叠氮硝胺发射药的燃烧性能调控技术

为改善叠氮硝胺发射药的燃烧性能,以小分子多炔基化合物(TPTM)作为钝感剂前驱体,采用转鼓喷涂工艺对其进行表面钝感处理,TPTM与发射药组份1,5-二叠氮基-3-硝基-3-氮杂戊烷(DIANP)在60 ℃反应,形成网状结构大分子钝感剂,并通过密闭爆发器试验、热加速老化试验和14.5 mm机枪试验表征了钝感效果,通过30 mm火炮试验考核了钝感发射药的内弹道性能。结果表明: 钝感叠氮硝胺发射药的初始燃速降低15%左右、渐增性燃烧特征量L_m/L₀大于1.5、长储稳定性好,在30 mm炮上具有良好的内弹道性能。     

直写打印硝化棉基内嵌多方孔发射药及其性能

针对传统工艺无法制备复杂结构发射药的问题,为探索提高发射药燃面渐增性新途径,采用3D直写打印技术,设计并打印了具有较高燃面渐增性的硝化棉基内嵌多方孔发射药。对3D打印的硝化棉基内嵌多方孔发射药进行了定容燃烧和内弹道性能表征。结果表明,以硝化棉、含能增塑剂和溶剂配制的浆料为打印物料,打印的硝化棉基内嵌多方孔发射药符合设计的燃面渐增性燃烧预期;受打印针头直径、溶棉比、醇酮比、溶剂挥发速度等因素的影响,直写打印的发射药设计尺寸和实际尺寸有一定偏差;12.7 mm机枪弹道初步试验表明,内嵌多方孔NC-120发射药和制式D-4/7混合装药16 g,装药比例1∶1时,膛压为314.2 MPa,射击初速为854.1 m·s^-1,实现了直写打印内嵌多方孔发射药在膛内正常、稳定燃烧,达到了与制式发射药相似的水平,但充分利用直写打印内嵌多方孔发射药需要进一步优化设计药形、弧厚、内外层弧厚匹配等参数。     

梯度硝基发射药的设计原理与实现方法

为实现发射药能量释放高渐增性,根据枪炮内弹道学原理提出梯度硝基发射药(NGDP)的概念,并论证NGDP能量释放渐增性的基本原理。与传统钝感发射药相比,NGDP氧平衡较高,理论上具有低烟雾、低残渣特征。基于最小自由能算法,分析邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、樟脑和二硝基甲苯钝感的发射药与NGDP燃烧产物中可燃组分(CO、H₂)的含量,发现NGDP燃烧产物中可燃组分含量最低。阐述了NGDP的制备过程,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪以及激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪表征NGDP的微观结构;进行密闭爆发器实验,证实了NGDP具有能量释放高渐增性。结果表明,NGDP是一种有别于现有制式发射药的新型发射药,有望消除或者减少传统表面钝感、包覆发射药存在的烟雾、火焰、残渣、储存稳定性等诸多问题。     

一种低烧蚀高渐增性发射药的研究

采用“浸渍-钝感”工艺制得改性单基发射药.用烧蚀管试验表征了该发射药的烧蚀.采用密闭爆发器研究了该发射药的静态燃烧性能,以857-30 mm制式弹道炮研究了发射药在膛内的动态内弹道性能.结果发现,与制式单基发射药相比较,制得的改性单基发射药的烧蚀量降低了16.4％,燃烧渐增因子P,由0.035提高到0.445,初速从8...     

颗粒模压发射药的燃烧性能

以粒状高能硝胺发射药RGD7A-6/7药为基药,采用密闭爆发器和30 mm模拟弹道炮试验,研究了颗粒模压发射药模块的密度和基药的表面处理方法对其燃烧性能的影响。分析了不同模块的密度、不同表面处理基药的颗粒模压发射药的燃烧p-t曲线、L-B曲线特征,得到了模块的密度和基药的表面处理方法对颗粒模压发射药的燃烧性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:在一定密度范围内(1.0~1.5 g.cm-3),模压药越密实,燃烧渐增性越好;经过表面钝感、包覆后的基药压制成型的模压发射药MD7燃烧渐增性最好。内弹道试验结果表明,MD7在膛压低于空白药29.7 MPa的情况下,弹丸初速提高了6.6%,炮口动能提高了13.8%。     

