基于亮度传播图的低照度图像增强算法

由于低照度图像的整体亮度比较暗、动态范围低、噪声大等特点,提出一种基于亮度传播图的低照度图像增强算法。考虑到低照度图像增强的同时也会放大噪声,因此在增强图像之前对图像进行去噪处理。使用BM3D在YCb Cr空间对图像进行去噪之后,在HSI空间对图像进行增强,利用亮度分量估计亮度传播图,利用物理模型还原低照度图像。实验表明该方法能够快速有效地提高低照度图像的整体亮度和对比度,增强图像的细节并减少噪声,得到视觉效果良好的图像。     

基于照度与场景纹理注意力图的低光图像增强

目的 现有的低照度图像增强算法常存在局部区域欠增强、过增强及色彩偏差等情况,且对于极低照度图像增强,伴随着噪声放大及细节信息丢失等问题。对此,提出了一种基于照度与场景纹理注意力图的低光图像增强算法。方法 首先,为了降低色彩偏差对注意力图估计模块的影响,对低光照图像进行了色彩均衡处理;其次,试图利用低照度图像最小通道约束图对正常曝光图像的照度和纹理进行注意力图估计,为后续增强模块提供信息引导;然后,设计全局与局部相结合的增强模块,用获取的照度和场景纹理注意力估计图引导图像亮度提升和噪声抑制,并将得到的全局增强结果划分成图像块进行局部优化,提升增强性能,有效避免了局部欠增强和过增强的问题。结果 将本文算法与2种传统方法和4种深度学习算法比较,主观视觉和客观指标均表明本文增强结果在亮度、对比度以及噪声抑制等方面取得了优异的性能。在VV（Vasileios Vonikakis）数据集上,本文方法的BTMQI（blind tone-mapped quality index）和NIQMC（no-reference image quality metric for contrast distortion）指标均达到最优值;在178幅普通低照度图像上本文算法的BTMQI和NIQMC均取得次优值,但纹理突出和噪声抑制优势显著。结论 大量定性及定量的实验结果表明,本文方法能有效提升图像亮度和对比度,且在突出暗区纹理时,能有效抑制噪声。本文方法用于极低照度图像时,在色彩还原、细节纹理恢复和噪声抑制方面均具有明显优势。代码已共享在Github上：https://github.com/shuanglidu/LLIE_CEIST.git。     

大气模型与亮度传播图相结合的低照度视频增强算法

目的 为解决低照度视频亮度和对比度低、噪声大等问题,提出一种将Retinex理论和暗通道先验理论相结合的低照度视频快速增强算法。方法 鉴于增强视频时会放大噪声,在增强之前先对视频进行去噪处理,之后结合引导滤波和中值滤波的优势提出综合去噪算法,并将其应用于YCbCr空间。其次提取亮度分量来估计亮度传播图,利用大气模型复原低照度视频。最后综合考虑帧间处理技术,加入场景检测、边缘补偿和帧间补偿。结果 为了验证本文算法的实际效果和有效性,对低照度视频进行增强实验并将本文算法与Retinex增强算法、去雾技术增强算法进行了比较,本文算法有效地提高了低照度视频的亮度和对比度,减小了噪声,增强了视频的细节信息并减轻了视频闪烁现象,从而改善了视频质量。算法处理速率有着非常明显的优势,相比文中其他两种算法的速率提升了将近十倍。结论 本文算法保持了帧间运动的连续性,在保证增强效果的同时提升了处理速率,对细节和边缘轮廓部分的处理非常精细,具有目前同类算法所不能达到的优良效果,适用于视频监控、目标跟踪、智能交通等众多领域,可实现视频的实时增强。     

