自然循环条件下倒U型管蒸汽发生器一次侧倒流现象关键影响因素研究

倒U型管蒸汽发生器（UTSG）在自然循环条件下存在倒流现象，影响一回路冷却剂系统载热能力及自然循环能力。本文参照芬兰压水堆热工实验装置（PWR PACTEL）中UTSG设计参数，利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件Fluent模拟流量匀速下降工况下UTSG中的倒流现象，研究一次侧运行参数、UTSG设计参数以及二次侧运行参数对于倒流现象的影响。结果表明，提高UTSG一次侧温度、一次侧运行压力、倒U型管热导率将增大UTSG的临界质量流量，使得UTSG更易发生倒流；提高UTSG二次侧给水量、二次侧温度以及倒U型管内壁粗糙度将使得UTSG临界质量流量下降，抑制倒流现象发生；而倒U型管壁厚对倒流现象几乎无影响；相较于改变二回路温度，改变一回路温度对于倒流现象的影响更为显著。本研究结果可为UTSG的参数优化提供一定参考。      

全厂断电事故下AP1000非能动余热排出系统分析

利用RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对AP1000反应堆一回路及非能动系统进行建模计算,给出了AP1000非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）在全厂断电事故下的瞬态响应特性。计算结果表明：情况1,PHRH系统由蒸汽发生器低水位与低启动给水流量符合信号启动,稳压器安全阀的开启导致PRHRS发生倒流现象,并会引起堆芯冷却剂过热沸腾、压力容器进出口温差过大等后果;情况2,由断电信号直接触发PRHRS,触发前安全阀不开启,此时PRHRS正常运行。     

蒸汽发生器内二次侧水位对倒U型管内倒流特性的影响分析

在自然循环条件下,蒸汽发生器(SG)倒U型管内的流体流动会不稳定,可造成一部分倒U型管内流体处于倒流状态。基于Boussinesq假设,建立了与SG二次侧水位有关的倒U型管内流体一维守恒控制方程,采用线性微扰理论分析SG二次侧水位对倒U型管内倒流特性的影响,并采用RELAP5/MOD3.2程序进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在一定倒U型管进口条件下,SG二次侧水位的降低使倒U型管内流动的特征压降增大,特征流量减少,稳定性参数增加,相对于正常水位时更易不稳定,倒流更易发生,长管较短管更易发生倒流。     

Theoretical investigation on the steady-state natural circulation characteristics of a new type of pressurized water reactor

1 Introduction With respect to the inherent safety of nuclear re- actors, application of passive systems/components including natural circulation phenomena as the main mechanism is intended to simplify the safety-related systems and to improve their reliability, to reduce the effect of human errors and equipment failures, and to provide more time to enable the operators to prevent or mitigate serious accidents. Natural circulation is the main mode of heat removal for removing decay heat from t…     

立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器倒流现象及初步分析

文章涉及中国核动力研究设计院自然循环实验装置单相稳态自然循环实验过程中立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器(UTSG)模拟体一次侧流体的流动特性。实验观察到：1)UTSG模拟体进口腔室压力低于出口腔室压力；2)UTSG模拟体入口腔室温度较热段温度有一陡降。通过对该实验现象的分析可以判定，在单相自然循环工况下，UTSG模拟体中某些传热管内出现了倒流。实验结果表明，倒流的出现使UTSG模拟体自然循环工况下的流动阻力系数较强迫循环工况下的明显增大。      

Analytical one-dimensional frequency response and stability model for PWR nuclear power plants

A dynamic model for PWR nuclear power plants is presented. The plant is assumed to consist of a one-dimensional single-channel core, a counterflow once-through steam generator (represented by two nodes according to the non-boiling and boiling region) and the necessary connecting coolant lines. The model describes analytically the frequency response behaviour of important parameters of such a plant with respect to perturbations in reactivity, subcooling or mass flow (both at the entrances to the reactor core and/or the secondary steam generator side), and perturbations in steam load or system pressure (on the secondary side of the steam generator). From corresponding ‘open’ loop considerations, it can then be concluded - by applying the Nyquist criterion - upon the degree of the stability behaviour of the underlying system. Based on this theoretical model, a computer code named ADYPMO has been established.From the knowledge of the frequency response behaviour of such a system, the corresponding transient behaviour with respect to a stepwise or any other perturbation signal can also be calculated by applying an appropriate retransformation method, e.g. by using the digital code FRETI. To demonstrate this procedure, a transient experimental curve measured during the pre-operational test period at the PWR nuclear power plant KKS Stade was recalculated using the combination ADYPMO-FRETI. Good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results give an insight into the validity and efficiency of the underlying theoretical model and the applied retransformation method.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on the reverse flow phenomena in UTSGs

