2018年欧盟食品中农药残留情况分析及启示

欧盟向来十分重视食品安全, 在农药残留监管方面, 建立了健全的农药残留监管体系。 本文从欧盟农药残留法规标准、监管部门及分工和欧盟农药残留控制计划3方面介绍了欧盟农药残留监管体系, 从欧盟协调控制计划和国家控制计划两部分分析了2018年欧盟食品中农药残留情况, 涉及样品来源、产品、农药、食品中草甘膦、进口食品、婴幼儿食品、有机食品和动物源性食品等。本文也指出了农药残留产生的原因和风险评估结果, 提出风险管理建议, 并借鉴其监管思路, 提出对我国农药残留监管的几点建议, 为食品安全监管决策提供参考。     

中国与欧盟和美国牛奶中兽药残留限量标准的对比研究

近年来,动物源性食品安全问题备受关注。滥用违禁药品、超量或盲目用药、不遵循休药期等现象屡禁不止,这些行为将会导致食品中兽药残留过量进而严重危害人类健康,因此建立合适的兽药残留限量标准是有效监控动物源性食品安全的关键。我国为更加有效地监管兽药使用情况,于2019年新颁布了GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》。本文比较了我国新旧国家标准以及新国家标准与欧盟和美国的牛奶中兽药残留限量标准的差异,结果表明,新国家标准对旧标准进行了一定程度上的补充与修改,但其与发达国家的食品安全标准仍存在一定差异。未来我国仍需结合兽药实际使用情况进一步完善乳制品中兽药残留限量的相关标准,使其向国际标准靠拢,提高我国乳制品在国际市场的竞争力,这对打破国际技术性贸易壁垒、保障食品安全具有十分重要的意义。     

微访谈之各国动物源食品中兽药残留限量标准概述

近年来随着人们对动物源食品质量需求的提高．动物源食品中兽药残留已逐渐成为食品安全关注的焦点之一。兽药在防治动物疾病、提高生产效率．改善畜产品质量等方面发挥了重要作用．但如果残留在动物源食品中,往往会对生态环境和人体健康造成直接危害。世界各国为解决动物源食品中的兽药残留问题．制定了严格的法规和限量标准。本文结合国内外食品安全法规资料．概述了中国及其它国家和地区目前兽药残留的政策和限量标准制定情况．使读者对各国兽药残留限量的标准有一个深入了解。     

国内外动物源性食品兽药残留法规标准研究

收集整理了我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟、美国动物源性食品的兽药残留相关规定并进行分析。企业或监管部门应根据产品的情况,结合输出或输入国家的要求,有的放矢地开展比对分析,对于我国限量标准比国外宽松的兽药应加强控制,确保出口产品符合进口国家和地区的要求;对于我国限量要求比国外严格的兽药,可以对进口动物源性食品实施重点监控。     

我国动物源性食品中甲氧苄啶药物残留的现状和对策分析

甲氧苄啶是一种抗菌增效剂,在兽医临床常与其他兽药联合使用。但由于甲氧苄啶的广泛使用和不合理用药,使得部分动物源性食品中甲氧苄啶药物残留量不符合食品安全国家标准规定。本文收集了近2年我国各地市场监管部门发布的兽药残留中甲氧苄啶残留量不符合食品安全国家标准规定的相关监测结果,从我国动物源性食品中甲氧苄啶残留的现状、甲氧苄啶联合其他兽药残留的现状2个方面进行分析,并提出思路与对策,为加强动物源性食品中甲氧苄啶残留的监管,确保食品安全提供科学依据。     

我国与欧盟、美国、国际食品法典委员会的禽蛋抗生素类兽药残留限量标准对比分析

近年来,鸡蛋中兽药残留成为食品安全问题的焦点。本文对国际食品法典委员会、欧盟、美国、中国关于禽蛋中抗生素类兽药的最大残留限量和限制种类进行总结比较。结果表明,我国关于动物源性食品中兽药最大残留限量的法规更新速度慢,禽蛋抗生素类兽药限制种类不全面,限量值有待进一步研究。2020年4月1日实施的食品安全国家标准(GB31650-2019)基本覆盖了我国兽药种类和动物组织,进一步完善了我国的兽药管理制度。结合我国实际,需加强兽药监管能力建设,加快相关标准的修订与更新,为我国养殖业的科学用药提供法规依据,从源头上减少和控制兽药的使用。     

动物源性食品兽药安全分析

从动物源性食品安全的重要性出发,阐述了我国目前动物源性食品兽药安全现状,报道了我国兽药安全管理采取的措施,分析了我国兽药管理体系和法律标准存在的问题;对我国动物源性食品兽药安全提出了几点建议。     

加强兽药使用环节监管保障动物源性食品安全

目的 减少兽药残留,保障动物源性食品安全.方法 分析目前我国兽药使用环节监管存在的问题.结果 针对法律法规标准体系不完善、执法监管力度小、技术监管滞后、从业人员素质低和法律意识淡薄等问题提出相应的解决方案和措施.结论 和其他畜牧业发达国家相比,我国目前兽药使用环节监管仍存在一定不足,需进一步加强.     

