基于冲击实验的泡沫铝-聚氨酯缓冲性能研究

目的 设计一种缓冲性能优良的缓冲结构, 并评估其填充材料的力学性能。方法 把泡沫铝原材料加工成试样尺寸, 用钻床给泡沫铝试样钻孔, 填入不同体积分数的聚氨酯。采用冲击实验的方法对泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料的力学性能进行分析。结果 在泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料试样中, 聚氨酯的体积分数为4.9%时材料韧性最好。结论 泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料结构的缓冲性能比泡沫铝单体更好,是最理想的抗高冲击、 高过载缓冲防护材料。     

泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金方管轴向压缩性能的数值模拟

泡沫铝填充薄壁结构的应用日趋广泛,研究了泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金方管准静态轴向压缩条件下的力学性能。实验选用铝合金方管作为面板,Al-Mg合金泡沫铝作为夹芯制备泡沫铝填充薄壁铝合金方管。结果表明泡沫铝层合方管与薄壁铝合金方管的变形模式相同,都为对称叠缩变形模式,而且层合方管产生的折叠数比薄壁铝合金方管多。填充泡沫铝后,层合方管承受压力的能力也大大提高。采用ABAQUS软件建立了薄壁铝合金方管的有限元模型进行数值模拟,并且与相应的实验结果作对比,结果表明数值模拟与实验结果基本吻合。     

梯形齿环状结构缓冲防护性能研究

目的在高冲击、高过载的环境下,研究高过载测试电子记录器的环阻尼缓冲防护结构的缓冲防护性能。方法从结构和材料上对高过载测试电子记录器中的环阻尼缓冲防护结构进行改进,采用具有梯形齿环状缓冲防护结构,在钢壳内侧壁和内胆盖外侧壁、内胆外侧壁之间装有泡沫铝-聚氨酯或泡沫铜-聚氨酯等复合材料,以更好地起到缓冲防护作用。接着对复合材料结构试样进行Ansys仿真实验,研究泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料结构的抗高过载、高冲击性能。结果灌封质量分数为25%的聚氨酯时的泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料结构的抗高过载性能较好,灌封质量分数为4.9%聚氨酯时的泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料结构的抗冲击性能最好。结论梯形齿环状结构较三角齿螺纹结构有更好的稳定性。     

泡沫铝夹芯板抗冲击性能分析

试验设计了3块钢板夹泡沫铝夹芯板,厚度分别为50 mm、70 mm和100 mm。对每种厚度夹芯板进行七组不同落锤高度的冲击试验,测得了上、下面板变形值,记录了夹芯板的破坏情况。应用数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA进一步还原夹芯板冲击过程,导出了面板与芯材的吸能占比。基于假设的夹芯板理论模型,给出了平均冲击荷载、局部变形和整体变形最大值的估算公式。结果表明:当夹芯板尺寸和材料强度一定时,局部变形值与落锤高度的平方根成正比,整体变形最大值、平均冲击力均与落锤高度的平方根成线性关系。夹芯板的抗冲击性能主要依靠增大泡沫铝芯层的变形进行耗能,芯层越厚,泡沫铝吸能占比越大,局部变形越小,夹芯板受到的冲击力越大。     

泡沫填充的S型褶皱复合材料夹芯板低速冲击响应特性

为了研究泡沫填充褶皱夹芯结构低速冲击响应特性与损伤机制,采用热压法制备了玻璃纤维增强S型褶皱夹芯板,并使用聚氨酯泡沫进行了填充,通过落锤试验机对夹芯板节点与基座两个位置进行了冲击试验。研究表明,冲击位置对泡沫填充褶皱夹芯板的失效模式存在影响。当冲击位置为节点时,夹芯板芯子以凸侧面曲面壁压溃断裂失效为主,泡沫的填充起到了提供力矩的作用。当冲击位置为基座时,夹芯板芯子以凹侧面曲面壁撕裂和凸侧面曲面壁压溃失效为主,夹芯板损伤沿板厚度方向扩展充分,导致冲击载荷均匀化。在相同冲击能量下,节点与基座冲击相比,夹芯板的最大载荷力提高,并且比较稳定。此外,节点载荷峰值产生的冲击位移较低于基座冲击。      

