Studies on the Reduction of Coefficient of Variation: A Case Study

In a spinning mill, yarn is the final product. Linear density expressed in terms of count is one of the important characteristics of yarn. Because variability of textile strands increases as the linear density increases, the variability in the count is often measured in terms of coefficient of variation (CV)%. The yarn with a high CV% of count leads to a higher end breakage rate during the spinning and subsequent weaving/knitting operations, and consequently, results in lesser productivity and poorer appearance quality of the woven/knitted fabric. When this woven/knitted fabric is dyed, uneven shades are generated. Because the production of yarn involves processing of raw cotton in multimachines at multistages, possible sources that lead to a high CV% of count are many. Enrick's (1960) analysis procedure, which is based on the modification of the range method for analysis of variance, is used conventionally for detecting the stages where excessive “between-machine” differences are present. When the CV% of count is inflated due to the generation of systematic variation in any machine or introduction of high variability by any machine, this inflation remains undetected when using Enrick's procedure. The case study presented here demonstrates that a step-by-step analysis of linear densities of different stage-outputs starting from yarn to card sliver, using appropriate nested design models along with Duncan's multiple range test, is very useful in detecting all possible sources of a high CV% of count of yarn.     

田口法研究3Y-TZP/TiN导电陶瓷材料最佳化制程

实验用田口法研究了添加30wt%氮化钛的钇稳定氧化锆基陶瓷材料(3Y-TZP/TiN)制造工艺. 选择烧结方式、TiN粉末振荡时间、第一阶段保温时间及第二阶段烧结温度四个工艺参数作为控制因子, 设计L₉正交表进行实验规划. 烧结后, 检测试片断裂韧性、抗弯强度、硬度、相对密度及电阻值. 最后通过变异数分析找出最佳参数, 再进行实验验证. 本研究得到的最佳化烧结工艺为: TiN粉末振动8 h, 采用两步烧结法, 第一阶段烧结温度1450℃, 不保温, 第二阶段烧结温度1150℃, 保温20 h. 结果显示, 采用该工艺得到了抗弯强度平均值为736.75 MPa、断裂韧性为7.545 MPa·m^1/2的氧化锆基导电陶瓷材料. 研究发现, 第一阶段保温时间对断裂韧性的影响程度最大, 其次依次为烧结方式、TiN粒径大小及第二阶段保温温度. 断裂韧性的微结构影响因子为四方相与单斜相数量的比值, 当此值达到最高时, 断裂韧性也达到最高值为9.275 MPa·m^1/2. 另外, 添加30wt% TiN的氧化锆电阻率平均值为3.26 m?·cm, 可以进行电火花加工.     

天然纤维表面化学处理性能研究

针对天然纤维强化复合材料中纤维与基体相容性差和纤维的高吸湿性导致复合材料吸水率高的问题,以大麻、苎麻和黄麻3种麻为原料,采用苯甲酰氯、亚氯酸钠、氢氧化钠和丙烯酸对麻进行表面处理,来考察不同麻种类和不同化学处理方式对麻纤维拉伸强度和吸湿度的影响。研究表明,处理方式和麻种类均对纤维拉伸强度和吸湿度有显著的影响,其中丙烯酸处理的大麻纤维影响最显著;纤维经处理后表面变粗糙,表面积增大。     

面向半导体制造业的统计过程分析与控制

传统的统计过程控制方法不能完全适应半导体制造业生产形式需要。本文在分析半导体光电封装制造模式的特点和实施过程控制所面临的问题的基础上,提出一种基于聚类分析的统计质量控制方法。通过实证分析,证实了该方法的可操作性并取得了良好的实际效果。     

基于广义置信区间的测量系统能力比较

研究了测量系统分析中对测量同一产品质量特性的两个测量系统能力的比较方法。基于广义推断法,提出了一种比较两个测量系统能力的方法。通过重复性与再现性（R&R）试验研究,利用广义推断法对两个测量系统能力的比较指数建立相应的广义置信区间,并进行计算机仿真。结果表明,基于广义置信区间的方法,可以有效地比较两个测量系统的能力。     

Querschnittseinfluss beim Zugversuch von siliziertem kohlenstoffkurzfaserverstärktem Kohlenstoff (C/C‐SiC)

