委内瑞拉稠油水包油乳化降黏的研究

以委内瑞拉稠油为研究对象,采用不同类型表面活性剂制备委内瑞拉稠油水包油(O/W)体系,以体系的表观黏度为主要评价手段,考察了不同类型表面活性剂形成的稠油O/W体系的初始乳化性能;考察了表面活性剂含量、体系中油与水体积比(简称油水比)及搅拌转速对体系乳化性能的影响。实验结果表明,阴离子和非离子表面活性剂对体系界面黏性及乳化性能产生较大影响;在非离子表面活性剂质量分数0.08%、油水比7:3、搅拌转速3500～5000 r/min的条件下得到的体系的初始表观黏度较低,且初始乳化性能最佳。     

胜利油田金17块稠油-水乳化特性及其对乳化驱油的影响

胜利油田金17块稠油油藏采用水驱后采出液乳化严重，地层流动能力降低，导致开发效果变差。通过乳化状态分析、黏度和流变性测试、油水界面张力测试等研究稠油和水的乳化特性，分析乳化稠油的流动特性；通过对油田常用的乳化驱油剂与W/O型乳状液再乳化形成乳状液的乳化状态、粒径、黏度和黏弹性分析，对乳化稠油再乳化特性进行了研究；分析乳化稠油再乳化机理，并对乳化驱油研究提供了思路。结果表明：乳化严重影响稠油乳状液的黏度，在油藏温度（60℃）条件下，含水率为60%的W/O型乳状液，其黏度、黏性模量和油水界面张力分别是脱水稠油的11.9倍、13.49倍和2.49倍。当含水率高于40%时，非牛顿特性变强、黏度开始呈指数式增大、黏性模量增大显著、油水界面张力迅速增大，严重制约了其在孔隙介质中的流动性。当乳化稠油与乳化驱油剂再乳化时，形成W/O/W型多重乳状液。乳状液的粒径、黏度和黏弹性随着W/O型乳状液中初始含水率的升高而增大。当初始含水率为60%时，乳化驱油剂LPA,HPF和SDS与W/O型乳状液再乳化后形成乳状液的粒径分别为91.3,40.6和27.5μm。相比于它们与脱水稠油形成的乳状液，粒径分别增大7....     

乳化稠油中多重乳滴的形成及对乳状液性质的影响

在新滩肯东451区块产出的平均含水58%的稠油(W/O乳状油)中以0.6 mg/g油的加量加入复配乳化剂HATJ72,在50℃搅拌2分钟转相形成的O/W乳状液,含大量复杂的多重乳滴,观测到了以水为最外相的七重乳滴.多重乳滴稳定性差,讨论了影响多重乳滴稳定性的因素:乳化剂及其加量;搅拌强度;温度;Ostwald熟化作用及形成原始乳滴时的油水比.由该区块净化稠油和含水7.2%的塔河稠油加水加乳化剂配制的O/W乳状液中乳滴结构比较简单,绝大多数为W/O/W型.与由肯东稠油加水加乳化剂配制的O/W乳状液相比,肯东含水(58%)稠油加乳化剂转相形成的含水相同(35%)的O/W乳状液,表观黏度较低且黏度较不稳定.简介了获得成功的肯东451站含水稠油乳化降黏集输试验.在含水58%的稠油中按0.6 mg/g油的加量加入乳化剂HATJ72和自由水,转相形成O/W乳状液,输送温度50℃,乳化液滴结构复杂,乳状液稳定性较差,输送至下游5公里处时,管道垂直方向上含水、油、水滴数量、黏度已有很大差异.液滴结构复杂、乳状液稳定性差,是自由水引起的,因此应控制掺水量.     

O/W型稠油乳状液的静态稳定性评价研究

针对河南油田某井稠油,采用自制的TN-01乳化剂,根据稠油乳化降黏原理及O/W型乳状液的形成机制,研究了乳化剂的类型、含量、乳化方式、搅拌方式、搅拌速度和相体积分数等对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响.本文初步探讨了在TN-01中加入纳米助剂TN-23对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,为纳米材料在稠油乳化降黏中的应用提供了一个可参考的基础数据.     

O/W型稠油乳状液的静态稳定性评价

针对河南油田某井稠油,采用自制的TN-01乳化剂,根据稠油乳化降黏原理及O/W型乳状液的形成机制,研究了乳化剂的类型和含量、乳化方式、搅拌方式和搅拌速度、相体积分数等对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,特别是初步探讨了在TN-01中加入纳米助剂TN-23,对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,为纳米材料在稠油乳化降黏中的应用提供一个可参考的基础数据.     

