Dual Fortification of Salt with Iodine and Encapsulated Iron Compounds: Stability and Acceptability Testing in Morocco and Côte d'Ivoire

ABSTRACT: The stability of local salt dual fortified with iodine and 19 iron compounds (encapsulated compared to nonencapsulated sulfate, fumarate, pyrophosphate, and elemental iron) was tested in Morocco and Côte d'Ivoire. Color and iodine content were measured after storage for 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo. Color acceptability was judged by standardized interviews. For most compounds, encapsulation did not protect against adverse sensory changes and iodine losses. However, 2 forms of ferric pyrophosphate, 1 small particle size (approximately 2.5 μm) and 1 micronized (approximately 0.5 μm), performed well and be useful in salt fortification. Improvements in current encapsulation techniques are needed to allow encapsulated iron to be used in salt fortification.     

功能性油脂微胶囊的制备及其稳定性

以海藻酸钠为壁材,CaCl2溶液为固化剂,功能性油脂为芯材,并以微胶囊的包埋率为检测指标,在电压2?000?V、固化时间30?min、搅拌速率50%的条件下,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定出功能性油脂微胶囊化的最佳工艺。最佳工艺为：海藻酸钠质量分数1.6%、频率620?Hz、CaCl2质量分数1.5%、进料速率4.0?mL/min,在此条件下得到的微胶囊包埋率达到（88.32±0.28）%。扫描电子显微镜下微胶囊呈均一球体状,表面光滑。体式显微镜下可看出微胶囊颜色淡黄色,微观结构为单核结构。傅里叶红外光谱分析显示微胶囊含有油脂的特征峰,芯材化学结构并未发生改变。热重分析法实验结果表明微胶囊在250?℃以下具有良好的热稳定性。加速氧化实验表明微胶囊大幅提高了芯材的抗氧化性。     

维生素E复凝聚微胶囊的制备及其稳定性研究

本文以大豆分离蛋白（Soybean protein isolate,SPI）和壳聚糖为壁材,通过复凝聚法制备维生素E（Vitamin E,VE）微胶囊,研究了VE/SPI质量比对VE包埋产率和包埋效率的影响,比较了戊二醛、谷氨酰胺转氨酶交联对VE复凝聚微胶囊释放效果的影响,并探讨了谷氨酰胺转氨酶交联的VE复凝聚微胶囊在不同温度、光照和湿度条件下的稳定性。结果表明,当VE与SPI的质量比为1:2时,微胶囊包埋效果最好,包埋产率和效率分别达到了91.48%和86.45%。戊二醛和谷氨酰氨转氨酶交联显著提高了微胶囊中VE的缓释能力,在无水乙醇中浸泡5 h后,VE的累计释放率分别为47%和42%。稳定性研究表明,与游离VE相比,微囊化显著提高了VE在不同温度、光照及湿度条件下的稳定性。因此,利用SPI-壳聚糖复凝聚体系制备的VE微胶囊在食品工业具有广阔的应用前景。     

The Effect of Nutrient Fortification of Sauces on Product Stability,Sensory Properties,and Subsequent Liking by Older Adults

There are potential nutritional and sensory benefits of adding sauces to hospital meals. The aim of this study was to develop nutrient fortified sauces with acceptable sensory properties suitable for older people at risk of undernutrition. Tomato, gravy, and white sauce were fortified with macro‐ and micronutrients using food ingredients rich in energy and protein as well as vitamin and mineral premixes. Sensory profile was assessed by a trained panel. Hedonic liking of fortified compared with standard sauces was evaluated by healthy older volunteers. The fortified sauces had higher nutritional value than the conventional ones, for example the energy content of the fortified tomato, white sauce, and gravy formulations were increased between 2.5‐ and 4‐fold compared to their control formulations. Healthy older consumers preferred the fortified tomato sauce compared with unfortified. There were no significant differences in liking between the fortified and standard option for gravy. There were limitations in the extent of fortification with protein, potassium, and magnesium, as excessive inclusion resulted in bitterness, undesired flavors, or textural issues. This was particularly marked in the white sauce to the extent that their sensory characteristics were not sufficiently optimized for hedonic testing. It is proposed that the development of fortified sauces is a simple approach to improving energy intake for hospitalized older people, both through the nutrient composition of the sauce itself and due to the benefits of increasing sensorial taste and lubrication in the mouth.     