PNet：融合注意力机制的多级低照度图像增强网络

低照度图像存在亮度低、噪声伪影、细节丢失、颜色失真等退化问题,使得低照度图像增强成为一个多目标增强任务。现有多数增强算法不能很好地在多个增强目标上取得综合的性能,对此,提出PNet——融合注意力机制的多级低照度图像增强网络模型,通过构建多级串联增强任务子网,结合注意力机制设计多通道信息融合模块进行有效特征筛选及记忆,网络以序列方式处理图像流,协同渐进式完成图像全局自适应亮度提升、噪声伪影抑制、细节恢复、颜色矫正等多任务。此外,通过与现有主流算法进行定量及定性分析对比,结果显示该方法能实现自适应图像亮度增强、细节对比度提升,增强后图像整体亮度自然,没有明显光晕及伪影且色彩较丰富真实,在PSNR、SSIM、RMSE指标中较次优算法分别提升0.229、0.112、0.335。实验结果表明,该方法在低照度图像增强的多目标任务上取得了综合较优秀的表现,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于模糊理论的低照度彩色图像增强算法

低照度彩色图像存在整体亮度低、对比度差、颜色偏暗和信噪比低等特点,传统图像增强算法对其增强效果非常有限。提出了一种基于模糊理论的低照度彩色图像增强算法,将三原色(red,green,blue,RGB)图像转换成色相饱和度(HSV)图像,以保证增强处理不引起图像的色彩失真。对亮度图像进行非线性变化,实现动态范围展宽;采用修正后的隶属度函数将图像映射到模糊平面,实现对比度增强。实验结果表明:该算法显著地提高了图像整体亮度和对比度,改善了低照度彩色图像的视觉效果。     

自适应双向保带宽对数变换及低照度图像增强

目的 在低照度环境下,由于受图像采集设备的限制,导致获取到的图像往往亮度低、对比度差。针对这一问题,提出一种自适应双向保带宽对数变换的增强算法。方法 首先通过标准化变换将低照度图像处理成标准化图像,然后根据标准化图像的平均亮度进行自适应双向保带宽对数变换,最后对图像取整输出,从而得到增强后的图像。结果 实验选用LIVE database release2标准库中29幅高质量图像作为参考图像,然后经Photoshop CS5统一处理成低照度图像,使用本文算法对其增强,并与直方图均衡化（HE）、多尺度Retinex增强（MSR）、自然保持的增强算法（NPEA）的结果进行比较。本文算法增强后的图像其整体对比度和亮度在主观上都有较大提高,增强效果优于其他3种方法;同时,本文算法峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似度（SSIM）客观指标平均值分别为22.75和0.86,明显高于其他3种算法。另外,在算法运行效率方面,本文算法平均运行时间也较短,约为74 ms。结论 本文算法增强后的图像更自然、更符合人眼视觉特性,且算法简单易于实现,运行效率高。该算法广泛适用于背光或光照不均的低照度环境下的图像增强。     

暗通道先验的大坝水下裂缝图像增强算法

目的 大坝水下裂缝图像存在非均匀亮度、低信噪比、低对比度等复杂情况,导致裂缝特征提取极为困难,本文提出一种改进暗通道先验的大坝水下裂缝图像自适应增强算法。方法 首先对非均匀光照图像进行全局匀光处理和噪声抑制处理,在保护纹理信息的同时消除亮度分布不均的问题;其次改进暗通道先验理论,结合导向滤波方法,精确估算去噪恢复图像;然后对去噪恢复图像进行基于概率分布理论3σ原则的自适应分段线性增强;最后对增强图像从均值、方差、峰值信噪比、对比度和信息熵等方面进行整体定量评价。结果 选取了2幅典型的水下光照不均匀大坝裂缝图像作为研究对象,采用本文提出的方法进行图像增强处理。将本文算法的增强效果与直方图均衡化、同态滤波、多尺度视网膜增强算法（MSR）以及带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜增强算法（MSRCR）的增强效果进行对比分析。为了测试本文方法的鲁棒性,对原图像增加椒盐噪声信号和高斯噪声信号,评估本文算法对包含确定分布噪声的抗干扰能力。本文方法相比以上其它方法,具有最好的增强效果,对2幅原始图像对应增强图像的峰值信噪比（PSNR）分别为42.77和41.49。结论 仿真实验结果表明,本文方法能有效抑制水下图像噪声干扰,增强大坝水下裂缝图像的清晰度。本文方法对不同光照条件下大坝水下裂缝图像增强有很强的自适应性,对水下裂缝图像增强处理有效可行。     

