Individual-based modelling of hydropeaking effects on brown trout and Atlantic salmon in a regulated river

We developed an individual-based model (IBM) to understand the effects of hydropeaking on growth, survival and distribution of age 0+ to 1+ juveniles for high-conservation value populations of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in river Gullspång, Sweden. We parameterized and applied inSTREAM (7.2-SD) and calibrated the model by comparing predicted versus observed growth under the current hydropeaking regime (n=>1,200 model fish for 365 days). Our objective was to model growth, survival and distribution under flow scenarios with and without hydropeaking. We observed that hydropeaking generally resulted in modest (~10%) negative effects on growth and survival of both species. Survival was more affected than was growth, smaller fish more affected than larger fish. On-peak (high) hydropeaking flows resulted in less profitable feeding conditions (less growth) and higher predation (lower survival). Thus, inSTREAM 7.2-SD appears to capture ecologically-relevant behavioral patterns under hydropeaking, for example, habitat selection, in response to rapid flow changes. Understanding such patterns for large rivers via manipulative field studies, even if possible, would be time-consuming and costly. Our study demonstrates the potential of IBMs as powerful tools for testing research questions and assessing and prioritizing alternative management strategies in regulated rivers.     

龙潭河陂下段河道生态整治水力计算

生态水利是当前水利研究的重点之一,也是今后水利水电事业的发展目标和方向.以从化市龙潭河陂下段河道生态整治工程为例,对工程中的河床生态整治工程以及河岸边滩生态整治工程所涉及的水力计算的方法和过程进行了分析和研究,有效地解决了工程枯水期景观水深维持与营造优良生态景观和洪水期河道顺利行洪等两个主要问题,实现了人水和谐的生态整治目标,也可为相关河道治理工程以及今后的河道系统性生态治理提供参考依据.     

Classification of hydropeaking impacts on Atlantic salmon populations in regulated rivers

This article proposes and demonstrates a new classification system of fish population level effects of hydropeaking operations in rivers. The classification of impacts is developed along two axes; first, the hydromorphological effect axis assesses the ecohydraulic alterations in rivers introduced by rapid and frequent variations in flow and water level, second the vulnerability axis assesses the site-specific vulnerability of the fish population. Finally, the population level impact is classified into four classes from small to very large by combining the two axes. The system was tested in four rivers in Norway exposed to hydropeaking, and they displayed a range of outcomes from small to very large impacts on the salmon populations. The river with a relatively high base flow and ramping restrictions scored better than rivers with the lower base flow or limited ramping restrictions, indicating that hydropeaking effects can be mitigated while maintaining high hydropower flexibility. Most effect factors could easily be calculated from timeseries of discharge and water level, whereas the use of hydraulic models to estimate potential stranding areas may require more work. The vulnerability factors are mainly qualitative and depend more heavily on expert judgments and are thus more uncertain. The system was deemed suitable for the purpose of supporting management decisions for rivers exposed to hydropeaking operations. It evaluates the severity of the additional pressures due to hydropeaking operations and proved useful to identify mitigating measures. While the system was developed for Atlantic salmon river systems, it could be adapted to other species or systems.     

Performance of a One‐Dimensional Hydraulic Model for the Calculation of Stranding Areas in Hydropeaking Rivers

Fish stranding is a critical issue in rivers with peaking operations. The ability to accurately predict potential stranding areas can become a decisive factor to assess environmental impacts and to plan mitigation measures. The presented work shows that common procedures suggested in the literature in the use of one‐dimensional (1D) models for flood zone mapping are not always applicable to compute stranding areas. Specific and easy‐to‐understand guidance needs to be given for smaller‐scale issues. We provide specific guidelines to accurately predict potential stranding areas in a cost‐effective manner. By analysing four different river morphologies in detail in a peaking river, we find that the optimal geometry effort (number of cross sections) does not necessarily coincide with the maximum and it varies between channel types according to river physical characteristics such as sinuosity and channel complexity. The use of a 1D model can provide good estimates with an optimal geometry layout. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Increased hydropower production and hydropeaking mitigation along the Upper Inn River (Tyrol,Austria) with a combination of buffer reservoirs,diversion hydropower plants and retention basins

