高性能结构抗多次多种灾害全寿命性能分析与设计理论研究进展

为促进高性能结构抗多次多种灾害全寿命性能设计理论研究在我国的发展,详细介绍了该领域的国内外研究现状并建立了其基本研究框架。对高性能结构在全寿命周期内可能遭受的多种灾害单独作用和联合作用的发生概率模型的研究成果进行了阐述,以碳化腐蚀作用和风致疲劳作用为例,论述了在结构全寿命周期内由环境作用引起材料及构件退化的时变模型研究现状,为开展多次多种灾害作用下高性能结构的全寿命性能分析研究提供了方向,并系统介绍了多种灾害作用下结构易损性分析方法和考虑灾害损失成本的结构全寿命抗灾性能优化设计方法的研究进展。基于全寿命周期的结构抗多次多种灾害性能设计方法,能够合理地解决传统设计方法中未考虑多种灾害联合作用和结构性能退化问题,对于建筑结构设计领域的发展具有重要意义。     

Life-cycle cost-oriented multiobjective optimization of composite frames considering the slab effect

The life-cycle cost-oriented design philosophy is a promising tool for building resilient cities as it helps in gaining insights into the impact of hazard-induced damage and repair of civil and infrastructure systems. In this study, a socioeconomic parameter-independent practical formulation was introduced for life-cycle cost analysis by combining the economic loss rate associated with different damage limit states and cloud analysis-based probabilistic seismic demand model. A framework for life-cycle cost analysis-based seismic design optimization was proposed using an emerging nature-inspired algorithm, namely, the multiobjective cuckoo search. By considering an eight-story prototype composite frame, the framework was used to determine the trade-off design alternatives between competing optimization objectives. Conventional and improved fiber models were developed to comparatively evaluate the influence of the slab spatial composite effect on Pareto optimal designs. The key drivers of change in three cost indicators were identified using generalized linear models. The result indicates that the overstrength factor is the critical design parameter affecting the initial construction, seismic damage, and life-cycle costs, with statistical significance at the 0.001 level.     

A multi-objective feedback approach for evaluating sequential conceptual building design decisions

Conceptual design decision-making plays a critical role in determining life-cycle environmental impact and cost performance of buildings. Stakeholders often make these decisions without a quantitative understanding of how a particular decision will impact future choices or a project's ultimate performance. The proposed sequential decision support methodology provides stakeholders with quantitative information on the relative influence conceptual design stage decisions have on a project's life-cycle environmental impact and life-cycle cost. A case study is presented showing how the proposed methodology may be used by designers considering these performance criteria. Sensitivity analysis is performed on thousands of computationally generated building alternatives. Results are presented in the form of probabilistic distributions showing the degree to which each decision helps in achieving a given performance criterion. The method provides environmental impact and cost feedback throughout the sequential building design process, thereby guiding designers in creating low-carbon, low-cost buildings at the conceptual design phase.     

Multi-hazard loss analysis of tall buildings under wind and seismic loads

This paper presents a framework for life-cycle loss estimation for non-structural damage in tall buildings under wind and seismic loads. Life-cycle cost analysis is a useful design tool for decision- makers, aimed at predicting monetary losses over the lifetime of a structure, accounting for uncertainties involved in the problem definition. For tall buildings, sensitive to dynamic excitations like earthquake and wind, it can be particularly suitable to base design decisions not only on initial cost and performance but also on future repair expenses. The proposed approach harmonises the procedures for intervention costs evaluation of structures subjected to multiple-hazards, taking into account the peculiar differences of wind and earthquake, in terms of load characterisation, type and evolution of damage. Relative effect of the two hazards on damage to drift- and acceleration-sensitive non-structural elements are examined. The influence of uncertainty in structural damping is also taken into account. It is shown that, although it is commonly believed that the design of a given structure is usually dominated by either winds or earthquakes, when LCC-based design is performed, both winds and earthquakes may be important.     

考虑台风持时效应的低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失分析

低矮房屋围护结构在台风中往往破坏严重，有效预测台风周期内低矮房屋围护结构的风致损失具有重要意义。文章基于风洞试验数据，围绕台风持时低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失分析方法开展研究。首先阐述台风周期内低矮房屋的风致破坏过程，回顾现有考虑台风持时效应的风灾损失一般分析方法；在此基础上，通过对风灾损失的逐步分析法中模拟策略进行改进，提出考虑台风持时效应的低矮房屋围护结构风灾损失估计高效分析方法；其中，采用半经验公式估计非高斯风压极值分布，并基于Nataf变换建立风压的多元极值联合概率模型；结合台风实测数据，对方法进行演示。研究发现，低矮房屋围护结构在台风中的破坏随着时间推移逐渐累积，考虑台风的持时效应十分必要；使用该方法可以有效地考虑围护构件荷载的非高斯性、随机性以及空间相关性等影响因素，且计算效率大幅提升。     

基于全寿命周期成本理论的既有建筑节能经济效益评价

为了对既有建筑节能改造的经济效益进行评价,本文采用全寿命周期成本理论,界定了既有建筑节能改造项目的全寿命周期概念,分析了既有建筑节能改造项目的全寿命周期成本的组成,建立了既有建筑节能改造项目的经济效益评价模型及评价指标。     