Aiming at the reverse flow phenomena in the inverted U-tube steam generators (UTSGs), the experimental and numerical simulations are performed. A new method is developed to model the flow and heat transfer in the steam generator based on the system analysis code RELAP5/MOD3.3. The reverse flow phenomenon observed experimentally is simulated well by the new method. The experimental and numerical results show that the reverse flow occurs in the adjacent shorter U-tubes. For single U-tube, the mass flow rate of reverse flow is generally greater than that of normal flow U-tube. When the reverse flow occurs, the negative pressure drop between the inlet and outlet plenums and the heat transfer of the UTSG reduce significantly. The numerical simulations also show that the reverse flow occurs more easily in UTSGs with the bigger tube length ratio.     

蒸汽发生器U型管低含气率两相倒流现象研究

针对立式倒U型管自然循环蒸汽发生器传热管内的两相倒流现象,基于均相流模型,建立了U型管内低含气率两相流动传热理论模型,给出了U型管的进出口压降-质量流量曲线,分析了U型管内出现两相倒流现象的机理,研究了二次侧流体温度和入口含气率对倒流现象的影响规律,并与单相倒流进行了对比。利用RELAP5/MOD 3.3程序对相同条件下的倒流问题进行了计算。研究表明,提高蒸汽发生器二次侧工作压力可减少倒流,两相流入口含气率越高,倒流越易发生,两相流较单相流在U型管内更易倒流。     

A PWR hybrid computer model for assessing the safety implications of control systems

As part of the ORNL study of safety-related aspects of control systems, a hybrid computer model was developed to trace the dynamic impact of single and multiple component failures on the control system and remainder of the plant. Since the thrust of this program is to investigate control system behavior, the controls are modeled in detail to accurately reproduce characteristic response under normal and off-normal transients. The balance of the model, including neutronics, thermohydraulics and component submodels, is developed in sufficient detail to provide a suitable support for the control system.The model is being used primarily to address mild to moderate transients that can occur at least partially under action of the non-safety control system. Attention initially focused on overfill events that assumed single or multiple failures of feed valves or the generator low and high level setpoints and trips that regulate the valves. In general, these calculations showed that for single-generator overfeed, water inventory in the affected generator increased to a sufficiently high level to saturate the generator fluid, quench superheat, and inject water into the steam line. Overcooling of the primary side was modest.Other events studied with the model include: insufficient main feedwater cooling induced by a steam generator high level setpoint failing low, potentially drying out the generator; secondary side depressurization induced by turbine bypass valves failing open in loop A or in combination with loop B, at low and high power levels; and steam generator tube ruptures in combination with overcooling incidents.     

RELAP5-3D modeling of PWR steam generator condensation experiments at the Oregon State University APEX facility

This report describes modeling using RELAP5-3D of a series of six steam generator U-tube steam condensation (without non-condensable gas) tests conducted at the Oregon State University Advanced Plant Experiment Test Facility from 2005 through 2007. These tests were designed to evaluate steam condensation rates in a scaled pressurized water reactor steam generator at various primary and secondary side pressures and inlet steam mass flow rates. Comparisons between the experimental data and the RELAP5-3D model results are made to quantify the effectiveness of RELAP5-3D in handling steam condensation in U-tube steam generators. RELAP5-3D tends to over predict the condensation rate and heat transfer coefficient when compared against the experimental data when the code uses the laminar Nusselt correlation to determine the heat transfer coefficient. When RELAP5-3D results are used with the Shah correlation the comparison between the heat transfer coefficients is much improved.     