两端固支泡沫铝夹芯梁在冲击荷载作用下的动力响应

提出两端固支泡沫铝夹芯梁在跨中受到冲击荷载作用下动力响应的简化理论计算方法。运用该方法及有限元软件LS-DYNA分别计算了泡沫铝夹芯梁在冲击荷载作用下的动力响应,着重考查了面板材料及芯材厚度对泡沫铝夹芯梁跨中位移的影响情况。并通过试验测量结果对理论计算结果及数值模拟结果进行了验证。研究显示,在不同冲量作用下,泡沫铝夹芯梁跨中位移理论值与实验结果两者符合程度较好,最大误差仅为14%;HRB335级钢面板泡沫铝夹芯梁较304#不锈钢面板泡沫铝夹芯梁在相同冲量作用下具有更小的跨中位移;芯材厚度的增加对提高泡沫铝夹芯梁抵抗冲击荷载的性能也有一定的贡献,夹芯梁芯材厚度由10mm增加至20mm,其跨中位移减小了33%左右。     

轴向冲击作用下泡沫铝填充圆管吸能特性研究

基于金属圆管移动塑性铰理论,建立一种考虑偏心率效应和相互作用效应的泡沫铝填充圆管轴向冲击移动塑性铰分析模型,利用LS-DYNA软件对填充结构进行冲击仿真试验.结果表明,移动塑性铰模型和静态塑性铰模型相比,移动塑性铰模型计算的理论结果与仿真结果具有更好的一致性.泡沫铝填充圆管的平均压溃载荷与偏心率m有关,m存在最优值,冲击速度越大,m的最优值也越大.受轴向冲击载荷压溃时,泡沫铝与圆管之间存在明显的相互作用效应,在分析吸能特性时应加以考虑.     

高速冲击泡沫铝填充管的瞬态分析

泡沫铝具有减震和吸收冲击能量的良好特性。但由于泡沫铝自身强度较低,单独作为承载和吸能构件实用意义不大。将泡沫铝作为填充材料能充分发挥泡沫铝的优良性能。采用数值模拟方法研究低密度Duocel泡沫铝填充薄壁方钛管和圆钛管在30m/s的匀速冲击载荷作用下的瞬态吸能特性。提出柱壳比(R)作为比较不同截面形状的泡沫铝填充结构的依据。研究发现泡沫铝填充方钛管的比吸能为ES(F+P)A=0.438J;圆钛管的比吸能为EC(F+P)A=0.344J。泡沫铝填充方钛管的吸能效果好于圆钛管,前者是后者的1.273倍。在相互作用和影响下,泡沫铝柱和管的变形模式和力学性能都发生了较大的改变,被泡沫铝填充的方管的屈曲波长变短,圆管则与之相反。粘合后,泡沫铝柱和管具有类似的力—位移曲线和相似的力学性质。     

冲击载荷下泡沫铜-聚氨酯的缓冲性能

目的通过冲弯实验,测定泡沫铜-聚氨酯复合材料结构在动载荷作用下的缓冲吸能性能,对比研究该复合材料结构抗高冲击、高过载的性能差异。方法向泡沫铜试件中填充不同体积分数的聚氨酯,按照《金属常温冲击韧性实验法》在夏比冲击试验机上进行冲弯试验,测定试样的吸收功值,从而对比探究该种复合材料的力学性能。结果聚氨酯在试样中所占体积分数为50%时其能量均值相对最大,此时材料韧性较好,且材料抵抗冲击载荷能力较强。结论将聚氨酯填充到开孔泡沫铜材料中可构成一种性能优良的抗冲击吸能结构,其性能优于泡沫铜和聚氨酯单体,在抗高冲击、高过载的军工产业和民用产业中具有广阔的应用前景。     

