基于反应谱法的胶凝砂砾石坝地震反应有限元分析

为了评价云南省内某胶凝砂砾石坝的抗震安全性，采用反应谱法对大坝开展地震动力反应计算，获得大坝动位移、加速度和动应力分布规律。计算表明：大坝在Ⅷ度地震作用下，动位移和加速度反应分布符合一般规律，其中三向动位移极值分别为0.41 cm、0.15 cm和0.14 cm,三向加速度极值分别为9.18 m/s²、6.02 m/s²和4.47 m/s²。静动叠加后，大坝顺河向、竖向和坝轴向拉应力极值分别为0.75 MPa、2.00 MPa和0.58 MPa,顺河向、竖向和坝轴向压应力极值分别为-2.53 MPa、-1.65 MPa和-2.79 MPa,拉应力和压应力极值均小于相应筑坝材料的抗拉和抗压强度。总体上，大坝地震反应规律性好，抗震安全高，地震作用下坝体不会出现动力破坏问题。     

考虑坝料振动硬化特性的高面板堆石坝地震反应研究

阿尔塔什面板坝最大坝高164.8 m,覆盖层深度94 m,大坝抗震按9度设防。坝基覆盖层与坝体总高度达258 m,按变形控制而言,为强震区300 m级超高面板堆石坝。根据坝料室内试验资料,考虑坝料振动过程中的硬化特性,对大坝和坝基组成的系统进行了整体三维有限元计算,通过分析坝体以及坝基防渗墙的地震加速度反应、动应力反应,分析了大坝震后永久变形以及面板与防渗墙连接部位的变形。结果表明:堆石体、面板及防渗墙最大加速度反应为9.8 m/s2,放大倍数在2.7～3.6倍之间,堆石体动剪应力不大于400 kPa,地震反应在容许范围内;大坝震后表现为体积震缩特性,最大震陷110 cm,占坝体与坝基可压缩层总高度的0.4%;大坝地震反应分布规律合理,坝体抗震安全性满足规范要求。研究成果可作为大坝抗震设计优化的依据。     

某上游式尾矿坝抗震有限元分析

为了分析某上游式尾矿坝的抗震安全性,采用等价黏弹性理论、Seed液化理论和Newmark滑动变形理论,对尾矿坝的地震动位移、加速度、液化区域、坝坡抗震稳定性及地震永久变形进行计算分析。结果表明：尾矿坝在Ⅶ度设防地震作用下,坝体动位移和加速度分布规律合理,其中水平向和竖向动位移极值分别为6.39和0.72 cm,水平向和竖向动加速度极值分别为4.06和2.64 m/s²;地震液化区域出现在尾水覆盖的滩面浅表层,未影响到整个坝体;地震时坝坡抗滑稳定安全系数最小值为1.09,地震结束后累计永久变形为11.95 cm。除远离坝坡的浅表层坝体出现小范围液化区外,大坝整体抗震安全性能较好,不会出现重大安全问题。     

紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震损特性分析

紫坪铺面板坝经受了超设计标准的地震考验,经震后及时修复,目前其监测仪器运行正常,完好率达83%。震后大坝坝顶一次产生了81cm的明显震陷和超过30cm的水平位移,目前坝体变形已趋于稳定,但面板脱空及施工缝错抬现象明显。紫坪铺大坝具有较强的抗震能力,地震后坝体总体稳定,且堆石密度提高,有利于震后永久变形的减小。     

某高面板堆石坝地震反应特性分析

针对高面板堆石坝的结构特性,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对大坝的地震反应特性及抗震安全性进行计算分析。动力计算中坝体材料及覆盖层按照等效线性黏弹性模型考虑围压效应进行模拟,混凝土面板动力计算分析采用线性弹性模型,并依据考虑围压效应的残余体应变及残余轴应变的动应力-残余应变模型对某高面板堆石坝进行坝体地震工况下永久变形计算。计算结果显示:顺河向最大永久变形为15cm,竖直向最大永久变形为49cm,均发生坝顶位置,地震引起的竖向变形为坝高的0.4%;三维动力参数敏感性分析表明,堆石体的水平绝对加速度反应极值为9m/s~2,最大放大系数为4.2,堆石体、面板最大地震反应位于坝顶局部位置,存在明显的鞭稍效应,但坝体地震反应的分布规律一致,坝体及面板抗震安全性较好。     