海藻酸钠微囊化JS25噬菌体的制备、表征及其在食品模拟体系中的释放

通过海藻酸钠微囊化JS25噬菌体,并对制备的JS25噬菌体微囊粉进行结构表征和稳定性分析,通过构建不同的食品模拟体系分析JS25噬菌体微囊粉的释放规律。结果表明,海藻酸钠和CaCl2组成的体系能有效地构建JS25噬菌体微囊粉,通过响应面优化试验得到海藻酸钠和CaCl2添加量分别为3.72、2.55?g/100?mL时,JS25噬菌体包埋率可达88.38%;该条件下的JS25微囊粉粒径分布在20～90?μm之间,且呈正态分布;并且与浮游态噬菌体相比,微囊化的JS25噬菌体稳定性显著增加至35?d（4?℃和20?℃）。另外,JS25微囊粉在不同食品模拟体系中均可迅速释放,呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,在8?min后释放率均达75%以上。说明该工艺可以有效固定JS25噬菌体,并且对噬菌体效价影响较小。因此,海藻酸钠微囊化JS25噬菌体可以用于JS25噬菌体微囊粉的生产加工。     

Soy Protein Fortification Affects Sensory, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Dairy Yogurts

ABSTRACT: Chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties for low fat yogurts fortified with 0,1, 2.5, or 5% soy protein concentrate were determined through 1 mo storage at 5 °C. Yogurts were adjusted to equivalent total solids with nonfat dried milk. Microbiological counts, fermentation time, and final developed acidity were not affected by soy protein. Instrumental viscosity and sensory thickness, soy aroma, and soy flavor increased with soy protein addition (P 0.05). Soy flavor and aroma did not increase with storage time. Yogurt with 5% soy protein was darker, more chalky, and less sweet compared to control yogurt or yogurts with lower concentrations of soy protein (P 0.05). Yogurts with 1 or 2.5% soy protein were most similar to control yogurt.     

Evaluation of Micronutrient Sensors for Food Matrices in Resource‐Limited Settings: A Systematic Narrative Review

In resource‐limited settings, mass food fortification is a common strategy to ensure the population consumes appropriate quantities of essential micronutrients. Food and government organizations in these settings, however, lack tools to monitor the quality and compliance of fortified products and their efficacy to enhance nutrient status. The World Health Organization has developed general guidelines known as ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User‐friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment‐free, and Deliverable to end‐users) to aid the development of useful diagnostic tools for these settings. These guidelines assume performance aspects such as sufficient accuracy, reliability, and validity. The purpose of this systematic narrative review is to examine the micronutrient sensor literature on its adherence towards the ASSURED criteria along with accuracy, reliability, and validation when developing micronutrient sensors for resource‐limited settings. Keyword searches were conducted in three databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus and were based on 6‐point inclusion criteria. A 16‐question quality assessment tool was developed to determine the adherence towards quality and performance criteria. Of the 2,365 retrieved studies, 42 sensors were included based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results showed that improvements to the current sensor design are necessary, especially their affordability, user‐friendliness, robustness, equipment‐free, and deliverability within the ASSURED criteria, and accuracy and validity of the additional criteria to be useful in resource‐limited settings. Although it requires further validation, the 16‐question quality assessment tool can be used as a guide in the development of sensors for resource‐limited settings.     

V_A棕榈酸酯微胶囊的制备及性能研究

以聚天冬氨酸和明胶为壁材,采用单凝聚结合喷雾干燥法制备VA棕榈酸酯微囊。结果表明,最佳原料配比为:壁材浓度为0.1g/mL;芯材与壁材质量比为1∶4;壁材配比为m(明胶)∶m(聚天冬氨酸)=1∶1;乳化剂用量为1.5%;乙醇与水的体积比为1∶2。最佳微胶囊化工艺参数为:喷雾干燥进口温度为160℃,出口温度为70℃,乳化温度为38℃。经过7d的高温(60℃)加速氧化试验,微囊中VA棕榈酸酯的含量为初始含量的84.3%,较好地增加了VA棕榈酸酯的稳定性。     

Nutritional, Sensory, and Physicochemical Properties of Vitamin E- and Mineral-fortified Fresh-cut Apples by Use of Vacuum Impregnation

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated fresh-cut apples (Fuji) fortified with vitamin E and minerals by use of the vacuum impregnation (VI) technique. A 20% diluted high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or 1% calcium caseinate (CC) aqueous solution were used as VI solutions, and 0.4% a-tocopherol acetate, 7.5% Gluconal Cal° (GC), and 0.04% zinc lactate (ZL) were incorporated into the VI solutions for the purpose of nutritional fortification. For VI treatment, fresh-cut apples were immersed in VI solutions subjected to vacuum at 100 mm Hg for 15 min following atmospheric restoration for 30 min. Apples were packed in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hinged clear containers and stored at 2 °C and 88% RH up to 3 wk. Nutritional contents, consumer sensory acceptability, microbial population, color, and firmness of the apples were evaluated during cold storage. In 100 g of fresh-cut apples, vitamin E content increased more than 100 times, and calcium and zinc contents increased about 20 times compared with unfortified apples. Consumer sensory study demonstrated that HFCS-treated apples were highly accepted by consumers in respect to overall liking, color, and texture quality. Bacterial growth was concurrently detected in all apples, but the total plate accounts were under 2.6 log colony-forming units (CFU)/ g apple at the end of 7 d of storage, significantly lower than the industrial standard. Instrumental analysis indicated that VI treatment in both HFCS and CC solutions significantly decreased color change and retained the firmness of fresh-cut apples during 3 wk of cold storage.     