预制刻槽增面燃烧发射药的原理与实验验证

为获得发射药能量释放渐增性及其多维度调节控制方法,根据内弹道学原理,提出预制刻槽增面燃烧发射药,建立了其燃烧过程的物理、数学模型,推导了气体生成猛度-已燃质量分数（Г-Ψ）关系,论述了其能量释放渐增性及多维度调节控制原理,提出了预制刻槽发射药的工艺实现方法。设计了一种中心开孔式预制刻槽发射药结构,制备了不同刻槽数、不同长径比的发射药试样。采用密闭爆发器试验对其燃烧性能进行测试与表征,并与七孔发射药、七孔包覆药进行对比分析。试验结果表明：制备的预制刻槽发射药具有理论设计的燃烧渐增性,对比七孔发射药其动态活度增量ΔL值提高了2倍,最大动态活度与起始动态活度的比值L_m/L₀提高了24.4%,最大动态活度对应的相对压力值B_m增加了32.4%,燃烧渐增性优于七孔发射药,可以达到七孔包覆药的渐增效果。     

35mm高射炮钝感发射药的内弹道仿真

为了掌握35mm高射炮钝感发射药的内弹道性能,结合钝感8/1发射药的燃烧规律得到该炮特有的内弹道数学模型,应用四阶五级龙格库塔法编制Matlab程序求解该模型。结果表明内弹道仿真结果和参考文献提供的实验结果一致性较好。应用该模型对不同钝感剂含量的钝感发射药进行内弹道计算,计算出在其它装填条件一定的情况下,钝感发射药钝感剂含量对内弹道的影响,可知钝感剂含量的微减小即会引起膛压的急剧升高,当包覆层完全失效,最大膛压高达479 MPa,增大了35.54%。钝感剂的失效将严重影响射击安全,给火炮射击安全性带来威胁。     

铝基微单元复合燃料在NEPE固体推进剂中的应用

为研究铝基微单元燃料在硝酸酯增塑聚醚（NEPE）固体推进剂中的应用性能,以自制的铝基微单元复合燃料（Al@AP）代替铝粉加入NEPE固体推进剂,以真空定容爆热试验、发动机试验、残渣活性铝测试、高速摄影、单向拉伸试验、工艺性能测试等手段研究了Al@AP对NEPE固体推进剂燃烧、力学、工艺等性能的影响;并对Al@AP在NEPE固体推进剂中的燃烧作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,以19.5%的Al@AP代替FLQT-3 Al后,NEPE固体推进剂的爆热由6039.4 J·g^-1提升至6924.8 J·g^-1,残渣量由28.91 g降至7.64 g,残渣活性铝含量由14.64%降至0.37%,残渣粒径d₅₀由94.12 μm降至24.21 μm,NEPE固体推进剂喷射效率提升,铝粉在燃面停留时间由55 ms缩短至40 ms,且无明显融联团聚现象,且Al@AP对推进剂的燃速、力学、工艺等性能基本无影响。     

钝感三基发射药的燃烧性能

针对含水溶性组份硝基胍(NGu)的三基发射药,采用水相搅拌工艺制备出钝感发射药样品,进行了高分子钝感技术研究。通过扫描电镜研究了加入饱和剂和未加入饱和剂的两种钝感发射药样品的表面状态。结果表明,与未加入饱和剂的钝感工艺相比较,采用添加饱和剂的钝感工艺制得的发射药表面结构致密。采用可控点火参量模拟装置进行点火试验;在药室容积100cm3,装填密度0.2g.cm-3,点火压力10MPa的条件下进行了密闭爆发器试验;选用14.5mm弹道枪进行了内弹道试验。结果表明,钝感处理后的发射药样品点火延迟时间(6.86,5.72ms)延长,燃烧渐增性能增强,内弹道性能提高,且添加饱和剂的发射药性能比未添加饱和剂的优良。     

表面微孔结构三基发射药的性能

为了调节发射药的燃气释放规律,采用溶解法制备了表面微孔结构三基发射药,利用扫描电镜观察了发射药样品的微观结构;通过密闭爆发器试验研究了其静态燃烧性能;用材料试验机及冲击试验测定了其力学性能;以155 mm火炮研究了发射药的内弹道性能。研究结果表明,与原药相比,表面微孔结构三基发射药燃烧压力上升快,常温下燃烧结束时间缩短3.2 ms;初始动态活度值高,燃烧渐增性比原药低;在点火燃烧初始阶段表观燃速变大,后期燃速与原药基本一致;表面微孔结构三基发射药的力学性能有较小幅度的降低,其中,常温下降低幅度最大,抗压强度和抗冲击强度分别降低了2.98 MPa和0.35 kJ·m-2;减装药炮口初速提高13.9 m·s-1、全装药炮口初速提高15.0 m·s-1,膛压均有不同程度降低。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.