Automatic classification of multiple signals using 2D matching of magnitude–frequency density features

Signal classification is an important function of modern communication systems in software defined radio applications. The ability to quickly recognize the type of received signals allows a system to automatically adapt the processor to properly decode the signals. Many classification techniques assume that the received signal space is occupied by only one signal, and that the frequency of operation is known. However, in some systems, the receiver may be completely blind to the number and characteristics of signals within the bandwidth of interest. The technique introduced in this study proposes the collapsing of localized magnitude peaks from consecutive short time discrete fourier transform bins into magnitude histograms to create a two dimensional image of the frequency?Cmagnitude density of the received signal space. This image can be a useful visualization tool in the characterization of the signal space in user assisted modes of classification. Alternatively, the process could be automated by utilizing pattern recognition and image processing algorithms. Automatic signal classification is explored in this study.     

Tracking of unknown nonstationary chirp signals using unsupervisedclustering in the Wigner distribution space

This paper is concerned with the problems of (1) detecting the presence of one or more FM chirp signals embedded in noise, and (2) tracking or estimating the unknown, time-varying instantaneous frequency of each chirp component. No prior knowledge is assumed about the number of chirp signals present, the parameters of each chirp, or how the parameters change with time. A detection/estimation algorithm is proposed that uses the Wigner distribution transform to find the best piecewise cubic approximation to each chirp's phase function. The first step of the WD based algorithm consists of properly thresholding the WD of the received signal to produce contours in the time-frequency plane that approximate the instantaneous frequency of each chirp component. These contours can then be approximated as generalized lines in the (ω, t, t²) space. The number of chirp signals (or equivalently, generalized lines) present is determined using maximum likelihood segmentation. Minimum mean square estimation techniques are used to estimate the unknown phase parameters of each chirp component. The authors demonstrate that for the cases of (i) nonoverlapping linear or nonlinear FM chirp signals embedded in noise or (ii) overlapping linear FM chirp signals embedded in noise, the approach is very robust, highly reliable, and can operate efficiently in low signal-to-noise environments where it is hard for even trained operators to detect the presence of chirps while looking at the WD plots of the overall signal. For multicomponent signals, the proposed technique is able to suppress noise as well as the troublesome cross WD components that arise due to the bilinear nature of the WD     

Low-power pulse-width-modulated neuromorphic spiking circuit allowing signed double byte data transfer along a single channel

A new design methodology is presented for outputting digital information from asynchronous analogue circuits, which allows signed frequency encoded signal transfer along a single channel. The circuit outputs data as a series of rate and pulse-width encoded spikes: pulse- width modulation is used to represent vector and pulse frequency modulation is used to represent magnitude symbiotically. This technique can be used to increase the bandwidth of multiplexed neural signals, such as for address event registration, or by using a time-to- first-spike system, to multiplex signals on a single channel. Additionally, feedback has been used to improve the switching speed of current starved inverters, reducing their power consumption by over an order of magnitude.     

Ultrasonic in vivo measurement of ocular surface expansion

Our aim was to ascertain whether the ultrasonic measurement of longitudinal corneal apex displacements carried out in a proper headrest is a credible method of ocular pulse (OP) detection. To distinguish between longitudinal movements of the eye globe treated as a rigid body and ocular surface expansion caused by the variations of the eye-globe volume, two ultrasound distance sensors were applied to noninvasively measure displacements of cornea and sclera. The same sensors were used to examine the influence of the anterio-posterior movements of a fixed head on the registration of corneal apex pulsation. In both experiments, ECG signals were synchronically recorded. Time, spectral, and coherence analyses obtained for four healthy subjects showed that the ocular surface expansion due to pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) is the main component of longitudinal corneal displacement. Ocular surface pulsation is always affected by the head movement. However, there exist some unique properties of signals, which help to distinguish between head and eye movements. A rigid headrest and a bite bar are required to stabilize the head during OP measurement. Ultrasonic technique enables noninvasive and accurate in vivo measurement of corneal pulsation, which could be of interest for indirectly estimating intraocular pressure propagation and POBF component.     

Effect of PMD—induced Pulse Broadening on Sensitivity and Frequency Spectrum

The PMD-induced pulse broadening may cause the degradation of receiver sensitivity and has negative effects on the power spectrum of received signals,The expressions of PMD-induced pulse broadening effects on receiver sensitivity are derived based on the concept of mean square pulse width.The effects of PMD on the spectrum of received power are analyzed in detail.Finally,the scheme is discussed with which the power of a certain frequency component is extracted as a feedback control signal in a PMD compensation system.     