泡沫铝夹层结构复合材料低速冲击性能

以泡沫铝为夹芯材料,玄武岩纤维(BF)和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)复合材料为面板,制备夹层结构复合材料。研究纤维类型、铺层结构和芯材厚度对泡沫铝夹层结构复合材料冲击性能和损伤模式的影响规律,并与铝蜂窝夹层结构复合材料性能进行对比分析。结果表明:BF/泡沫铝夹层结构比UHMWPE/泡沫铝夹层结构具有更大的冲击破坏载荷,但冲击位移和吸收能量较小。BF和UHMWPE两种纤维的分层混杂设计比叠加混杂具有更高的冲击破坏载荷和吸收能量。随着泡沫铝厚度的增加,夹层结构复合材料的冲击破坏载荷降低,破坏吸收能量增大。泡沫铝夹层结构比铝蜂窝夹层结构具有更高的冲击破坏载荷,但冲击破坏吸收能量较小;泡沫铝芯材以冲击部位的碎裂为主要失效形式,铝蜂窝芯材整体压缩破坏明显。     

泡沫铝填充管的研究进展

泡沫铝填充管是在一个或多个不同横截面形状的薄壁金属管内填充泡沫铝而形成的一种结构功能一体化材料。泡沫铝的填充不仅提高了薄壁金属管的轴向压缩性能和抗弯曲性能,也避免了泡沫铝本身强度不高的劣势。从泡沫铝填充管的制备、结构及性能方面综述了其研究现状,从泡沫铝单管、双管与多管填充的角度分析了结构对泡沫铝填充管压缩和弯曲性能的影响。单管填充泡沫铝改变了薄壁管压缩及弯曲的失效形式,提高了薄壁管的吸能性;双管填充泡沫铝的内管多数以同心管形式排列,在管内部所填充的泡沫铝支撑的基础上,内管进一步支撑起泡沫铝填充管的承载和吸能作用,其压缩及弯曲性能较单管填充更为突出;多管填充泡沫铝在双管基础上进行拓展,可以同心或并列排布,对薄壁管性能的提升各有不同,平行排列的多管结构能量吸收效率高于泡沫铝填充单管,但低于相应的薄壁空管结构。泡沫铝填充管的制备技术通常是分别制取泡沫铝和管材再进行填充,尽管过于单一且工艺复杂,但由于其具有优异的承载和吸能能力,仍然在交通运输、航空航天等领域极具应用潜力。     

填充泡沫铝的多层铝管动态压溃吸能特性研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究和分析了无填充物的多层铝管结构的吸能特性,结果发现多层铝管相比单层铝管,不但具有较大的吸能量,而且还具有较高的比吸能率;在此基础上,设计了不同层数的多层管泡沫铝填充结构,研究发现泡沫铝不但受轴向压溃变形,同时也受到了铝管层之间的相互作用力使其在径向发生了变形;之后对多层管填充3种不同密度的泡沫铝,采用变参分析的方法研究了多层管层数和泡沫铝密度对整个结构吸能特性的影响;研究结果表明:填充泡沫铝的多层管,随着层数的增加,其比吸能率和吸能量也随之有所增加,随着泡沫铝密度的提高,比吸能率的提高量开始下降,但仍高于填充相同泡沫铝的单层管。     

Bending behavior of aluminum foam-filled double cylindrical tubes

Quasi-static experiments and numerical simulations are carried out to study three-point bending behavior of a new kind of structures, i.e., double cylindrical tubes filled with closed-cell aluminum foam. The deformation and failure mechanism of this new structure were observed and analyzed numerically using the finite element method. It is revealed that the stress distribution and fracture of the foam-filled double-tube structure are different from those of an empty tube and foam-filled single tube. Two cracks were found experimentally, and both experiments and numerical simulation show that cracks initiated in the aluminum foam. In comparison with empty and foam-filled single tubes, the load-carrying capacity of this new structure is much steadier, the bending resistance is enhanced, and the weight efficiency of energy absorption is higher. Parameters affecting the performance of the foam-filled double-tube structures are also studied.     

