Review Article: Example-based Machine Translation

In the last ten years there has been a significant amount ofresearch in Machine Translation within a ``new' paradigm ofempirical approaches, often labelled collectively as``Example-based' approaches. The first manifestation of thisapproach caused some surprise and hostility among observers moreused to different ways of working, but the techniques were quicklyadopted and adapted by many researchers, often creating hybridsystems. This paper reviews the various research efforts withinthis paradigm reported to date, and attempts a categorisation ofdifferent manifestations of the general approach.     

基于实例的机器翻译处理方法

在机器翻译的研究中,基于实例是一种很好的方法。文章讨论了完全实例的机器翻译、实例句型转换的机器翻译以及实例近似机器翻译。     

Towards a Dynamic Linkage of Example-based and Rule-based Machine Translation

This paper reports on a series of experiments which aim at integratingExample-based Machine Translation and Translation Memories with Rule-based Machine Translation. We start by examining the potentials of each MT paradigm in terms of system-internal and system-external parameters. Whereas the system-external parameters include the expected translation quality and translation coverage, system-internal parameters relate to adaptability and recall of translation units. We prefer a dynamic linkage of different MT paradigms where the sharing of labor amongst the modules involved, such as segmentation andsegment translation, is decided dynamically during runtime. We motivatethe communication of linguistically rich data structures between thedifferent components in a hybrid system and show that this linkage leadsto better translation results and improves the customization possibilitiesof the system.     

基于CFN的相似度计算在实例机器翻译中的应用

在信息检索,文本挖掘以及基于实例的机器翻译中,相似度计算都是一个关键问题.在实例机器翻译中,相似度计算一般是基于字符、词的匹配以及向量空间模型,但基于句子语义结构的相似度研究还不多见.借助了汉语框架语义网(Chinese FrameNet,简称CFN)的场景语义描述优势,提出了一种新的面向EBMT进行实例相似度计算的方...     

规则与实例相结合的公文标题汉英机器翻译系统

随着我国对外开放的不断深入,越来越多的外国朋友希望了解中国的方针政策,而公文是贯彻执行我国方针政策的有力工具,标题作为公文的一大要素,起着点明主题的作用。因此,在信息公开化不断发展的今天,政府网站或公报不仅需要刊载中文版的信息,而且有必要刊载英文版的。鉴于行政机关法定公文标题格式固定、要素稳定的特点,本文基于自建小型公文标题语料库,经分析得出公文标题的表达式和10个词表,然后结合实例,设计一公文标题翻译系统。这只是行政机关公文翻译系统的初步探索,希望能为减轻文秘人员的工作负担、最终实现公文的语言自由转换提供一点帮助。     

基于实例的汉英机器翻译系统研究与实现

文章实现了一个基于实例的汉英机器翻译系统(Example-BasedChinese-EnglishMachineTranslation,简称E-BCEMT)。实验结果表明:以纯粹的中英对照的句子对的例句库为基础,且不进行深层次的语法分析,在给定的翻译模式下,该翻译系统在效率、翻译结果的正确率等方面取得了令人满意的结果。     

Executable structural operational semantics in Maude

This paper describes in detail how to bridge the gap between theory and practice when implementing in Maude structural operational semantics described in rewriting logic, where transitions become rewrites and inference rules become conditional rewrite rules with rewrites in the conditions, as made possible by the new features in Maude 2. We validate this technique using it in several case studies: a functional language Fpl (evaluation and computation semantics), an imperative language WhileL (evaluation and computation semantics), Kahn’s functional language Mini-ML (evaluation or natural semantics), Milner’s CCS (with strong and weak transitions), and Full LOTOS (including ACT ONE data type specifications). In addition, on top of CCS we develop an implementation of the Hennessy–Milner modal logic for describing local capabilities of processes, and for LOTOS we build an entire tool where Full LOTOS specifications can be entered and executed (without user knowledge of the underlying implementation of the semantics). We also compare this method based on transitions as rewrites with another one based on transitions as judgements.     

Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics1

This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics.     

Example-based caricature generation with exaggeration control

Caricature is a popular artistic media widely used for effective communications. The fascination of caricature lies in its expressive depiction of a person’s prominent features, which is usually realized through the so-called exaggeration technique. This paper proposes a new example-based automatic caricature generation system supporting the exaggeration of both the shape of facial components and the spatial relationships among the components. Given the photograph of a face, the system automatically computes the feature vectors representing the shape of facial components as well as the spatial relationship among the components. Those features are exaggerated and then used to search the learning database for the corresponding caricature components and for arranging the retrieved components to create the caricature. Experimental results show that our system can generate the caricatures of the example style capturing the prominent features of the subjects.     

Operational semantics of the Java Card Virtual Machine

We present the operational semantics of Carmel, a language that models the Java Card Virtual Machine Language. We define a small-step relation between program configurations, including rules for exception handling, array objects and subroutines. We also include the basic structures needed to model object ownership and the Java Card firewall.     

Current research in Machine Translation

This paper, accompanied by peer group commentary and author's response, is a discussion paper concerning the state of the art in Machine Translation. The current orthodoxy is first summarized, then criticized. A number of research projects based on the standard architecture are discussed: they involve the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques, advanced linguistic theories, and sublanguage. Alternative approaches discussed are systems which develop or update their grammars semi-automatically, dialogue MT, and corpus-based MT including example-based and statistical approaches.     

Bialgebras for structural operational semantics: An introduction

Bialgebras and distributive laws are an abstract, categorical framework to study various flavors of structural operational semantics. This paper aims to introduce the reader to the basics of bialgebras for operational semantics, and to sketch the state of the art in this research area.     

Formalizing the structural semantics of domain-specific modeling languages

Model-based approaches to system design are now widespread and successful. These approaches make extensive use of model structure to describe systems using domain-specific abstractions, to specify and implement model transformations, and to analyze structural properties of models. In spite of its general importance the structural semantics of modeling languages are not well-understood. In this paper we develop the formal foundations for the structural semantics of domain-specific modeling languages (DSML), including the mechanisms by which metamodels specify the structural semantics of DSMLs. Additionally, we show how our formalization can complement existing tools, and how it yields algorithms for the analysis of DSMLs and model transformations.

汉法机器翻译系统初探

文章讨论了汉法机器翻译系统(CFMT)中的汉语分析和法语生成问题。以规范的汉语书面语的翻译为目标,研究可扩展的实用化的汉法机器翻译系统,系统中采用后部优先最大匹配算法及词义纠错的方法实施对源语文本的词切分,编程中将程序和规则相分离以提高系统的易维护和可扩充性。初步实现的系统曾对部分常用句型的例句进行了测试,表明该系统的设计是合理可行的。     

QoS contract preservation through dynamic reconfiguration: A formal semantics approach

The increasing pervasiveness of computing services in everyday life, combined with the dynamic nature of their execution contexts, constitutes a major challenge in guaranteeing the expected quality of such services at runtime. Quality of Service (QoS) contracts have been proposed to specify expected quality levels (QoS levels) on different context conditions, with different enforcing mechanisms. In this paper we present a definition for QoS contracts as a high-level policy for governing the behavior of software systems that self-adapt at runtime in response to context changes. To realize this contract definition, we specify its formal semantics and implement it in a software framework able to execute and reconfigure software applications, in order to maintain fulfilled their associated QoS contracts. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we extend typed-attributed graph transformation systems and finite-state machines, and use them as denotations to specify the semantics of QoS contracts. Second, this semantics makes it possible to systematically exploit design patterns at runtime by dynamically deploying them in the managed software application. Third, our semantics guarantees self-adaptive properties such as reliability and robustness in the contract satisfaction. Finally, we evaluate the applicability of our semantics implementation by integrating and executing it in FraSCAti, a multi-scale component-based middleware, in three case studies.