Research on hydropeaking in Austria started in the 1990s and the implementation of the WFD stipulated large research projects since the year 2009. The first research projects supported the process understanding and in a second investigation step, measures were evaluated. The mountains in the region of Tyrol create large heads and thus support the production of flexible energy. In this region, TIWAG is operating 9 large (>10 MW) and 27 small (<10 MW) hydropower plants, with an installed capacity of about 1,550 MW and a mean annual production of 3,000 GWh. As the governmental energy strategy foresees an extension of the hydropower production in Austria, suitable options were selected in 2004 by TIWAG and the water management framework plan for Western Tyrol was developed. This strategic planning instrument proposes five large power plants, with a generation of 1,800 GWh/year of renewable energy, which enables to reach the WFD targets, because the concept includes hydropeaking mitigation by combining buffer reservoirs (impoundments), diversion hydropower plants, and retention basins. We present our promising concept of hydropeaking mitigation and exemplify this based on the GKI, a hydropeaking diversion hydropower plants (HPP) at the Swiss/Austrian border as well as the Silz hydropeaking retention basin, with a volume of about 300,000 m³. As the presented case studies are the largest measures for hydropeaking mitigation being currently implemented in Central Europe, they have pilot-character. Thus, ongoing research and monitoring programs are expected to improve the knowledge about hydropeaking mitigation.     

Use of a flow deflector to protect rheophilic fish spawning grounds during hydropeaking

Rheophilic fishes are one of the ecological groups of fishes declining most quickly in number due to various habitat modifications and discharge regulations. Artificial rapid increases and decreases in discharge (hydropeaking) can cause severe damage to the eggs of rheophilic fishes. We investigated whether the effects of a water increase in hydropeaking on a spawning ground may be mitigated by a deflector installed at the top of the weir that diverts flow to other sections. At the research site, rheophilic asp (Leuciscus aspius) spawn annually in early spring, and their success might be affected by hydropeaking, with base discharge ranging from 3 to 7 m³ × s⁻¹ and peak discharge ranging from 16 to 25 m³ × s⁻¹ occurring 4 to 7 times during the asp spawning season and egg development period. To protect the adhesive eggs from detachment during peak discharge, a flow deflector (a wooden wall at the selected part of the weir) was installed to regulate discharge on the protected spawning ground. This measure allowed normal discharge under base flow conditions. During peak flow, a significant portion of the additional water was directed to the part of the river channel where egg abundance was lower and to the mill channel, where asp spawning was not present. While the total discharge increased 4.1 times compared to the base flow, the water discharge in the protected spawning ground increased only 2.7 times. This resulted in more than half of the asp eggs being retained in the protected channel. Although the use of such a measure is limited to specific local conditions where eggs are located just downstream of the weir, it can be a valid solution in highly fragmented rivers with hydropeaking and can lead to higher recruitment of rheophilic fishes.     

Influence of hydropeaking on the distribution and larval development of the Plecoptera from a mountain stream

The downstream distribution and larval development of the Plecoptera from a Pyrenean stream were studied upstream and downstream of a hydroelectric power plant with intermittent hypolimnetic releases. During power generation, flow and temperature were the two main environmental factors modified. The downstream distribution of the various taxa reflected both the impact of hydropeaking and the natural zonation. The lowest densities and biomasses were estimated at 700 m downstream from the plant, underlining the prominent role of hydropeaking. Above the plant, Plecoptera larvae showed a constant drift due to accidental dislodgement, and behavioural drift was mainly nocturnal. Below the plant, the flushing action of peaking flows added to this a catastrophic drift, which was even higher since the amplitude between natural flow and peak flow was elevated. The life cycle patterns and the growth rates of the five dominating species (Siphonoperla torrentium, Isoperla acicularis, Perla grandis, Amphinemura sulcicollis, Protonemura beatensis) were similar at the various sampling sites, and only slight differences in hatching and/or emergence periods were recorded. The Plecoptera of the Oriège complete their larval development during periods where artificial thermal fluctuations are low and have a minor effect on the populations: from autumn to spring—i.e. when the temperatures remain rather low and during snow melt flood (e.g. S. torrentium, I. acicularis, A. sulcicollis)–or in summer when hypolimnetic releases increase the daily thermal fluctuations but reduce the mean diel temperatures (e.g. P. beatensis). Therefore, under this kind of river regulation, the plecopteran population structure and distribution is mainly governed by hydraulic disturbances. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish age and size distributions and species composition in a large,hydropeaking Prairie River

Fluctuations in river flows result from diverse natural and/or anthropogenic causes. Hydropeaking, an important anthropogenic flow alteration, results from the rapid increase or decrease of water releases from reservoirs at hydroelectric power stations to meet variable demand for electrical power, thereby altering the flow regime of the river downstream of the hydroelectric power station. Hydropeaking causes short‐term, artificial fluctuations in flow on an hourly, daily, and/or weekly basis. The frequent and regular occurrences of these high and low flow events are fundamentally different from natural flood and drought events and may affect fish fauna. We compared the fish species composition and fish age and size distributions in the Saskatchewan River (Saskatchewan, Canada) downstream of a hydropeaking facility with results from an unaffected Reference Site situated upstream of the reservoir. Lower fish diversity was observed in the 2 downstream sites (Sites 1 and 2, number of species = 11 and 9, respectively) closest to Generating Station in comparison to Site 3 (n = 15) situated further downstream and the upstream reference site (n = 13). There was no difference in the age–length relationship of any of the fish species above and below the Generating Station suggesting that fish grew at the same rates. However, lower numbers of small‐bodied and juvenile fish were caught downstream of the Generating Station suggesting the possibility of increased mortality, decreased habitat suitability, or altered behaviour of small fish downstream of the dam. These data illustrate potential impacts of hydropeaking power stations and has management implications.     