Statistical study of the spectral broadening of skywave signalsbackscattered by the sea surface: application to RMS wave heightmeasurement with a skywave radar

HF skywave signals backscattered by the sea surface are studied on a large set of data (more than 30 h of 64 independent signals) to identify the sources of the broadening of the first-order spectral line. Using high-quality signals reflected by sporadic E ionospheric layers, the natural broadening due to sea-scattering effects has been scaled to about 3/100 Hz. When the signals propagate via F layer, the total broadening due to ionospheric effects is similar in magnitude and can be attributed to two causes. The first, due to frequency modulation effects, which can be identified and corrected, scales on average to 1/100 Hz. The second, called unresolved ionospheric effects, scales on average to 2/100 Hz and is probably due to the spatial variation of the ionospheric Doppler within the ionospheric control volume. Since they are greatly variable with time and space, the influence of these unresolved ionospheric effects can be reduced by sorting spectra, according to the value of the equivalent spectral width, before averaging. Using such sorting and correcting the signals for the ionospheric frequency modulation, 70% of the considered set of data are usable to measure the root mean square (RMS) wave height     

Output effect of a quadrature receiver with an input band-pass filter at reception of a phase-keyed wideband signal

An output effect of a quadrature correlation receiver with an input band-pass filter at reception of a phase-keyed wideband signal is considered. Analytical expressions for output effect of a receiver proportional to the absolute value of a complex envelope of a cross-correlation function for received and reference signals are obtained. Dependences of cross-correlation function absolute value on a time delay, frequency mismatch of a received and reference signals, and passband width of input filter are analyzed. It is shown, that cross-correlation function’s maximum is reached in case of non-zero time delay of a received signal when there is no frequency mismatch between input and reference signals. The time delay value corresponding to cross-correlation function’s maximum depends on passband width of input filter.     

An Efficient Technique for Sample-Masked Voice Transmission

Introduced here is a new technique for encrypting bandpass signals. The technique linearly filters a sample-masked signal, modifying the encryption component of the cryptogram to place its spectrum within the frequency band of the signal. Sample masking is a recognized means of encrypting baseband signals while containing the spectrum of the cryptogram within the signal bandwidth. A drawback occurs for bandpass signals, owing to the processing required in the mixing procedures used ordinarily to convert the signal from bandpass to baseband and back. In contrast, the linear filter modifies the encryption component of the cryptogram without processing the signal component, reducing the computational burden of encrypting and decrypting by an order of magnitude. When the maximum frequency is an integer multiple of the minimum frequency, the filter can output the same information symbols that appear at the input and replace the redundant symbols with symbols that control the passband of the output signal. For voice bandwidths of 300-3000 Hz sampled at 6000 Hz, redundancy symbols (one in every ten or 600 samples/s) are removed, the information symbols (nine in ten or 5400 samples/s) are encrypted, and the redundancy symbols are replaced by bandwidth-controlling symbols. Experimental results of clear voice transmitred over simulated telephone lines validate the technique.     

Phase Diversity for an Antenna-Array System With a Short Interelement Separation

This paper presents a simple procedure of obtaining a diversity gain in an antenna-array system with a short interelement separation, typically less than the carrier wavelength. The new technique provides a diversity gain through a noncoherent combination of received signals at each antenna element. The diversity gain arises because, as the number of signal components of the received signal at each antenna element becomes large enough and as the arrival angle of each signal component is distinct from one another, which is a general signal circumstance in most practical code division multiple access (CDMA) signal environments, the amplitudes of the received signals become nearly independent due to the phase difference among the received signals. The diversity gain was referred to as ldquophase diversityrdquo in this paper. The proposed technique is first theoretically analyzed to estimate the performance in terms of pseudorandom-noise-code acquisition, which is verified through extensive computer simulations. Then, through the experimental results that are obtained from a CDMA array-antenna base station system, it has been shown that the performance of noncoherent detection is proportionally improved to the number of antenna elements.     