缓释型茶树精油-壳聚糖微胶囊的制备、表征及体外释放规律

以三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,TPP）为交联剂,采用离子凝胶法制备茶树精油-壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）微胶囊,研究茶树精油微胶囊的结构和功能特性,并分析茶树精油微胶囊在不同食品模拟体系中的释放规律。结果表明,茶树精油添加量和CS与TPP质量比对微胶囊粒径和茶树精油包埋率有显著影响,通过优化得到CS与TPP质量比5.3∶1、茶树精油添加量11.30 mg/mL时,茶树精油微胶囊的粒径最小为（0.74±0.03）μm,包埋率最大为（53.15±0.32）%。该条件下微胶囊的粒径范围在0.2～2.3 μm之间,且呈正态分布;并且可以明显提高茶树精油的稳定性,表现为与茶树精油相比,茶树精油微胶囊在0～15 d时,有更稳定的体外杀菌性和抗氧化性。另外,茶树精油微胶囊在不同的食品模拟体系中均能快速释放,并在30 min后逐渐稳定。说明该工艺可以用于对茶树精油的微囊化包埋,从而提高茶树精油的稳定性。     

Spray‐Dried Structured Lipid Containing Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Use in Infant Formulas

Human milk fat (HMF) analogs are structured lipids (SLs) modified to have palmitic acid content at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid composition comparable to HMF. Some of these SLs are also designed to incorporate long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) because of their important role in infant development. In this study, Maillard reaction products (MRPs), obtained from heated whey protein isolates and corn syrup solids (CSS) solution, were used as encapsulants for microencapsulation of 2 enzymatically synthesized SLs for infant formula applications. The encapsulated SL powders were obtained through spray‐drying and evaluated in terms of their microencapsulation efficiency, chemical and physical properties, oxidative stability, and dispersibility. The microencapsulation efficiency of the SLs was 90%. Dispersibility test using particle size measurement demonstrated that these powders dispersed quickly into a homogeneous suspension. The encapsulated SL powders had low peroxide and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values. Lower oxidative stability was obtained in the powder containing SL with a higher degree of unsaturation and a lower concentration of tocopherols. The results demonstrated that the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and concentration of endogenous antioxidant in starting oils influenced the oxidative stability of the encapsulated SLs.     

Stability of Cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum) Essential Oil in Microcapsules Made of Whey Protein Isolate,Guar Gum,and Carrageenan

The effects of microencapsulating cardamom essential oil (CEO) in whey protein isolate (WPI) alone and combined with guar gum (GG) and carrageen (CG) on microencapsulation efficiency, oil chemical stability, and microcapsule structure were investigated. Freeze‐dried microcapsules were prepared from emulsions containing (w/w): 15% and 30% WPI; 0.1% GG, and 0.2% CG as wall materials with CEO (at 10% of polymer concentration) as core material, and physical properties and chemical stability were compared. Bulk density of microcapsules was highest in WPI without GG or CG and in 30% WPI + GG microcapsules, and was more affected by moisture content (r = ?0.6) than by mean particle diameter (d₄₃; r = ?0.2) and span (r = 0.1). Microcapsules containing only WPI had the highest entrapped oil (7.5%) and microencapsulation efficiency (98.5%). The concentrations of 1,8‐cineole and d‐limonene were used as indicators for microcapsule chemical stability since they were the main components of CEO. Microcapsules retained higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of both components than non‐microencapsulated CEO during 16 wk storage at 20 ºC, but higher loss of both components was noted at 35 ºC. Microencapsulated d‐limonene was reduced faster than 1,8‐cineole regardless of temperature. The 30% WPI and 30% WPI + GG microcapsules retained CEO best throughout storage at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that WPI microcapsules had smooth surfaces, were relatively homogenous and regular in shape, whereas GG and CG addition increased visual surface porosity and reduced shape regularity. It was concluded that the best formulation for encapsulating CEO was 30% WPI.     