On the influence of cross section in tensile tests of siliconized short carbon fibre reinforced carbon (C/C‐SiC) This study deals with the mechanical testing of a carbon short fibre reinforced ceramic. For this material group, which has already been successfully used in several applications, no valid testing specifications are existing at present. This is one of the reasons why manufacturers and research institutes often make use of test standards for monolithic or composite materials. In these tests, sample cross sections and testing volumes are choosen freely or on the basis of a standard and are accordingly adapted by an appropriate factor. This approach can lead to misinterpretations. Because of the broad variety in the different kinds of fibre reinforced ceramics, this study examines the influence of cross sections in tensile tests in an examplary study on a siliconized short carbon fibre reinforced carbon of the Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik GmbH labeled FU2952/1P77. In order to verify the test results, the fracture surfaces will be examined by means of incident light photography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

基于短切碳纤维表面均匀包覆Cu层工艺的C_f/Cu复合材料制备与表征

为制备能够在Cu基体中分散均匀的大体积分数的短碳纤维(C_f)/Cu复合材料,采用电化学法在C_f表面进行了镀Cu处理,用平行Cu片做阴极代替长碳纤维束,得到镀层均匀光洁的镀Cu短C_f。在此基础上,将2V,30min条件下的C_f/Cu复合丝直接采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备了46vol%C_f/Cu复合材料(试样1),又用Cu粉与未包覆的C_f直接混合再烧结制备了另一种46vol%C_f/Cu复合材料(试样2)。利用XRD和SEM分别研究了C_f/Cu复合丝和C_f/Cu复合材料的物相成分、表面及断口形貌,对C_f原丝、C_f/Cu复合丝以及用2种方式制备的C_f/Cu复合材料进行了力学性能研究。结果表明:C_f/Cu复合丝拉伸载荷-位移曲线上出现了较大幅度的波动,这与其表面镀Cu层受力时发生不连续断裂有关。试样1组织的均匀性及力学性能均优于试样2。与Cu相比,用2种不同方法制备的C_f/Cu复合材料的抗拉强度低于Cu,但屈服强度比Cu高。     

Mechanical behaviour of graphene and carbon fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid nanocomposites for orthotic callipers

ABSTRACT

The current analysis examines the efficiency of a composite with polymer matrix reinforced with carbon fibre and graphene at the micro and nano level respectively as an alternative material for aluminium components of Orthotic callipers. An attempt has been made to use both the carbon fibre and graphene as hybrid reinforcement with the matrix as epoxy resin. The addition of graphene and carbon fibre was 2% and 10% respectively by weight of epoxy. Dispersion of graphene was carried out using an ultrasonic sonicator and carbon fibres were a reinforced using hand lay-up technique. The total fabrication was carried out under vacuum to ensure void-free test samples. The samples were tested under tension and 3 Point Bending condition to estimate the Tensile and Flexural properties, under permissible load and deflection criteria. The results found were then compared with presently used material for orthotic callipers extensively used by amputees suffering from the locomotive, gait issues, and polio-affected survivors. The proposed composite showed higher strength, lower deformation and higher stiffness with a lower weight-to-volume ratio as compared to presently used material, i.e. aluminium.     

微机模拟研究金属基复合材料拉伸断裂行为与纤维强度分布的关系

纤维强度分布的变动系数CV与金属基复合材料制造工艺、纤维及界面特性等直接相关。本文用微计算机模拟法研究了CV对长纤维增强金属基复合材料拉伸断裂行为的影响,针对某—B/A1复合材料所作模拟结果指出,当其他条件相同,CV≤5％时,材料断裂形式为非累积型;当CV≤15％时,断裂形式为累积型;而当CV值处于5％与15％之间时,表现为两种断裂的混合形式。纤维所能承受的平均应力值随着CV增大而单调减小。     

试样厚度对碳纤维复合材料拉伸力学性能的影响

本文对两种不同厚度的碳纤维复合材料进行了力学性能试验,并对其断裂过程及性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:厚度为1.40 mm的碳纤维复合材料比厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料力学性能优越,其断裂后的纤维股比较细,纤维股完全发生断裂,贡献出其所有的应力;而厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料断裂后的纤维股都比较粗,纤维辅层之间未能完全发挥到其极限应力。厚度为1.40 mm的碳纤维复合材料比厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料的抗拉强度平均提高了65%;弹性模量提高了8.8%;延伸率提高了0.5%。     

Precedence constrained TSP arising in printed circuit board assembly

Component placement sequencing is a challenging problem that arises in automated assembly of printed circuit boards. While for some placement machines all placement sequences are acceptable, in other cases some sequences are not allowed because of the shape of the placement head. In such cases, while the head moves down to perform a placement, it might damage a previously placed component, and the problem of determining a minimum cost and at the same time acceptable sequence leads to a Precedence Constrained Travelling Salesman Problem formulation. In this study, a solution procedure to such a formulation is developed and its implementation in a real PCB assembly environment is discussed.