同频段混合信号中的无人机信号盲检测识别

无人机信号的探测识别技术是应对无人机黑飞滥用的关键技术之一。在实际信号监测环境中，经常会接收到多个信号的混合信号，它们在时域和频域上混叠且各信号分量调制样式相同。为解决在同频段混合信号中检测识别出无人机信号的问题，提出了一种通过谱特征分析判断无人机信号存在性的方法。分别采用基于二次方谱特征的无人机图传和WiFi混合信号检测识别算法以及基于频谱带宽特征的多无人机混合信号检测识别算法，通过对射频电路采集的信号进行仿真验证，实现了从同频段混合信号中检测识别出无人机信号分量。理论分析和实验测试结果证实了所提检测识别算法的有效性。     

基于DRFM的卷积干扰技术研究

针对利用常规干扰手段对宽脉冲线性调频雷达干扰时假目标密集度难以提高的现实问题,提出了一种新的干扰样式产生技术,即将接收到的雷达信号样本存入数字射频存储器（DRFM）中,然后对DRFM中的样本延时读出,通过卷积运算后,生成射频干扰信号转发出去。从原理和工程上分别对该技术进行了分析与设计,并进行半实物仿真,验证了这一干扰产生技术的有效性。     

Prediction of the space-frequency correlation function for basestation diversity reception

A model is proposed to estimate the signal statistics for urban-area base stations with highly elevated antennas. Based on the model, the envelope correlation of the received signal is estimated in the case of hybrid space-frequency diversity reception at the base. It is shown that the spatial correlation or the complex signals is determined of the mean angle of arrival and the width of the incoming beam. Useful closed-form approximations for inline and broadside antenna orientations are obtained. Comparisons between the theoretical model and available experimental data provide adequate justification for the model. It is shown that the lowest spatial correlations among all the possible angular orientations an obtained when the mean direction of the incoming signals is perpendicular to the axis of the base antennas. For this case, an antenna separation of 26λ is required to achieve an envelope correlation of 0.7 when the width of the incoming beam is 0.7°, and this separation reduces to 9λ for a width of 3°. The results indicate that the required spacings can be further reduced by using frequency diversity in conjunction with space diversity. Generalization of the model to incorporate local scattering effects is also proposed     

Estimation of instantaneous frequencies using iterative empirical mode decomposition

A novel instantaneous frequency-based time–frequency representation is proposed for the analysis of multicomponent signals. The concept of frequency translation is innovatively combined with the empirical mode decomposition algorithm to formulate an iterative procedure, referred to as the iterative empirical mode decomposition, to separate the components present in a signal at a suitably selected frequency resolution. The instantaneous frequency and amplitude estimated on the separated components are used to form the new time–frequency representation. The iterative empirical mode decomposition is assessed for component resolvability, and the performance of the aforementioned time–frequency representation is compared with several other time–frequency representations based on visual inspection and using objective criteria. The Hilbert spectrum formed using the iterative empirical mode decomposition not only provides high concentration of energy about the components’ instantaneous frequencies at high signal-to-noise ratio, but also good resolution while keeping the interference terms at a minimum.     

Extraction and analysis of T waves in electrocardiograms during atrial flutter

Analysis of T waves in the ECG is an essential clinical tool for diagnosis, monitoring, and follow-up of patients with heart dysfunction. During atrial flutter, this analysis has been so far limited by the perturbation of flutter waves superimposed over the T wave. This paper presents a method based on missing data interpolation for eliminating flutter waves from the ECG during atrial flutter. To cope with the correlation between atrial and ventricular electrical activations, the CLEAN deconvolution algorithm was applied to reconstruct the spectrum of the atrial component of the ECG from signal segments corresponding to TQ intervals. The locations of these TQ intervals, where the atrial contribution is presumably dominant, were identified iteratively. The algorithm yields the extracted atrial and ventricular contributions to the ECG. Standard T-wave morphology parameters (T-wave amplitude, T peak-T end duration, QT interval) were measured. This technique was validated using synthetic signals, compared to average beat subtraction in a patient with a pacemaker, and tested on pseudo-orthogonal ECGs from patients in atrial flutter. Results demonstrated improvements in accuracy and robustness of T-wave analysis as compared to current clinical practice.     