Stability of Retinyl Palmitate During Cooking and Storage in Rice Fortified with Ultra RiceTM Fortification Technology

Rice fortified with Ultra Rice^TM (UR) containing retinyl palmitate (RP) was tested as a potential vehicle for vitamin A delivery. After UR was mixed with a long grain rice at the ratio of 1 to 99 (w/w), the stability of RP in the rice mixture was studied during cooking and storage for 6 mo. After cooking, the percent retention range of RP was 75 to 87, depending upon the cooking methods. The stability of RP in the rice stored at 2 different temperatures and relative humidities (RH) appeared to be more affected by temperature than RH. Therefore, under tropical conditions, rice fortified with RP might require special handling to avoid significant RP losses.     

Folates in Asian noodles: III. Fortification, impact of processing, and enhancement of folate intakes

ABSTRACT:  Asian noodles, a widely consumed staple food, were evaluated as potential vehicles for fortification with folic acid. Samples of white salted, yellow alkaline, and instant noodles, prepared under controlled laboratory conditions, were fortified and folates were measured at each stage of processing using a microbiological assay. Although the 3 styles showed differing patterns of retention, overall losses were slightly more than 40% and were similar for all styles. White salted and yellow alkaline noodles showed no significant decrease in total folate content during production. In contrast, significant losses occurred for instant noodles during steaming and deep-frying of the noodle strands. In all cases, substantial losses occurred during subsequent cooking of the dried noodles. Fortification at a rate of 50% of the reference value per serving resulted in retention of folate at levels corresponding to 30% following cooking, whereas unfortified noodles contributed less than 4% per serving. It is concluded that fortifying Asian noodles provides an effective means for enhancing folate intake.     

Anthocyanins: optimisation of extraction from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes,microcapsulation and stability in soft drink

The aim of this study was to establish the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins from Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes using the response surface methodology and to evaluate the stability of these anthocyanins encapsulated with different carrier agents in an isotonic soft drink system under different light and temperature conditions. The extraction process was optimised with the response surface methodology to obtain the highest anthocyanin concentration (40 mL of ethanol:1.5 N HCL (85:15) as solvent, extraction time 29.4 h at pH 2.4). The degradation of the anthocyanins followed first‐order kinetics in the situations evaluated. Maltodextrin, maltodextrin/γ‐cyclodextrin and maltodextrin/arabic gum were tested as carrier agents and the combination of maltodextrin/arabic gum presented the longest half‐life time and lowest degradation constant for all the conditions evaluated. The formation of microcapsules was observed through scanning electron microscopy.     

鱼油在食品领域中的应用技术综述

对鱼油在食品领域中的应用技术进行综述。由于具有独特的营养功能,鱼油的应用十分广泛。中国居民目前对二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)摄入不足,因而鱼油在食品中的应用十分必要。目前市场上已有多种鱼油应用于各类食品中。在应用过程中,鱼油的氧化稳定性问题一直是研究热点,选择不同的添加形式(纯鱼油、乳状液和微胶囊)并采用某些新工艺可有效提高氧化稳定性。鱼油应用于食品在技术和商业方面的发展前景均十分广阔。     

An Improved Method of Microencapsulation of Probiotic Bacteria for Their Stability in Acidic and Bile Conditions during Storage

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for applying an extra coating of palm oil and poly‐L‐lysine (POPL) to alginate (ALG) microcapsules to enhance the survival of probiotic bacteria. Eight strains of probiotic bacteria including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum, L. salivarius, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, B. lactis type Bl‐O4, and B. lactis type Bi‐07 were encapsulated using alginate alone or alginate with POPL. Electron microscopy was used to measure the size of the microcapsules and to determine their surface texture. To assess if the addition of POPL improved the viability of probiotic bacteria in acidic conditions, both ALG and POPL microcapsules were inoculated into pH 2.0 MRS broths and their viability was assessed over a 2‐h incubation period. Two bile salts including oxgall bile salt and taurocholic acid were used to test the bile tolerance of probiotic bacteria entrapped in ALG and POPL microcapsules. To assess the porosity and the ability of the microcapsule to hold small molecules in an aqueous environment a water‐soluble fluorescent dye, 6‐carboxyflourescin (6 FAM), was encapsulated and its release was monitored using a UV spectrophotometer. The results indicated that coating the microcapsules with POPL increased the overall size of the capsules by an average of 3 μm ± 0.67. However, microcapsules with added POPL had a much smoother surface texture when examined under an electron microscope. The results also indicated that the addition of POPL to microcapsules improved the average viability of probiotic bacteria by > 1 log CFU/mL when compared to ALG microcapsules at 2 h of exposure to acidic conditions. However, similar plate counts were observed between ALG and POPL microcapsules when exposed to bile salts. This suggests that an extra coating of POPL could be readily broken down by bile salts that are commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Upon testing the porosity of the microcapsules, findings suggest that POPL microcapsules were less porous and hold 52.2% more fluorescent dye over a 6‐wk storage period.