O/W型TR-02稠油乳状液的配制及静态稳定性评价

针对河南油田L131井稠油,采用自制的TR-02乳化剂,根据稠油乳化降黏原理及O/W型乳状液的形成机制,研究了乳化剂的类型和含量、乳化方式、搅拌方式和搅拌速度、相体积分数等对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,特别是初步探讨了在TR-02中加入纳米助剂TR-23,对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,为纳米材料在稠油乳化降黏中的应用提供一个可参考的基础数据。     

基于能量及原油物性定量分析的油-水混合液黏度预测模型

高含水油-水混合液往往不能形成稳定的乳状液,而是原油将其中一部分水乳化,形成了油包水(W/O)乳状液液滴和游离水的掺混体系.传统的乳状液黏度模型并不适用于这种非稳定乳化的油-水混合体系.采用搅拌测黏法测定并研究了搅拌转速、含水率及温度对油-水混合液表观黏度的影响.结果表明:油-水混合液的表观黏度随着搅拌速率的增大、含水...     

流花稠油W/O型乳状液的稳定性研究

本文就含水率、乳化温度、搅拌速率、搅拌时间、内相水的pH值和矿化度等因素对流花稠油W/O型乳状液稳定性的影响进行了实验。实验采用控制变量法,考察了不同乳化条件下制得的乳状液的静态稳定性和动态稳定性,得出了有关结论。     

特稠油乳化降黏室内评价研究

特稠油原油黏度高、流动性差,采用常规方法开采难度大。针对这一问题,作者提出了一种乳化降黏的开采方法。该方法利用表面活性剂,借助超声波的振动、空化和热作用,使特稠油乳化形成O/W型乳状液,有效降低了油层特稠油黏度,改善了原油的低温流动性。文中还对形成O/W型乳状液影响因素进行了室内评价,并进一步借助超声波增强乳化效果进行了驱油技术实验。结果表明,该技术的实施不会对原油脱水造成影响,其经济性优于热采。该项研究为特稠油油藏开采开辟了新途径。     

稠油W/O型乳状液转相特性研究

为揭示稠油W/O型乳状液转相机理、指导稠油开采及运输,以胜利油田五种稠油样品为研究对象,通过测定不同含水率稠油乳状液的黏度及稠油视HLB值并结合灰熵关联方法,研究分析了稠油由W/O型乳状液向O/W型乳状液的转化过程、稠油乳状液黏度与四组分(饱和分、芳香分、胶质、沥青质)的关系,尝试用稠油的视HLB值解释了不同稠油乳状液乳化转相点的差异原因。按灰熵关联法排列乳化稠油黏度与其极性组分的关联度由大到小的顺序为:重质组分(胶质+沥青质)芳香分饱和分,重质组分是影响乳化稠油高黏的主要因素。对于同一种稠油来说,随着含水率的增加,乳状液表观黏度呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着温度的升高,稠油乳状液转相点增大。胜利油田5种脱水稠油黏度(50℃)由大到小顺序为:草20-平124(14400 m Pa·s)王152-1(22400m Pa·s)草20-平149(24000 m Pa·s)草20-平131(76800 m Pa·s)草南平40(89400 m Pa·s);含水率30%的5种稠油乳状液黏度的大小顺序与脱水稠油黏度的顺序一致,稠油乳状液的乳化转相点(50℃)由高到底的顺序为:草20-平124(59.1%)王152-1(55.5%)草20-平149(53.5%)草20-平131(47.9%)草南平40(45.7%);随着脱水稠油黏度的增大,乳化转相点减小。     

耐盐耐高温超稠油降黏剂的研制与性能评价*

针对超稠油黏度高、流动性差和地层水矿化度高等现状,以表面活性剂、碱、有机磷酸为原料制得乳化降黏剂,对降黏剂配方进行了优选,研究了矿化度和温度对降黏剂降黏性能的影响,并分析了降黏机理。结果表明,超稠油乳化降黏剂最优配方为:质量比为1∶1的磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂YBH与醇醚羧酸盐类的阴、非离子表面活性剂YFBH复配的主剂、碱助剂、耐盐助剂NYZJ-1的质量比为1.1∶0.45∶1.15。在主剂、助剂总加剂量为0.81%(占原油乳状液的质量分数)、乳化温度80℃、油水质量比为7∶3、矿化度为95 g/L的条件下,可使超稠油黏度由316.5 Pa·s(50℃)降至其乳状液的0.0831 Pa·s,降黏率达99.97%,50℃下静置4 h的出水率为5.93%。温度对乳化降黏剂降黏性能的影响较小,经200℃处理2 h后超稠油乳状液的降黏率不变。复配乳化剂各组分间发挥了协同增效作用,增强了体系的降黏性能,提高了乳状液的稳定性。乳化降黏剂降黏效果良好,耐温抗盐,适用于高温高盐油藏。图10表3参15。     