欧盟农药残留监控体系概述及对中国的启示

本文通过对欧盟农药残留监控的法律法规、组织机构、监控计划、监控报告和应用等方面详细介绍了欧盟农药残留监控体系的整体情况,并针对我国农药残留监控体系的现状进行分析比对,提出完善我国农药监管体系的建议。     

欧盟蜂蜜抗生素残留监控体系研究及对我国的启示

欧盟是当今食品安全管理体系最为完善的地区之一,特别是欧盟建立了完善的食品中残留监控管理体系.本文研究了欧盟关于蜂蜜食品安全法规、抗生素残留限量的沿革、对第三国进口蜂蜜残留的监控等管理体系,结合我国现行相关标准,提出了完善我国蜂蜜抗生素残留监控体系的措施建议.     

Differences in content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in flour of spring and winter wheat cultivated in Poland

The work presents the content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in spring and winter classes of wheat flour. It discusses genetical and physiological aspects of their synthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels and also indicates how methodological differences explain differences in results presented in the literature. It has been reported that spring wheat flours are richer in free lipids, especially in the non-polar fraction. The content of glycolipids ranged from 134 to 215 mg/100 g flour and was more stable within the winter wheat class. The percentages of the two main fractions, namely DGDG and MGDG, were similar in both wheat classes and reached ca. 77%. Phospholipids constituted the smallest fraction of the flour free lipids in both wheat classes; however, spring wheat flours were richer in these compounds, which is likely associated with a greater content of spherosomes in the endosperm of this wheat class. The free lipids of spring wheat flour contained more oleic and slightly less linoleic and linolenic acids. Spring wheat flour was also richer in carotenoids, although there were varieties in both classes that deviated from this. The main carotenoid was lutein, whose total percentage in the form of different isomers ranged from 71.3% to 83.3% and was slightly lower for spring wheat flour. Lutein, in the form of a trans-isomer, constituted about 62% and 70% of all carotenoids in spring and winter wheat flours, respectively.     

生物技术在制浆造纸中的应用与研究进展

介绍了生物技术在制浆造纸工业的应用与研究进展，包括生物制浆、生物漂白、生物脱墨及造纸过程中的生物技术等。     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

Influence of ouabain of electrolyte and water transport in the rabbit ileum and colon in vitro and in vivo

We studied the influence of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump inhibitor ouabain on water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit distal ileum and proximal colon in vitro and in vivo. Under in vitro conditions, ouabain markedly reduced the absorption of water, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate, and reduced potassium secretion in both the ileum and the colon. In vivo results were similar but less marked than those obtained in vitro, with significant differences only at the level of the distal ileum.     

Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness

ABSTRACT

Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration of staple food crops through the best practices of breeding and modern biotechnology. However, increased zinc and iron concentrations in food crops may not always translate into proportional increases in absorbed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Therefore, assessing iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified crops is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of breeding programs. This review aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. In vitro, animal and isotopic human studies have shown high iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified staple food crops. Human studies provide direct knowledge regarding the effectiveness of biofortification, however, human studies are time consuming and are more expensive than in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, in vitro studies may be a useful preliminary screening method to identify promising plant cultivars, however, these studies cannot provide data that are directly applicable to humans. None of these methods provides complete information regarding mineral bioavailability, thus, a combination of these methods should be the most appropriate strategy to investigate the effectiveness of zinc and iron biofortification programs.     

Distribution and characteristics of Aeromonas in food and drinking water in Denmark

A total of 970 Danish commercial foods and drinking water samples were examined for the presence of motile Aeromonas spp. With a detection limit of 10²/g the frequent prevalence in raw foods was confirmed. Aeromonas occurred in 7% of 779 samples of prepared foods; most frequently in whipped cream from ice cream parlors (28%) and mayonnaise salads (10%) with numbers occasionally exceeding 10⁵/g. The prevalence in drinking water was 28% with a detection limit of 1/100 ml. A. hydrophila was the dominating species in both food and water. Hemolysin production was demonstrated in 37% of the 51 isolates tested with 10% having high titers.     

果蔬制品中链格孢霉毒素检测与控制研究进展

链格孢霉属(Alternaria species)是链格孢霉毒素这种次级代谢产物的已知生产者。链格孢霉毒素具有明显的毒理学潜力,食用被其污染的果蔬和粮食产品会对消费者的健康造成威胁。果蔬营养丰富、含水量高,更易于被链格孢霉毒素感染,因此建立高效、简单、快速的检测技术和实现该毒素的高效控制一直是当今果蔬领域研究的热点。本文总结和分析了链格孢霉毒素常见的检测技术和控制方法,以期为链格孢霉毒素的快速检测和果蔬类食品安全控制与风险评估等提供参考。     

蔬果中氯吡脲残留样品前处理及分析方法研究进展

氯吡脲是一种新的高效植物生长促进剂, 在蔬菜水果生产中广泛应用, 长期接触可引起人体内蛋白质代谢紊乱。因此, 发展简单、快速、高灵敏度的氯吡脲残留分析方法具有重要意义。本文综述了蔬果中氯吡脲残留分析的研究进展, 包括固相萃取等样品前处理方法及液相色谱-质谱、酶联免疫法等分析方法, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

葡萄酒及软木塞中TCA的检测分析方法研究现状及应用前景

软木塞污染已经成为葡萄酒行业最为严重的问题之一,而导致软木塞和葡萄酒污染的最主要物质之一就是TCA。本文主要介绍葡萄酒和软木塞中TCA 的检测方法和萃取浓缩方法,同时也对TCA 检测的应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望。