我国城市住宅全生命期能源消耗分析

为了全面掌握我国城市住宅建筑的全生命期能源消耗情况,文章运用全生命期评价模型对我国2007年所建城市住宅的能耗总量加以计算,同时借助敏感度分析方法对总能耗的敏感因素进行识别。研究结果表明,运行能耗在全生命期能耗中所占比例为70%;在能源消费结构方面,煤炭和电力占据了总能耗的80%;全生命期能耗量对于建筑采暖能耗密度和其他生活终端能耗密度较为敏感。该研究加深了对我国城市住宅全生命期能源消耗的了解,将推动全生命期评价模型在我国建筑领域的应用。     

拟建高层建筑风环境对周边建筑遗产影响评估——以广州同盛机器厂旧址为例

高层建设项目将对风环境造成严重影响,给遗产保护利用带来新的问题与隐患。于是在城市规划设计早期,评 估拟建高层建筑风环境对周边建筑遗产的影响显得尤为重要。以规划中的广州白鹅潭国际中心商贸区及其中文物建筑 群——同盛机器厂旧址为例,应用 CFD 软件 Phoenics 模拟典型工况下拟建高层建筑风环境的影响。结果显示：①强台 风工况下,屋面风荷载未超过安全限值,由风压分布得出易受破坏部位;②“回南天”工况下,区域通风效果较好,但 风影区影响较大,存在加重生物侵害的隐患;③夏冬季工况下,风廊改善夏季风环境的作用明显,冬季在高层建筑附近 出现下行的高速冷风。依据建筑遗产受影响情况作出预评估,可指导城市高层建筑建设与周边建筑遗产保护协同进行。     

A combined tuned damper and an optimal design method for wind‐induced vibration control for super tall buildings

The wind‐induced vibrations of super tall buildings become excessive due to strong wind loads, super building height and high flexibility. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs) have been widely used to control vibrations for actual super tall buildings for decades. To fully use both the economic advantage of the TLCD system and the high efficiency of the TMD system, an innovative supplemental damping system including both TLCD and TMD and called combined tuned damper (CTD), which can substantially decrease the cost of the damper, was proposed to control the wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings. The governing equations are generated for the motion of both the primary structure and the CTD and solved to anticipate the dynamic response of the CTD‐structure system. Moreover, an optimal design method of human comfort performance is proposed, in which the life cycle cost of the damper‐structure system is considered as the quantitative index of the performance. The life cycle cost includes the initial cost, the maintenance cost and the failure cost. The failure cost can be calculated using the vibration‐sensation rate model, which is based on the Japanese code AIJES‐V001‐2004. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑结构生命周期多维度经济成本评估及优化方法

超高层建筑结构具有结构体系复杂、结构功能多样、生命周期长、投资量大、持有人固定不变等特点,其全生命周期成本费用包含初始费用、维护费用、灾害失效费用以及拆除费用等多项费用。为了实现超高层结构全生命周期经济利益最大化而采用的生命周期经济评估方法通过方案对比、构件对比、费用项目等多维度对超高层结构成本费用进行管理。使用该方法能够在项目初期就对结构项目进行全面的评估与优化,同时,一个超高层建筑的实例将被引用来说明其有效性与适用性。     

Occupants have little influence on the overall energy consumption in district heated apartment buildings

The purpose of this research is twofold: first, to evaluate how occupant behavior in a neutral environment influences the overall greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption of multi-family apartment buildings, and second: to establish which activities associated with housing companies produce the most greenhouse gas emissions. The research comprised of a multiple cases of housing companies dating from the late 1960s and located in the Finnish capital Helsinki. The studied housing companies represent the least energy efficient third of the Finnish residential building stock, approaching obligatory large scale refurbishments. The analysis is conducted in two phases with a so called hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Using the technique, both economic and metric consumption data are analyzed to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions generated by activities associated with housing. In line with previous research, the study identifies heating energy as the single most significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The results also show that the carbon load associated with housing activities makes up one third of an individual resident's overall carbon footprint. Contrary to often stated belief, the study indicates that occupant behavior has only limited effect on the energy consumption and, consequently, carbon emissions derived from housing, particularly when multi-family housing connected to district heating is concerned. However, apartment size seems to have a two-way impact, the smallest and the largest being the least energy efficient.     