多相码雷达信号识别与参数估计

该文研究了多相码雷达信号的识别与参数估计。首先估计接收信号的码元宽度,利用多相码信号的时宽和码元宽度已知的条件下可以确定相位调制规律的特点,构造本地参考信号;把该参考信号与接收信号共轭相乘,当本地参考信号与接收信号的调制方式一致时共轭相乘的结果是正弦波,利用这个性质进行调制方式识别;估计该正弦波的频率作为载频估计;最后分析了存在同步误差时的频谱结构。仿真结果显示本算法可以在低信噪比条件下对多相码信号进行识别,并得到载频和码元宽度的精确估计值。     

MIMO系统工程应用分析及其SHPCA多天线系统3维信道容量

从实际工程应用的角度出发,首先对MIMO系统中的各种假设条件做了分析,认为当MIMO信道中的各个子信道相互独立时,可以采用基带联合检测(joint detection, JD)技术实现MIMO信号的分离与合并;如果考虑实际应用场景且当MIMO系统中多根天线发送同频信号时,JD技术无法分离出细多径信号,会使得系统空分复用(space division multiplexing, SDM)增益下降。为此基于对Shannon公式和相控天线阵系统（phase-controlled antenna array , PCA）的讨论,提出了一个新颖的多天线系统-SHPCA系统,该SHPCA系统能够有效地利用相控阵天线产生的定向窄波束来实现SDM功能,提升多天线系统的性能。SHPCA系统容量可用一个三维信道容量公式来描述,空间为第三维度。与传统信道容量度量相比,该模型能更直观的反映SHPCA多天线系统的空分复用作用和收发天线配置对系统容量的影响。      

Optical down-sampling of wide-band microwave signals

Phase-encoded optical sampling allows radio-frequency and microwave signals to be directly down-converted and digitized with high linearity and greater than 60-dB (10-effective-bit) signal-to-noise ratio. Wide-band electrical signals can be processed using relatively low optical sampling rates provided that the instantaneous signal bandwidth is less than the Nyquist sampling bandwidth. We demonstrate the capabilities of this technique by using a 60-MS/s system to down-sample two different FM chirp signals: 1) a baseband (0-250 MHz) linear-chirp waveform and 2) a nonlinear-chirp waveform having a 10-GHz center frequency and a frequency excursion of 1 GHz. We characterize the frequency response of the technique and quantify the analog bandwidth limitation due to the optical pulse width. The 3-dB bandwidth imposed by a 30-ps sampling pulse is shown to be 10.4 GHz. We also investigate the impact of the pulse width on the linearity of the phase-encoded optical sampling technique when it is used to sample high-frequency signals.     

Spectral analysis of atmospheric radar signal using higher orderspectral estimation technique

Higher order spectral estimation techniques have been applied to the backscattered signals received from the troposphere and lower stratosphere by the Gadanki mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar. These techniques allow identification of signals that have non-Gaussian probability distribution. To understand these processes and their effect on estimation of the atmospheric parameters, power spectrum, and bispectrum analyses have been performed on the signals received in both vertical and off-vertical directions. The results show that the backscattered echoes received in the vertical direction are significantly non-Gaussian, while those received in the off-vertical direction are inferred to have predominant Gaussian component. It is demonstrated that the bispectral analysis technique has capability for estimating the vertical wind component with greater accuracy than that derived from the commonly employed fast Fourier transform based power spectral technique     

Soft synchronization of direct sequence spread-spectrum signals

A new technique for soft synchronization of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) signals is presented. The technique, referred to as the dominant mode despreading (DMDS) algorithm, exploits the eigenstructure of a frequency-channelized DSSS signal to estimate the spreading code and underlying message sequence of the signal. Unlike other despreading techniques, the estimate of the code and data improves steadily with the number of code repeats. The technique is applicable to arbitrary spreading codes and message sequences and can operate in environments containing arbitrary levels of white background noise, and for signals with arbitrary unknown timing phase or carrier frequency offset. The technique requires the DSSS signal to have a constant-modulus spreading code and unrelated message and code-repeat rates. This paper introduces the basic technique, theoretically analyzes the algorithm to prove convergence under infinite time-average conditions, and demonstrates the algorithm via computer simulation for a single DSSS signal received in the presence of white Gaussian noise     

FM-EDCSK系统性能分析

提出FM-EDCSK复合混沌数字调制方式并进行系统分析,给出了系统误码率的表达式和系统误码率最小条件下1bit参考信号后连续传输信息比特(Mbit)的最佳值。系统仿真结果证明了理论的正确性,同时得出了一些有用的结论。