水电站减水河段鱼类生境需求的水力参数

本文对雅砻江锦屏二级减水河段，依据国外提出的Tennent法、R2Cross法中对水力生境参数描述，以及相关冷水鱼大西洋鲑和褐鳟产卵期对水力生境参数的报导，结合该河段鱼类生境的具体情况，对目标鱼类的水力生境需求问题进行了探讨。确定了河段鱼类生境需求的流速、水深、水面宽、湿周、水温等水力参数。为确定鱼类生境需求的水力参数进行了探索性的工作。     

A probability-based model to quantify the impact of hydropeaking on habitat suitability in rivers

A negative effect of hydropower on river environment includes rapid changes in flow and habitat conditions. Any sudden flow change could force fish to move towards a refuge area in a short period of time, causing serious disturbances in the life cycle of the fish. A probability-based model was developed to quantify the impact of hydropeaking on habitat suitability for two fish species, brown trout (Salamo trutta) and Grayling (Thymallus thymallus). The model used habitat preference curves, river velocity and depth to develop the suitability maps. The suitability maps reveal that habitat suitability deteriorates as flow increases in the studied part of the river. The probability model showed that, on average, suitability indices are higher for adult grayling than juvenile trout in hydropeaking events in this part of the river. The method developed shows the potential to be used in river management and the evaluation of hydropeaking impacts in river systems affected by hydropower.     

河道束窄段对上游洪水过程特性的影响

为了研究束窄河段对洪水演进过程特征的影响,采用二维全水动力模型GAST模拟了束窄段河道洪水过程,通过理想河道和灞河上游实际河道分析了河道束窄程度与洪水特性间的定量关系。结果表明：束窄断面形状对洪水过程特征中水深、流速影响的大小依次为V形>U形>梯形>矩形。断面形状相同时,束窄程度越大对水深和流速影响越大。河道束窄段上游水位壅高,下游水位相对降低但流速更大。扩宽河道束窄段可以降低上游水位及上下游流速差。在“8·19”洪水下,灞河束窄河段束窄程度降低时(原河道束窄程度为64.4%,河道疏浚后束窄程度分别为55.6%、46.7%、37.8%),上游最大水深分别减小0.669、0.985和1.066 m,上下游流速差分别减小0.702、1.592、2.550 m/s。洪量越大则河道水位越高、流速越大,束窄程度变化对水位和流速变化的影响也越大。将“8·19”洪水进行缩放入流情况下,原始河道最大水深分别为2.177、2.778、3.618 m,束窄程度为37.8%时最大水深减小至1.866、2.367、3.175 m。通过分析不同束窄程度的束窄段河道洪水过程特性,可为束窄段河道防...     

封冻河道的阻力研究

冰盖引起的流动阻力是研究河冰生消演变及其运动规律的关键问题之一。封冻阻力使河流水位壅高、过流能力降低、水位流量关系改变。本文应用 Prandtl半经验紊流理论，推导得到封冻河道水力要素间的理论关系表达式，并对冰盖影响区与床面影响区的交界位置进行了分析讨论；对由流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法进行了研究，并与现场实测资料进行了验证。     

Effects of hydropeaking operations on the growth of Alabama bass Micropterus henshalli and redeye bass Micropterus coosae in the Tallapoosa River,Alabama, USA

Anthropogenic factors such as dam construction and hydropower generation can dramatically alter the flow regime of rivers and may impact growth of aquatic organisms. Using incremental growth techniques, annual growth of Alabama bass Micropterus henshalli and redeye bass M. coosae in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, USA, was evaluated in response to variation in flow regime. Fish were collected from the Tallapoosa River above Harris Dam (unregulated site) and at two sites downstream of the dam (regulated sites), as well as Hillabee Creek (unregulated tributary). Flow variables were calculated for each growth year, and the best model that described growth for each species at each location was determined using Akaike's Information Criterion. Additionally, growth increments of each species at ages 1, 2, and 3 were compared between years characterized by low and high flow variability. Age was the best explanatory variable that described growth in all models, although flow variables were included in more than half the models. In all cases, annual and seasonal flow variables had low predictive power and explained <2% of the variation in growth. Growth was higher for age‐1 fish in years with less flow variation but was similar among years for age‐2 and age‐3 fish. Overall, this study provided little evidence that annual growth of either species was heavily influenced by flow in this regulated river.     