直流蒸汽发生器动态特性与小破口故障仿真研究

以B&W直流蒸汽发生器为对象,基于过程仿真软件(APROS)支撑平台中的基本模块,建立了图形化的直流蒸汽发生器仿真模型。对模型进行变工况下的稳态和动态仿真,由结果可知,一次侧入口焓值与二次侧出口压力对稳态特性影响最大,一次侧入口温度对动态特性影响最大。进一步研究直流蒸汽发生器发生换热管破裂事故时,破口位置和破裂程度对其运行特性的影响。结果表明,破口发生位置接近一次侧入口时,对直流蒸汽发生器运行影响最大;换热管破裂对直流蒸汽发生器运行特性的影响随着破裂程度的增加而增大。     

蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区两相流动数值模拟

基于两流体欧拉数学模型结合RPI壁面沸腾模型,利用大型商用CFD软件ANSYS CFX 12.0对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区一次侧、壁面和二次侧耦合传热过程进行了数值模拟。研究了三叶梅花孔支撑板和不同入口过冷度条件下蒸汽发生器传热管束内的流动沸腾现象,得到一、二次侧流场与温度场,二次侧空泡份额分布,支撑板梅花孔局部的流动状况及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器热工水力特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,三叶梅花孔支撑板的存在及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区域的热工水力特性影响显著。     

Design and transient analyses of emergency passive residual heat removal system of CPR1000. Part Ⅰ: Air cooling condition

The steam generator secondary emergency passive residual heat removal system (EPRHRS) is a novel design for the conventional generation Ⅱ+ reactor CPR1000. The EPRHRS is designed to improve the safety and reliability of CPR1000 by completely or partially replacing the traditional emergency water cooling system in the event of the feed line break (FLB) or loss of heat sink accident. The EPRHRS consists of a steam generator (SG), a heat exchanger (HX), an air cooling tower, an emergency makeup tank (EMT), and corresponding pipes and valves for air cooling condition. In order to improve the safety and reliability of CPR1000, a model of the primary loop system and the EPRHRS was developed using RELAP5/MOD3.4 to investigate the residual heat removal capability of the EPRHRS and the transient characteristics of the primary loop system affected by the EPRHRS. The transient characteristics of the primary loop system and the EPRHRS were calculated in the event of the feed line break accident. Sensitivity studies were also conducted to investigate effects of the main parameters of the EPRHRS on the transient characteristics of the primary loop and the EPRHRS. The EPRHRS could supply water to the SG shell side from the EMT successfully. The calculation results showed that the EPRHRS could take away the decay heat from the primary loop effectively for air cooling condition, and that the single-phase and two-phase natural circulations were established in the primary loop and the EPRHRS loop, respectively. The present work is instructive for engineering design of the EPRHRS for Chinese NPPs.     

核电厂蒸汽发生器二次侧三维流场分析

为弄清核电厂蒸汽发生器二次侧的流动和传热特性机理,以确保蒸汽发生器的稳定性,文章采用数值软件根据蒸汽发生器的结构特点和运行模式进行简化建模,利用相似原理,使用相变模块模拟了蒸汽发生器的二次侧汽液两相流的流场分布情况。研究了相同结构下不同给水比例对二次侧流场分布的影响,尤其是对空泡份额分布特性的影响。研究发现,不同的给水工况对直管段的空泡份额分布和流体流速分布都有明显的影响,但对传热管上部区域的空泡份额和速度分布的影响不大。     

直流蒸汽发生器稳态与瞬态特性数值模拟

直流蒸汽发生器内二次侧流体被一次侧流体加热,其轴向热流密度分布与两侧流体运行参数密切相关。采用RELAP5/MOD4.0程序对直流蒸汽发生器的稳态与瞬态运行特性进行数值模拟研究,获取了直流蒸汽发生器热工参数的振荡特征,并进一步探究了一个周期内不同时刻的二次侧流体的质量流量、热流密度及管壁温度的瞬时轴向分布以及二次侧入口节流对流动振荡的影响。结果表明:对流加热工况下轴向热流分布主要取决于一次侧流体和二次侧流体之间的温差。当直流蒸汽发生器内发生密度波振荡时,一次侧出口温度及总加热功率均剧烈振荡。干涸点的位置大幅移动,且其附近的壁温强烈波动,可通过增大二次侧入口节流抑制流动振荡。     

自然循环U型管蒸汽发生器管内倒流受管长影响的理论研究

自然循环U型管蒸汽发生器(UTSG)在一次侧处于自然循环工况下其部分U型管可能会出现倒流现象,这对自然循环带来不利影响。本文通过理论分析UTSG的U型管的水动力学曲线,获得U型管内发生流动不稳定时的临界压降与管长的关系,并利用系统分析程序RELAP5进行数值验证,验证结果表明:当管长增加时,临界压降呈先减后增的趋势,即小型的UTSG的最短U型管先出现倒流,而大型的UTSG最长管先出现倒流。所得结论解释了不同的仿真模拟研究得到的倒流管的分布不同的现象,为UTSG管内倒流及其管空间分布的预测提供理论依据。     