基于全寿命周期费用的节能住宅投资决策研究

开发节能住宅是我国建设资源节约型社会的重要保障。通过对节能住宅全寿命周期费用含义的理论分析,建立了节能住宅全寿命周期费用估算模型,并以兰州鸿运润园节能住宅为例进行实证研究。     

一种改进的工程结构全寿命设计理论指标体系

以结构耐久性为主线，对现有工程结构全寿命设计理论框架进行重组，将结构的全寿命设计目标总结为可靠性目标和可持续性目标两方面，建立了包含安全性、适用性、耐久性、经济影响、环境影响和社会影响等设计目标的全寿命设计体系，并确定了基于结构动态性能的全寿命设计思路。通过建立结构可持续发展指标，解决了现有全寿命设计理论中概念模糊和指标重复的问题，并完善了全寿命成本的内涵。改进后的全寿命设计理论指标体系具有更为完善合理的构架，能够广泛适应各种结构类型和使用情况。     

基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。     

超高层建筑结构优化过程中的环境成本计算

近年来中国大陆掀起了超高层建筑的兴建热潮。超高层建筑体量巨大,其碳排放和能源消耗对环境有显著影响。在评估和优化超高层建筑的全生命周期环境成本时,提出了一个全新的全生命周期模型。新模型有两大特征：首先,同时考虑了建筑材料的空间分布与时间特征;其次,把单尺度生命周期概念拓展到多尺度生命周期概念,以从更多角度来研究碳排放情况。建立了一个基准超高层建筑模型来阐释对新模型的应用。根据初步研究结果,应用新方法可以选择出更优化的结构设计方法,以最大程度减少碳排放量。     

Economic perspectives of aerodynamic treatments of square tall buildings

This paper investigates the impact and value of aerodynamic modifications, based on wind engineering considerations, on the building economics of tall structures. Aerodynamically efficient plan shapes are shown to be an effective means of suppressing wind-induced loads, and hence construction cost, but may come at the cost of reducing both the size and value of saleable/rentable floor area. Therefore, it is not straightforward for engineers to decide on aerodynamic modifications, such as the size and type of corner modifications, with regard to both the structural responses and the effects on economic rewards. A series of wind tunnel tests were conducted at the CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, using the high frequency force balance technique for building models with different corner modifications. Empirical formulae are proposed to relate the cross-wind responses to the building dimensions and dynamic properties. Those formulations are subsequently employed to assess the financial profits for each building configuration. The construction costs and financial returns of tall buildings are also examined.     

Climate model-based probabilistic assessment of wind risk for residential buildings under projected future climate

The present paper investigates the impact of the global climate change on typhoon-induced wind risk for residential buildings in Japan. It is based on (1) the output from a climate model for an assumed climate change scenario, (2) probabilistic typhoon hazard modelling, (3) reliability-based fragility modelling and (4) failure cost modelling. The objective of the present paper is to demonstrate the availability and effectiveness of a general methodology for carrying out the impact assessment. It also aims at clarifying missing information required for a more precise and reliable impact assessment. Under the employed climate model, assumed climate scenario and vulnerability model and other assumptions made in the present paper, it is found that the typhoon-induced wind risks for residential buildings in Japan are not likely to change significantly in the future.     

网壳结构寿命周期总费用的计算方法研究

现代结构系统在灾害中产生巨大经济损失的特点,使人们意识到在结构设计之初就对结构的寿命周期总费用进行有效评估、并反过来指导工程设计具有重要意义。对网壳结构寿命周期总费用的计算方法进行研究,分别提出初始造价、维护费用和失效损失的计算公式,并考虑寿命周期内网壳结构可能受到的荷载发生的概率,建立寿命周期总费用的计算方法,编制网壳结构寿命周期总费用的计算程序。通过一具体的网壳结构工程算例验证上述方法和程序的有效性。研究结果表明,网壳结构初始造价的追加投资会由于结构使用过程中失效损失费用的减小而得到补偿,而寿命周期总费用最小正是结构设计的最优状态,按照现行规范设计方法得到的结构配置方案不一定是寿命周期总费用最小的方案。     

Field measurements of wind and structural responses of a 70‐storey tall building under typhoon conditions

This paper describes the results obtained from the full‐scale measurements of wind effects on a 70‐storey tall building in Hong Kong. The objective of the experiment is to measure wind action on and wind‐induced response of the tall building. Simultaneous and continuous data of wind speeds, wind directions and acceleration responses have been recorded at the top of the tall building since 1995. The field data presented in this paper were measured during the passage of four typhoons—Typhoon Kent (1995), Typhoon Ryan (1995), Typhoon Sibyl (1995) and Typhoon Sally (1996). The characteristics of the typhoon wind and the structural responses of the building are investigated. The serviceability of this tall building under typhoon conditions is discussed on the basis of the field measurements. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of the exposure scenario and spatial correlation on the probabilistic life-cycle seismic performance of deteriorating RC frames

The probabilistic life-cycle seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames under chloride-induced corrosion is investigated considering the influence of the environmental aggressiveness and exposure scenario and the role of spatial correlation of the random variables. Chloride ingress and corrosion damage are described at cross-sectional level by two-dimensional concentration maps and damage indices. At the structural level, the seismic performance is evaluated in terms of lateral load response of the deteriorating structural system by means of time-variant non-linear analysis over the structural lifetime. The uncertainties involved in the problem are taken into account in probabilistic terms by Monte Carlo simulation. The procedure is applied to life-cycle assessment of a three-storey RC frame under different exposure scenarios, defined by varying both the concentration level and the spatial distribution of chlorides on the external surface of the columns, as well as different correlation levels of the random variables involved in the probabilistic analysis.