干孔口的（超）声波测试

提出了一种干孔（超）声波测试方法，介绍了一种相应的干孔耦合装置，使用简便有效，成本低。     

电瓷湿法成型中干坯打孔的设备及工艺

主要介绍了电瓷湿法成型过程中干坯打孔的设备及工艺情况,推荐了一种新的瓷孔成型方法     

道路桥梁施工中的干成孔旋挖桩施工技术

作为道路桥梁桩基施工中重要的一种形式,干成孔旋挖桩施工具有施工便捷、可靠性高以及成本低等优势而在新时期路桥工程建设中得到了广泛应用。本文基于干成孔旋挖桩施工技术,就其在路桥施工中的应用进行了着重探究,以期为新时期路桥工程桩基施工提供指导。     

加气混凝土孔结构与性能的关系

加气砼是一种多孔多相的非均质材料。加气砼在生产和使用上主要是由抗压强度、干缩值和抗冻性这三项指标来控制和评定其产品质量。影响材料强度和干缩的因素是复杂的,其中,材料的孔结构是直接影响材料的强度和干缩的主要因素。(一)加气砼孔结构与强度的关系材料的实际强度比理论强度低3～4个数量级。从断裂力学的观点看,材料本身的不均匀     

砂卵石地层旋挖钻粘土护壁干挖成孔施工技术研究

旋挖钻机施工作为一种新兴的施工工艺,虽然应用广泛,但施工中遇到问题也越来越多,钻孔过程中的坍孔、孔深偏斜、扩孔、缩孔、卡钻等问题妨碍了旋挖钻的进一步发展,目前在复杂地层中的旋挖钻孔技术研究相对薄弱。为此,针对砂卵石地层干挖粘土护壁成孔灌注桩进行研究,丰富旋挖钻的应用范围,可为今后类似工程施工提供参考。     

沉渣对冲击红层泥岩桩基承载特性影响研究

红层泥岩易崩解的特性致使桩底存在一定厚度的沉渣,沉渣的"软垫"效应等可能引起桩基承载力的下降。为了研究混凝土冲击作用下干孔沉渣和湿孔沉渣对红层泥岩桩基承载特性的影响,对红层泥岩地区某工程现场三根试桩进行静载试验,得到不同浇筑环境下的桩基lg Q-S曲线以及桩侧摩阻力随桩深变化关系曲线。根据试验结果分析了干孔、湿孔对桩基承载性能的影响,并利用有限差分软件进行数值模拟,验证现场试桩试验结果。结果表明:在沉渣厚度相同的条件下,桩孔(沉渣)为湿孔时,混凝土冲击作用明显(可能导致缩径),桩基的承载力较干孔有所提高,桩端阻力比干孔发挥的更充分;桩孔(沉渣)为干孔时,冲击效果不明显,孔底还残留较大厚度的沉渣,致使桩顶沉降(在相同的荷载下)明显较湿孔的大。     

刍议道路桥梁施工中的干成孔旋挖桩施工技术

在现代的道路桥梁施工中,干成孔旋挖桩施工技术已经成为重要技术之一,因此应当加强一定的技术研究,重点加强一些常见问题及缺陷部位的分析与处理,严格按照规范操作,更好的完善这项施工技术。干成孔旋挖桩施工技术,在现代道路桥梁工程中得到了广泛应用,为道路桥梁施工带来了很大的便利,也大大的减轻了施工成本,并提高了施工安全性。当前道路桥梁建设正处于发展的重要阶段,所以应当对干成孔旋挖桩施工的难点进行深层次分析,以更好的实现技术的完善和改进。下面以某一桥梁工程为例,探索干成孔旋挖桩具体的施工工艺。     

钻孔咬合桩设计与施工

钻孔咬合桩作为一种新型的围护结构,由于其桩心相交咬合,解决了传统桩心相切桩防水效果差的毛病,但给施工带来了困难.我们在深圳地铁金益区间采用套管磨桩机切割咬合工艺解决了这一难题.套管切割咬合成桩工艺具有以下优点:①桩心咬合,防水效果好;②成孔垂直精度高;③套管护壁,干孔作业,无塌孔,无泥浆,无冲击,无振动,无噪声,对周围环境影响小,利于文明施工.     