直流蒸汽发生器稳态与瞬态特性数值模拟

In once through steam generators, the secondary fluid is heated by the primary fluid. Therefore, the axial heat flux distribution is related to the operational parameters of the fluids in both sides. The RELAP5/MOD4.0 code is adopted to perform the static and transient simulations of a once through steam generator. The temperature, thermal equilibrium quality and heat flux distributions under both heating modes are analyzed and compared. The oscillation behavior of the once through steam generator is discussed and the instantaneous axial profiles of secondary mass flow rate, heat flux as well as tube wall temperature corresponding to four representative times in an oscillation period are further investigated. Finally, the effect of increasing the secondary inlet throttling is studied. The results show that the shape of heat flux distribution under convective heating mainly depends on the temperature difference between primary fluid and secondary fluid. When density wave oscillations occur in the once through steam generators, the primary outlet temperature and total heating power oscillate intensely. The location of the dryout point moves greatly and the tube wall temperature fluctuates most violently in its vicinity. Flow oscillation could be suppressed by increasing the inlet throttling of the secondary side.     

Thermal hydraulic calculation in a passive residual heat removal system of the SMART-P plant for forced and natural convection conditions

An investigation of the thermal hydraulic characteristics in the passive residual heat removal system of the System integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor-P (SMART-P) has been carried out using the MARS code, which is a best estimate system analysis code. The SMART-P is designed to cool the system during accidental conditions by a natural convection. The dominant heat transfer in the steam generator is a boiling mode under a forced convection condition, and it is a single-phase liquid and a boiling heat transfer under a natural convection condition. Most of the heat is removed in the heat exchanger of the passive residual heat removal system by a condensation heat transfer. The passive residual heat removal system can remove the energy from the primary side as long as the heat exchanger is submerged in the refueling water tank. The mass flow is stable under a natural circulation condition though it oscillates periodically with a small amplitude. The parameter study is performed by considering the effects of an effective height between the steam generator and the heat exchanger, a hydraulic resistance, an initial pressure, a non-condensable gas fraction in the compensating tank, and a valve actuation time, which are useful for the design of the passive residual heat removal system. The mass flow in the passive residual heat removal system has been affected by the height between the steam generator and the heat exchanger, and the hydraulic resistance of the loop.     

Heat transfer characteristics of horizontal steam generators under natural circulation conditions

This paper deals with the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal steam generators, particularly under natural circulation (decay heat removal) conditions on the primary side. Special emphasis is on the inherent features of horizontal steam generator behaviour. A mathematical model of the horizontal steam generator primary side is developed and qualitative results are obtained analytically. A computer code, called HSG, is developed to solve the model numerically, and its predictions are compared with experimental data. The code is employed to obtain for VVER 440 steam generators quantitative results concerning the dependence of primary-to-secondary heat transfer efficiency on the primary side flow rate, temperature and secondary level. It turns out that the depletion of the secondary inventory leads to an inherent limitation of the decay energy removal in VVER steam generators. The limitation arises as a consequence of the steam generator tube bundle geometry. As an example, it is shown that the grace period associated with pressurizer safety valve opening during a station black-out is hours instead of the 5–6 hours reported in several earlier studies. (However, the change in core heat-up timing is much less—about 1 h at most.) The heat transfer limitation explains the fact that, in the Greifswald VVER 440 station black-out accident in 1975, the steam generators never boiled dry. In addition, the stability of single-phase natural circulation is discussed and insights on the modelling of horizontal steam generators with general-purpose thermal-hydraulic system codes are also presented.     

Transient analyses of the passive residual heat removal system

The steam generator secondary residual heat removal system is a new design with three-fold natural circulation loop. It is the candidate of the safeguard systems of next generation pressurized water reactor design in China. This paper presents the development of a program, which would be used in the system design. One-dimensional drift flux mixture flow model is used for analysis of the steam water loop, whereas single-phase fluid model is applied to single flow in primary system and air loop. Based on the mathematical model, the code SGSPRHR has been developed. The transient analyses, when station black out accident happens, have been made. Sensitivity study results have also been given. The calculated parameter variation trends are reasonable.