Effects of ethylenediamine on the physico-chemical properties of heavy oil

As a type of organic base, ethylenediamine has a significant influence on the properties of the heavy oil, which can be used to emulsify the heavy oil under shear conditions. After 12?hours of shearing at the rate of 20r/min at the temperature of 60?°C, a volume heavy oil can be completely emulsified in 9 volume ethylenediamine solution with mass concentration of 5000?mg/L to form an O/W emulsion. Under the action of ethylenediamine, the interfacial tension is decreased, the Zeta potential is increased, the interfacial shear viscosity has a little change, and the stabilization of O/W emulsion is increased. The results can provide a reference for the study the mechanism of emulsification of heavy oil by using organic alkali.     

轮古15井区含水稠油流变性实验研究

轮古15井区已进入中高含水期,含水稠油的流变性将对降黏举升工艺产生重大影响。通过室内实验,测定了含水稠油在不同温度及剪切速率条件下的剪切应力及黏度,研究了含水率、温度、剪切速率等因素对稠油流变性的影响。研究结果表明,稠油黏度随含水率增大而明显减小,但在高含水率情况下仍需要降黏才能开采;不同含水稠油的流变特性均可用幂律模型加以描述,因此可以用幂律模型对不同产量的稠油井进行不同含水率情况下的黏度计算及预测。     

稠油O/W乳状液现场管道输送试验分析

综合含水68%～72%的胜利孤东新滩稠油与水混合液,在加入乳化剂HA78浓度为400～800mg/L、现场搅拌条件下,可转相形成较为稳定的O/W乳状液。由于含水率和搅拌强度的变化,在相同样加剂浓度下,现场条件配制的O/W乳状液较试验室配制的表观黏度低,其非牛顿性弱,稳定性有所下降,表观黏度随温度下降变化不明显。在加剂400～800mg/L范围减阻效果与乳化剂浓度成正比,混合方式对减阻效果影响不大。对于试验管道垦东451—东4联集输管道而言,从输送压降分析,在含水量相同的条件下,加入乳化剂后油水混合输送减阻效果优于掺热水输送效果,可以实现全越站输送。管流条件下,在O/W乳状液比较稳定时,减阻主要以降黏减阻为主,而在O/W乳状液不稳定时,主要以管壁与稠油之间形成水膜减阻为主。     

聚醚结构对油水界面性能及稠油降黏效果的影响

为深入认识化学驱稠油乳化降黏的作用机制,考察了3种不同结构的聚醚与稠油的界面张力和界面扩张流变性质,测定了聚醚溶液与稠油形成的乳状液的稳定性、粒径和黏度.结果表明,聚醚类表面活性剂具有较长的柔性氧乙烯(EO)链和氧丙烯(PO)链,能形成界面"亚层",油水界面膜以弹性为主,易与稠油形成稳定的O/W乳状液,显著降低稠油黏度...     

委内瑞拉超稠油降黏体系静态稳定性研究

以委内瑞拉超稠油降黏体系静态稳定性为研究目标,采用不同类型降黏剂制备了委内瑞拉超稠油水包油(O/W)降黏体系。以超稠油O/W降黏体系的表观黏度为主要评价手段,考察了降黏剂的类型及用量、油与水体积比(简称油水比)、温度及搅拌转速对超稠油O/W降黏体系静态稳定性的影响。室内实验结果表明,采用自制活性大分子涂层降黏剂得到的委内瑞拉超稠油O/W降黏体系的静态稳定性更为优越,在涂层降黏剂用量0.15%(w)、油水比10:3、温度25℃和搅拌转速1 500 r/min的条件下,得到的超稠油O/W降黏体系在静置60 d后表观黏度仍小于1 000 MPa.s,具有很好的静态稳定性。     

Characterization of ternary compound viscosity reducer system on viscosity of viscous crude oil