稳泡剂改善火山灰泡沫混凝土性能研究

采用硬脂酸钙和一种实验室自制的外加剂作为稳泡剂,通过双氧水化学发泡方法,制备了火山灰泡沫混凝土(VAFC)。研究了两种稳泡剂单掺和复掺对VAFC成型状态、干密度、抗压强度、吸水率、导热系数和孔结构的影响。试验结果表明,硬质酸钙可以作为稳泡剂改善孔结构提高抗压强度,同时也具有很好的憎水效果,显著降低吸水率;而使用自制稳泡剂时,对VAFC抗压强度会产生负面影响,对吸水率改善效果一般。VAFC的孔结构影响材料的保温性能,相近干密度情况下,气孔孔径越小,连通孔越少,导热系数越低;使用自制稳泡剂制备的VAFC,孔径在0.5～1 mm之间,气孔呈球状,连通孔很少,导热系数较低;而使用硬脂酸钙时,孔径在1～2 mm之间,部分气孔呈不规则状,且存在少量连通孔,导热系数相对较高。硬脂酸钙和自制稳泡剂复合使用,可以达到协同增效的作用,使VAFC在力学性能和保温性能两个方面均达到较为理想的水平。     

干法碎石桩的施工技术及监督检查要点

干法碎石桩是采用各种无水冲施工工艺制成的碎石桩,它避免了振动水冲法施工对场地的破坏,因而逐渐在成都地区推广开来。它主要包括:干振碎石桩、振挤碎石桩、锤击碎石桩、强夯置换碎石桩。成都地区现阶段常用的施工工艺有干振碎石桩法和锤击碎石桩法两种。现分述如下。1干振碎石桩的施工工艺(1)施工机具及配套设备干振法是干法振动加固法的简称,主要设备为振孔器,全长7.3m,自重约22kN,振动头直径为280～330mm;主要由动力、传动和振动三部分组成。配套设备为8～10t吊车或专用机架及装料小车。(2)工艺首先用振孔器振动挤土成孔,使原孔位的土…     

Designing Whole Landscapes

A whole-landscape approach is critical to ensuring conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in farmed landscapes. Although existing agri-environmental schemes are constrained by property boundaries and voluntary take up, the potential for adopting a whole-landscape approach to planned countryside management is currently favoured by a number of factors. These include economic uncertainty in some agricultural sectors; the introduction of a reformulated rural development policy; increased understanding of relationships between biodiversity and management; and the introduction of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology that allows future landscapes to be visualized by stakeholders. Ecological and socio-economic aspects of whole-landscape planning in a study covering 31 neighbouring farms in west Oxfordshire are reported. A baseline was first compiled that included information on: property boundaries; land cover; relationships between hedge and field margin management and key taxa; and farmer socio-economics and attitudes towards agri-environmental measures, conservation and sustainable agriculture. Future scenarios of integrated wholelandscape management were then developed, designed to deliver amenity, environmental and biodiversity benefits. These scenarios were presented and interpreted to farmers and conservation and amenity stakeholders with the aid of GIS-based maps and three-dimensional virtual reality visualizations. Farmers' responses are reported and the potential for implementing whole-landscape planning is discussed .     

增加，改造，修正：不断成长的博物馆

在２０世纪末期．欧美的博物得变成了一种“加法动物”不断进行着改建、扩建和加建．从而涌现出大量风格方式不间的建筑实例其中既有失败．也有成功。本文选择了部分典型案例如以分析，特别肯定了托马斯·毕比和西萨·佩里的设计概念和方法，并提出了未来的改．扩建将面向未来不断发展的观点。     

Shaken,shrinking, hot,impoverished and informal: Emerging research agendas in planning