沙尘降质图像清晰化算法

目的 沙尘环境中获取的图像存在颜色失真、对比度低等问题,不利于人眼辨识以及进一步的图像处理。为解决沙尘降质图像的这些问题,提出一种新的基于颜色调整和对比度增强的沙尘降质图像的增强算法。方法 沙尘降质图像增强要解决两个问题,即颜色偏移和对比度增强。基于沙尘降质图像的的颜色直方图存在的集中性、顺序性以及偏离性等特性,使用高斯模型分别对各通道颜色进行建模,进而进行颜色调整。针对颜色调整后的图像存在的整体灰暗,对比度低以及噪声等特点,利用改进的基于奇异值分解的增强算法,从而有效地增加图像对比度并抑制噪声。结果 为了验证本文算法的有效性,与带有色彩恢复的多尺度Retinex算法、GUM算法、Tarel算法、融合算法4种方法进行了对比。从增强结果可以看出,本文算法能够有效解决降质图像的颜色偏移和对比度低的问题,并增强图像的整体视觉效果。结论 本文算法充分利用沙尘降质图像三通道颜色直方图分布的特点,能够快速高效地实现颜色校正,并通过图像频域的奇异值信息进一步提升图像的对比度。经过多幅沙尘降质图像清晰化实验验证,表明本文方法能够实现对不同程度沙尘降质图像的增强,具有较强的适用性。     

基于多尺度梯度域引导滤波的低照度图像增强算法

针对低照度彩色图像整体亮度较低，增强图像中颜色易失真，部分图像细节淹没在较低灰度值像素中等问题，提出一种改进的低照度图像增强算法。首先，把待处理图像转换到色调、饱和度、亮度（HSI）颜色空间，对亮度分量进行非线性全局亮度校正；然后，提出多尺度梯度域引导滤波的亮度增强模型，利用该模型对校正后的亮度分量进行增强，接着对增强后的亮度分量进一步实施避免颜色失真的亮度校正；最后，将图像再转换回红绿蓝（RGB）颜色空间。实验结果表明，增强后的图像亮度平均提高90.0%以上，清晰度平均提高123.8%以上，这主要得益于多尺度梯度域引导滤波具有更好的亮度平滑和增强能力；同时由于减小了颜色失真，使增强图像的细节表现能力平均提高18.2%以上；由于采用了多尺度梯度域引导滤波的亮度增强模型与直方图自适应的亮度校正算法，使提出的低照度图像增强算法适宜应用于夜间等弱光源条件下的彩色图像增强。     

融合注意力机制和上下文信息的微光图像增强

目的 微光图像存在低对比度、噪声伪影和颜色失真等退化问题,造成图像的视觉感受质量较差,同时也导致后续图像识别、分类和检测等任务的精度降低。针对以上问题,提出一种融合注意力机制和上下文信息的微光图像增强方法。方法 为提高运算精度,以U型结构网络为基础构建了一种端到端的微光图像增强网络框架,主要由注意力机制编/解码模块、跨尺度上下文模块和融合模块等组成。由混合注意力块(包括空间注意力和通道注意力)引导主干网络学习,其空间注意力模块用于计算空间位置的权重以学习不同区域的噪声特征,而通道注意力模块根据不同通道的颜色信息计算通道权重,以提升网络的颜色信息重建能力。此外,跨尺度上下文模块用于聚合各阶段网络中的深层和浅层特征,借助融合机制来提高网络的亮度和颜色增强效果。结果 本文方法与现有主流方法进行定量和定性对比实验,结果显示本文方法显著提升了微光图像亮度,并且较好保持了图像颜色一致性,原微光图像较暗区域的噪点显著去除,重建图像的纹理细节清晰。在峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR)、结构相似性(structural similarity,SSIM)和图像感知...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.