Based on the theory that viscous crude oil can form stable two-phase oil-water interfacial molecular membrane with surfactant, the oil-water interfacial activity and viscosity reduction of oil-water interface of viscous crude oil were studied for the ternary compound system, including anionic surfactant alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), weak alkali Na₂CO₃ and four different kinds of nonionic surfactant emulsifying silicon oil (LKR-1023), lauryl diethanolamide (LDEA), isomeric alcohol ethoxylates (E-1306), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (T-80). Results showed when lipophilic or hydrophilic nonionic surfactants were used separately in the same compound system. The viscosity of viscous crude oil could be reduced, but the viscosity reduction efficacy was not desirable. However, using LKR-1023, E-1306, and T-80 as nonionic surfactant with mass fraction 1.0%, the viscosity reduction rate of viscous crude oil reaches 98.92%, 98.29%, and 96.87%, respectively. With 1.4% of LDEA, the viscosity reduction rate of viscous crude oil can reach 98.89%. Through all different kinds of the nonionic surfactant tested, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion under LDEA ternary compound system has been proved to be the most stable with no phase inversion. Therefore, it is promising to improve the viscosity reduction of the super viscous crude oil by selecting the proper surfactant and dosage.     

稠油乳化驱油机理及室内效果评价

渤海L油田属于稠油油藏,存在水驱开发程度较低的问题。为了改善油水差异的问题,开展了稠油乳化剂与储层岩石润湿能力、原油之间乳化能力、界面张力和降黏效果实验及机理研究。结果表明,稠油乳化剂一方面可以使亲油岩石转变为亲水岩石,另一方面降低亲水岩石的亲水性,有利于将原油与岩石分离,达到提高洗油效率的目的。当"油:水"低于"4:6"时,稠油乳化剂溶液与原油可形成W/O/W型乳状液,大幅度降低稠油黏度,达到改善稠油储层内流动性和扩大宏观波及体积的目的。稠油乳化剂与原油在多孔介质内接触并发生乳化作用,乳状液通过吼道时存在"贾敏效应",致使局部渗流阻力增加和微观波及效果提高。     

The Formation of Waxy Crude Oil-in-water Emulsions for the Reduction of Pour Point and Viscosity

Waxy crude oil is characterized by high pour point and poor flow properties, which bring great difficulty to the oil exploitation and transportation. In this study, the fluidity of waxy crude oil with the pour point of 47°C was highly improved by emulsification with synthetic formation water used as aqueous phase. It was found that the combination of CAO-35 and sodium oleate was an effective emulsifier mixture to form stable waxy crude oil-in-water emulsion and when the mass ratio of oil to water was 7:3, the optimum composition of emulsifying additives with respect to the total mass of the emulsion was obtained as follows: emulsifier mixture (the mass ratio of CAO-35 to sodium oleate was 8:2) 0.4% (w/w), sodium triphosphate 0.028% (w/w), NaOH 0.05% (w/w), and polyacrylamide 0.15% (w/w). Diverse factors affecting the pour point of the formed emulsion were also studied. It was found that the pour point of emulsion increased as oil content increased and the optimum mixing speed and cooling rate were 600 rpm and 0.5°C/min, respectively. Under the optimum emulsifying conditions, when mixing speeds were 250 and 600 rpm, respectively, by forming O/W emulsions with the oil content of 70%, the pour point reductions were 20 and 25°C, respectively, and the corresponding viscosity reductions were 89.79% and 97.46% (40°C), respectively. Thus the pour point and viscosity of waxy crude oil are obviously reduced by forming oil-in-water emulsion, which is highly promising for the exploitation and transportation of waxy crude oil.     

Emulsification of Indian heavy crude oil using a novel surfactant for pipeline transportation

The most economical way to overcome flow assurance problems associated with transportation of heavy crude oil through offshore pipelines is by emulsifying it with water in the presence of a suitable surfactant.In this research,a novel surfactant,tri-triethanolamine monosunflower ester,was synthesized in the laboratory by extracting fatty acids present in sunflower(Helianthus annuus)oil.Synthesized surfactant was used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions of a heavy crude oil from the western oil field of India.After emulsification,a dramatic decrease in pour point as well as viscosity was observed.All the prepared emulsions were found to be flowing even at 1°C.The emulsion developed with 60%oil content and 2wt%surfactant showed a decrease in viscosity of 96%.The stability of the emulsion was investigated at different temperatures,and it was found to be highly stable.The effectiveness of surfactant in emulsifying the heavy oil in water was investigated by measuring the equilibrium interfacial tension(IFT)between the crude oil(diluted)and the aqueous phase along with zeta potential of emulsions.2wt%surfactant decreased IFT by almost nine times that of no surfactant.These results suggested that the synthesized surfactant may be used to prepare a stable oil-in-water emulsion for its transportation through offshore pipelines efficiently.