This is the second of two special issues in Progress in Planning exploring emerging research agendas in planning. It brings together scholars from diverse schools working on new areas of research and application in urban design and planning. Emergent research agendas include both novel areas of research and important shifts in the direction of a research area. The challenge for planning schools is to reflect critically on these changes and develop long-term research agendas that can better position our field in society and academia, and provide a basis from which to assess our academic programmes. The chapters in this issue display the different scales and fields of planning, including planning for: disaster recovery; climate change, especially opportunities for mitigation; shrinking cities in the First World; and rapidly urbanising informal and impoverished cities in the global South. At the same time, the chapters identify research areas that respond to major social and environmental changes. Olshansky and Chang highlight the increasing losses from catastrophic disasters, and address the need for disaster recovery planning. Wheeler, Randolph and London focus on climate change, and, noting the urgency of action now, their research agenda emphasises opportunities for planners to develop research and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hollander, Pallagst, Schwarz and Popper look at increasing economic and population trends in many First World cities that result in city ‘shrinkage’. They present new opportunities for improving cities’ green space networks and natural features, and for research. The trebling of urban population in African cities by 2050, in conditions of poverty and informality, is the major trend driving Parnell, Pietriese and Watson's chapter. They present an agenda for new planning theories and for supporting empirical research to address the actual conditions of African cities.     

Environmental affordances and children’s needs: Insights from child-friendly community streets in China

With rapid urbanization in China, an increasing building density has squeezed the urban public space. Community streets are occupied by motor vehicles or other functions, and can no longer sufficiently support children to carry out safe and independent activities. As an important space for children’s daily natural contact and social activities, the lack of the spatial function of streets results in a decline in children’s subjective initiative and social abilities. The United Nations has stressed the importance of community as the basic unit of space for children’s daily activities in building child friendly cities. It is urgent to reshape child-friendly community streets and support children’s healthy growth. Integrating previous research results on affordance theory and design, children’s growth and environment, and street-game spaces, this study focuses on investigating 23 community streets in four residential communities in Nanjing through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and other methods. Then, from the perspective of cognitive affordance, functional affordance, and social affordance, it analyzes the behavioral possibilities provided by the environment and the needs of the children-user group. Finally, from the perspectives of openness and security, preference and diversity, positive and negative, and reality and potential, it proposes a method to assess the existing environment. This study aims to extract the significant characteristics of the built environment that effectively support and promote children’s outdoors activities, and explore the design strategy of improving street space sharing through optimizing space elements and structure at the medium and micro levels, so as to respond to multiple goals including livable city development from the perspective of child friendliness. This study also tries to change the logical way of design thinking and provide an eco-psychological perspective on how to build a child-friendly community.     

Reviewing the past to learn in the future: making sense of design errors and failures in construction

Design errors can severely jeopardise safety and contribute to failures in construction and engineering projects. Such failures can have devastating economic, environmental and social consequences. Significant efforts have been made to reduce the incidence of failures through learning from previous disasters and events by modifying building and engineering codes and standards accordingly. Design errors, however, remain an innate feature of construction and engineering projects despite the considerable amount of knowledge that has been accumulated to date. Most errors are identified during construction and require rework, but there is always a potential for some to remain undetected and contribute to failure, and as a result potentially contribute to accidents and loss of life. An examination of the literature research suggests that a series of pathogenic influences contribute to errors and failure. Thus, this paper article examines the circumstances and issues that contributed to a series of construction and engineering failures to enable development of a learning framework that can be used to mitigate design errors and potential failures and accidents.     

Relational competence in complex temporary organizations: The case of a French hospital construction project network

Large and complex project networks are characterized by the collaboration of heterogeneous organizations and individuals. In addition to project management techniques and complementary skills, relational competence, i.e. the ability to actively create and develop collaborative relationships is an essential asset for managing project networks. Networks represent structured role systems which may be a substitute for stable organizational structures and routines. This study investigates relational competence in the network of a large construction project of a French hospital. Based on network data and qualitative interviews, we compare the formal roles and positions of actors in the network to their actual roles and positions and analyze how relational competence promotes the coordination of project work. We find several actors whose network position and relational competence correspond to the formal organization and several actors with a mismatch between the formal organization and the actual role and position. In the latter cases, other network members step in and contribute to an effective coordination. The concept of relational competence in combination with network analysis contributes to a better understanding of the functioning of project networks. In particular, it reveals dysfunctions in the project network and allows for identifying the reasons for failure.     