Evaluating the risk of fish stranding due to hydropeaking in a large continental river

With the continuous development of hydropower on a global scale, stranding of freshwater fishes is of growing concern, and an understanding of the mechanisms and variables affecting fish stranding in hydropeaking rivers is urgently needed. In particular, a methodology is required to identify the magnitude and timing at which fish stranding occurs in relation to environmental conditions. Here, we studied fish stranding in three reaches downstream of a hydropeaking generation station in the Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada, using an innovative remote photography approach with 45 trail cameras and traditional transect monitoring, conducting 323 transects. We observed that juvenile sport and commercial fish species are stranding at a higher proportion than small bodied fish species. The remote photography approach provided more precise fish stranding timing and associated the environmental and physical conditions with a given stranding event, but captured fewer fish and only rarely allowed species identification. The comparison of the two methodologies resulted in similar stranded fish densities, but the remote photography allowed for continuous observations whereas the transect monitoring was limited by the observer availability in the field. Remote photography allowed for additional information on the scavenging of stranded fish, with scavenging occurring on average within 240 minutes of the fish being stranded. The probability of fish stranding increased significantly with increasing water temperature and substrate particle size resulted in greater stranding on finer substrates. Our findings have important implications for hydroelectric flow management by introducing an innovative, standardized method to study the effects of hydropeaking events on fish stranding that can be applied to increase our understanding of the impacts of hydropeaking on fish communities.     

管道泄漏检测的水力瞬变全频域数学模型

输水管道泄漏孔的存在及其位置直接影响着系统压力波形的畸变和衰减特性,通过分析有、无泄漏时任意位置处的压头频域特性可使泄漏检测成为可能.在考虑非恒定摩阻影响的基础上,提出基于水力瞬变全频域数学模型的泄漏检测反问题分析方法.用拉氏频域变换处理边界条件和实测数据,并将遗传算法用于频域反问题模型的求解,在寻优速度上比传统的瞬变时域分析的方法有了较大的改善.算例表明基于水力瞬变全频域数学模型分析的管道泄漏检测是一种有效的新方法.     

长江黄陵庙至南津关河段河势分析

随着通航、调度及生态方面需求的提高,对葛洲坝和三峡大坝两坝间河段进行新一轮治理已迫在眉睫。根据葛洲坝工程运行以来的实测资料,对该河段30余年来的河势变化进行了分析。分析表明:葛洲坝工程运行后至1983年,两坝间河段明显淤积,其后至1998年,淤积进程趋缓;1998年以后有一定的冲刷,尤其在2003年三峡工程运行以来,两坝间河段处于累积性的冲刷状态,冲刷部位主要以深槽为主,冲刷深度较大的河段主要发生在乐天溪深槽段和南津关深槽段,河段中部较为稳定;2008年后,冲刷幅度变小,个别年份甚至有回淤。30年来,河段先淤后冲,渐趋平衡,河势较为稳定;三峡工程运行后,两坝间冲淤与三峡工程下泄沙量关系并不明显,而受汛期来水影响较大,考虑到三峡水库仍将持续进行试验性蓄水,逐渐进入正常运行期,其中小洪水调度及汛期滞洪作用都将增强,洪水流量过程的调平在所难免,因此两坝间冲刷将不易发生,小幅淤积极为可能,总的河势及深槽大小、位置将相对稳定。     

有植被河道的水力特性研究

利用三维超声波多普勒流速仪(ADV)量测有植被时水槽不同测点位置的瞬时流场。分析了测点位置和水深与植被高度比对时均流速分布的影响。试验结果表明植被层上下水流结构复杂,柔性植被的存在使垂线流速降低,所测得的流速分布在植被层顶部附近呈现“<”形状,在植被区域内部流速分布近似为“3”形。分析了植被区水流紊动强度和雷诺应力的垂线分布情况。水流紊动强度和雷诺应力在植被区域的上层相对较大,说明在该处发生着剧烈的质量和动量交换以及很强的剪切作用。     

浔江平南城区河段防洪设计洪水分析

通过对历史洪水调查和文献资料考证，推算平南水位站年最大流量系列，分析计算防洪设计洪水及对成果合理性论证，为平南县城区防洪工程设计提供依据。     

三峡工程明渠截流水力学试验研究

结合近年来对三期明渠截流的试验研究成果，分析讨论了三期明渠截流 分流条件与落差，截流方案的选择，加糙拦石坎作用，提前截流和降低截流难度等有关的水力学问题。同时对拟采用截流方案三期截流水力学 条件和可行性提出了相应的意见。