胶凝砂砾石坝坝体和井廊系统的静动力安全性研究

采用三维有限元法，对某胶凝砂砾石坝开展静、动力结构计算，重点分析了坝体和井廊系统的动位移、加速度和动应力分布规律。结果表明：坝体动位移、加速度和动应力反应分布符合一般规律，其中顺河向、竖向和坝轴向动位移极值分别为0.29 cm、0.13 cm和0.08 cm,顺河向、竖向和坝轴向加速度极值分别为5.88 m/s²、4.53 m/s²和2.71 m/s²,静动叠加后的坝体第一主应力最大值为1.20 MPa,第三主应力最小值为-1.78 MPa,均小于相应材料的抗拉和抗压强度，因此大坝满足强度要求。静力条件下，井廊道系统的拉应力和压应力极值均小于相应的规范允许值；地震作用下，竖井和廊道局部区域出现较大的拉、压应力，其中瞬时动拉应力超过混凝土的动抗拉强度，通过加强井廊系统的局部配筋，总体上能够满足安全运行的要求。     

珊溪水库面板堆石坝地震动力响应分析

采用三维非线性动力有限元分析方法,对珊溪水库大坝在设计地震作用下进行地震响应分析,研究面板和坝体动位移反应、加速度反应和动应力等,并对坝基覆盖层的地震液化可能性进行分析。研究结果表明,在地震烈度为7度时,珊溪水库大坝震陷率较小,坝基不会发生地震液化。     

基于三维动力有限元分析大坝安全性态

地震作用下水库大坝的坝坡失稳、坝体填土及坝基液化是大坝安全分析的重点。通过拟静力法对大坝抗滑稳定性进行复核计算,用三维动力有限元分析坝体和覆盖层液化可能性。研究结果表明:坝体最小抗滑稳定系数均大于1.2,抗滑稳定系数符合规定要求;坝基覆盖层动孔压力和液化度极值分别为394.08 k Pa和51.8%,坝基不存在液化问题。7度地震时,面板出现最大压应力为16.56 MPa(面板中部),面板开裂可能性较小。     

深厚覆盖层面板堆石坝施工期应力变形分析

新疆阿尔塔什水利枢纽工程面板堆石坝坝高164.8 m,地基覆盖层最大厚度94 m,坝体和面板协调变形问题对大坝安全有重要影响。采用三维有限差分软件FLAC~(3D),对阿尔塔什水利枢纽工程深厚覆盖层面板堆石坝在施工期的应力变形进行了分析,结果表明:坝体最大沉降变形发生在1/3坝高位置;坝0+475剖面最大沉降量为0.55 m,覆盖层的变形量为0.32 m,覆盖层变形占坝体最大沉降变形的58%,河床深厚覆盖层产生的压缩变形对坝体的沉降变形影响较大;靠近坝轴线坝体沉降变形随填筑过程发展较快,高程1 680.0～1 736.0 m和高程1 736.0～1 752.0 m坝体填筑过程中沉降速度分别为2～3 cm/8 m和5～6 cm/8 m;数值计算结果与施工期实测沉降变形和变形特征较为吻合。后期施工和大坝运行过程中应对深厚覆盖层的变形加以关注,适当放慢施工进度,对于分期面板浇筑应适当预留一定沉降期。     

阳江沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝应力变形特性研究

为了评价阳江抽水蓄能电站下水库沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝的安全性，采用非线性有限元法对覆盖层最厚的大坝断面开展应力变形计算，详细模拟大坝的施工和蓄水过程。计算结果表明：竣工期和蓄水期坝体应力变形分布规律总体合理，竣工期坝体水平位移极值分别为-22.74 cm和26.18 cm,沉降极值为-73.80 cm,沉降率为0.91%。蓄水后，坝体水平变形变化较为明显，沉降极值稍有增加；坝体大、小主应力极值分别约为1.30 MPa和0.63 MPa,位于坝基全风化层。蓄水期，心墙挠度变化范围为73.76～77.83 cm。蓄水前后，心墙大、小主应力小幅变化，均为压应力，应力水平均较小，极值为0.68,心墙不会出现剪切破坏。总体上，大坝应力变形在正常范围内，整体安全性高，大坝断面设计合理。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。