TREX: spatially distributed model to assess watershed contaminant transport and fate

Contaminant releases from upland areas can have adverse water quality and stream ecology impacts. TREX (Two-dimensional, Runoff, Erosion, and Export) is a spatially distributed, physically-based model to simulate chemical transport and fate at the watershed scale. TREX combines surface hydrology and sediment transport features from the CASC2D watershed model with chemical transport features from the WASP/IPX series of water quality models. In addition to surface runoff and sediment transport, TREX simulates: (1) chemical erosion, advection, and deposition; (2) chemical partitioning and phase distribution; and (3) chemical infiltration and redistribution. Floodplain interactions for water, sediment, and chemicals are also simulated. To demonstrate the potential for using TREX to simulate chemical transport at the watershed scale, a screening-level application was developed for the California Gulch watershed mine-waste site in Colorado. Runoff, sediment transport, and metals (Cu, Cd, Zn) transport were simulated for a calibration event and a validation event. The model reproduced measured peak flows, and times to peak at the watershed outlet and three internal locations. Simulated flow volumes were within approximately 10% of measured conditions. Model results were also generally within measured ranges of total suspended solid and metal concentrations. TREX is an appropriate tool for investigating multimedia environmental problems that involve water, soils, and chemical interactions in a spatially distributed manner within a watershed.     

Approaches to Forest Edges as Dynamic Structures and Functional Concepts

In cultural landscapes within temperate regions, forest edges - the transitions or edges between forest and open landscape - can comprise specific habitats. Forest edges are the result of the interaction between cultural land use and the dynamic properties of edge vegetation. Forest edges are of potential interest for multiple - use landscape planning and may be protected and promoted within forest policies. Different approaches to describing and understanding forest edges are presented. The influence of cultural land use and landscape dynamics on the physical structure of forest edges in the landscape is emphasized. Forest edges are compared to other types of edge habitats. Functional edge concepts from landscape ecology (edge effects, ecotones and boundaries) are reviewed, focusing on the role of edges at a landscape scale. The different approaches merge to the conclusions that origin, structure and function of forest edges are closely interrelated; edges are relative concepts and need to be studied and defined in relation to a specific purpose and scale; forest edges are highly dynamic in space and time; processes at edges can influence processes in the entire landscape; and the dynamic properties of edges can best be understood if studied at a landscape scale. A landscape perspective to edge management is suggested.     

Environmental Management of Landfill Sites

The paper reviews various options adopted in the UK for engineered protection measures aimed at preventing pollution to the environs of landfill sites. The advantages and limitations of both natural and synthetic lining materials are discussed, recognizing the constraints posed by the geometry and geology of prospective landfill sites. Particular attention is given to the Environmental Safety Centre experience with techniques designed to minimize both leachate and gaseous emissions, and hence prevent pollution of ground and surface waters, and reduce hazards to nearby property. Options for operational practices and restoration procedures are discussed in relation to the control of degradation processes and polluting potential. Included in these options are design and operation of leachate and gas collection/treatment systems, phasing of landfilling operations, and progressive restoration of sites. Monitoring requirements are emphasized as a vital measure of the success or failure of site designs and operational practices in ensuring that appropriate environmental protection is achieved and maintained.     

Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions - Properties, requirements and possibilities

The advantages and disadvantages of the thermal building insulation materials and solutions have been treated. Both traditional, state-of-the-art and possible materials and solutions beyond these have been investigated. Examples of these may be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, vacuum insulation panels, gas insulation panels, aerogels, and future possibilities like vacuum insulation materials, nano insulation materials and dynamic insulation materials. Various properties, requirements and possibilities have been compared and studied. Among these are thermal conductivity, perforation vulnerability, building site adaptability and cuttability, mechanical strength, fire protection, fume emission during fire, robustness, climate ageing durability, resistance towards freezing/thawing cycles, water resistance, costs and environmental impact. Currently, there exist no single insulation material or solution capable of fulfilling all the requirements with respect to the most crucial properties. That is, for the buildings of today and the near future, several insulation materials and solutions are used and will have to be used depending on the exact circumstances and specifications. As of today, new materials and solutions like e.g. vacuum insulation panels are emerging, but only slowly introduced in the building sector partly due to their short track record. Therefore it will be of major importance to know the limitations and possibilities of all the insulation materials and solutions, i.e. their advantages and disadvantages. In this respect new conceptual thermal building insulation materials are also discussed.