TPRE mechanism plays an important role in the growth of the massive silicon phase. The ripples and steps suggest that the "lateral microscopic growth" may be another operating mechanism.     

High Manganese Steel Alloying Process and Its Influence on Microstructure and Properties of the Steel

The influence of two kinds of alloying processes, adding Nb (or Ti) and N-Mn alloy as well as adding Nb (or Ti) and spraying N2, on microstructures and properties of a high manganese steel has been studied. It has been found that adding Nb(or Ti), accompanying with N-Mn alloy, is unfavourable to microstructure compactness of the high manganese steel, but adding Nb (or Ti)and spraying N2 into the melt is good for refining austenitic grain, forming a lot of hard particles and improving microstructure compactness. The mechanical properties of the high manganese steel have relation to the content of elements Nb or Ti. Its fracture mode will turn ductile fracture into brittle cleavage fracture gradually. By X-ray and TEM analysis, it is proved that the austenite can be transformed to deformation-induced α martensite after adding a certain amount of element Nb (or Ti). The microstructure transformation of alloying high manganese steels through deformation is one of methods for strengthening austenite matrix and increasing the work-hardening rate as well as improving antiwear property.     

A Modified Cellular Automaton Model for the Quantitative Prediction of Equiaxed and Columnar Dendritic Growth

Since the characteristic of dendrite is an important factor determining the performance of castings, a twodimensional cellular automaton model with decentered square algorithm is developed for quantitatively predicting the dendritic growth during solidification process. The growth kinetics of solid/liquid interface are determined by the local equilibrium composition and local actual liquid composition, and the calculation of the solid fraction increment is based on these two compositions to avoid the solution of growth velocity. In order to validate the developed model, quantitative simulations of steady-state dendritic features over a range of undercooling was performed and the results exhibited good agreement with the predictions of LGK（Liptone Glicksman-Kurz） model. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the proposed model can be applied to simulate multiple equiaxed dendritic growth, as well as columnar dendritic growth with or without equiaxed grain formation in directional solidification of AleC u alloys. It has been shown that the model is able to simulate the growth process of multi-dendrites with various preferential orientations and can reproduce a wide range of complex dendritic growth phenomena such as nucleation, coarsening of dendrite arms, side branching in dendritic morphologies, competitive growth as well as the interaction among surrounding dendrites.     

Equilibrium Phase Constituents and Discontinuous Precipitation Behavior of Al-Zn-Cu Alloy with Symmetrical Composition

Through microstructure observation and X-ray diffraction analysis, the equilibrium phase constituents of Al-Zn alloy that contains 2 at. pct Cu at room temperature have been determined as AI-based solid solution (α), Zn-based solid solution and AlCu3Zn phase (T′-phase), which are different from α phase, Zn phase and CuZn4 phase originally believed. It is determined that the products of discontinuous precipitation transformation below 277℃ are not the equilibrium phase constituents, but the metastable phases made up of α phase, Zn phase and CuZn4 phase. The phase constituents after discontinuous precipitation of AlZn-2Cu alloy would transform to the ones in equilibrium status: Al-based solid solution (α) in fcc structure, Zn-based solid solution in hcp structure and Al4Cu3Zn phase (T′-phase) ultimately through plastic deformation at room temperature and re-heating treatment below 277℃.     

Microstructure Characterization of Sol-gel Prepared MoO3-TiO2 Thin Films for Oxygen Gas Sensors

Binary metal oxide MoO3-TiO2 films have been prepared using the sol-gel technique. The thin films were annealed at several temperatures including 400℃,450℃,500℃,550℃ and 600℃ for lhour. The morphology, crystalline structure and chemical composition of the films have been analysed using SEM,XRD,RBS and XPS techniques. The SEM analysis showed that the films annealed at 450℃ are mainly smooth and uniform with 20-100nm-sized grains and with few particles as large as a micrometre or more. The XRD analysis revealed that the films annealed at 400℃ were a mixture of orthorhombic and hexagonal MoO3phases. The films annealed at 450℃ increased in hexagonal phase. The preferential orientation growth along(100) plane of the hexagonal phase and (010) plane of the orthorhombic phase has been found in both samples. RBS and XPS analysis showed that the films were stoichiometric. When the annealing temperature is increased to more than 500℃, the concentration ratio of MoO3 to TiO2 decreased due to the evaporation of MoO3. For the study of the electrical and gas sensing properties, films were deposited on sapphire substrates with interdigital electrodes on the front-side and a Pt heater on the backside. The O2 gas sensing properties of MoO3-TiO2 thin films are discussed.     

Microstructural Evolution of Solid-solution-treated Zn-22Al in the Semisolid State

The effect of solid-solution-treatment on the semisolid microstructure of Zn—22AI with developed dendrites was investigated.Forming Zn—22AI products by semisolid metal processing offers significant advantages,such as reductions in macro-segregation,porosity and forming costs.Thermal and microstructural analyses of the formed Zn—22AI alloy were performed by differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.The changes in the microstructures and phase transformation in response to various solid-solution -treatments were analysed.In this study,as-cast samples were held isothermally at 330℃for 0.5—5 h and then partially remelted at a semisolid temperature of 438℃for 1 h to produce a solid-globular grain structure in a liquid matrix.A non-dendritic semisolid microstructure could not be obtained when the traditionally cast Zn—22AI alloy with developed dendrites was subjected directly to partial remelting.After solid-solution-treatment at 330℃,the black interdendritic eutectics were dissolved,and the dendritic structures gradually transformed into uniformβstructures when the treatment time was increased.The coarsened and merged dendrites were separated as a result of penetration by the liquid phase and melting of the residual eutectic at sites along the former grain boundaries.The microstructure of the solid-solution-treated sample transformed into a small globular structure;the best shape factor of 0.9,corresponding to a particle size of 40±16μm,is achieved when the sample was treated for 3 h followed by direct partial remelting into its semisolid zone.     

Dependence of mechanical properties on the microstructure characteristics of a near β titanium alloy Ti-7333

In this work, the microstructure and the corresponding tensile properties of the rolled Ti-7Mo-3Nb-3Cr-3Al(Ti-7333) alloy before and after the thermal treatments were investigated. The results show that a strong α-fiber texture is developed in the rolled Ti-7333 alloy. The deformed matrix and the texture significantly induce the variant selection of β phase. The high strength of the rolled Ti-7333 alloy is attributed to the 110 texture parallel to the tensile direction and the dispersed α phase within the matrix. After the solution treatment followed by the aging treatment, the texture decreases and the microstructure consists of the equiaxed β grains, the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α variants. Eventually, the alloy could achieve an optimal combination with the strength of about 1450 MPa,the ductility of about 10.5% and a considerable shear strength of about 775 MPa. This balance can be ascribed to the performance of the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α_s variants. The results indicate that the Ti-7333 alloy could be a promising candidate material for the high-strength fastener.