Experimental investigation of interaction effects in foam-filled thin-walled aluminum tubes

The interaction coefficients of polystyrene foam filling of thin-walled aluminum cylindrical tubes were investigated experimentally through compression testing of partially foam-filled tubes with and without adhesive. The experimental load-displacement curves and observation of the crushed sections of filled tubes have shown that partial foam filling reduced the fold length and hence increased the average crushing loads of tubes, proving the interaction effect between tube wall and filler. The interaction coefficients for the partial foam filling were further calculated to be in the level and/or higher than that of the foam plateau load of transverse direction.     

Experimental and numerical analyses of bending of foam-filled sections

Summary Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to study the bending crush behavior of thin-walled columns filled with closed-cell aluminum foam. A nonlinear dynamic finite element code was used to simulate quasi-static three point bending experiments. The aluminum foam filler provides a higher bending resistance by retarding inward fold formation at the compression flange Moreover, the presence of the foam filler changes the crushing mode from a single stationary fold to a multiple propagating fold. The progressive crush prevents the drop in load carrying capacity due to sectional collapse. Henceforth, the aluminum foam filling is very attractive to avoid global failure for a component which undergoes combined bending and axial crushing. This phenomenon is captured from both experiment and numerical simulation. It was found that partially foam-filled beams also still offer, high bending resistance, and the concept of the effective foam length is developed. Potential applications of foam-filled sections for crashworthy structures are suggested.     

Experimental studies on the quasi-static bending behavior of double square tubes filled with aluminum foam

Quasi-static experiments were performed on empty tubes and aluminum foam-filled single and double tubes to study the effects of different filler arrangements on their three-point bending behavior. The load-carrying capacity and energy absorption of different structures are compared. The results confirm the advantage of the foam-filled structures. In particular, the double tube structure with aluminum foam filler enhances the load-carrying capacity, crashworthiness, and total and specific energy absorptions of the structure, in comparison with the foam-filled single tube. It was also found that increasing the wall thickness of the inner tube improves the performance of the structure within the experimental range, and adhesion between foam and tube has a negative effect.     

A novel method for producing of steel tubes with Al foam core

In this study, the aluminum foam filling steel tube was produced by powder metallurgy and cold welding process. By this method, Al powder mixed with 0.6 wt.% TiH₂ powder and then pressed into the steel tube. This filled tube was treated in temperature above aluminum melting point for releasing the hydrogen gas by decomposition of TiH₂ particles for providing of foam production conditions. For the first time, the steel tube with Al foam core produced by this method, without using of binder or fitting. Main advantage of these filled tubes is high energy absorption. Energy absorption is very useful in automobile and railway industry. Lightweight is another advantage of these tubes for these applications. It is found that the Al foam filling steel tubes absorb higher energy with respect to the sum of the energy absorptions of the steel tube and aluminum foam alone.     

Dynamic bending response of double cylindrical tubes filled with aluminum foam

The dynamic three-point bending behavior of double cylindrical tubes filled with closed-cell aluminum foam core was studied experimentally and numerically. It is found that the deformation mode of this new structure under impact loading is different to that under quasi-static loading. The load carrying capacity of the structure subjected to impact remains at the level of that in the quasi-static situation. Compared with traditional foam-filled single tubes, the specific energy absorption efficiency of this new structure is much higher, and that of both foam-filled structures in the dynamic situation are higher than that in static situation. A preliminary experimental study on the effect of profiles and span of the structure were performed, and the result shows that these parameters affect the structure together. Numerical simulation of the bending behavior was also executed with the explicit finite element method. The mechanism of the dynamic response is revealed by comparison of the maximum strain history in the simulation.     

弹载加速度记录仪抗冲击防护结构设计

针对弹体侵彻混凝土环境,提出一种中薄型防护外壳嵌套内壳体,两壳体间填充泡沫铝缓冲材料的记录仪抗冲击防护结构。针对应力波作用下防护外壳的屈曲和泡沫铝缓冲性能不足导致内部电路模块冲击断裂的典型失效模式,通过对记录仪抗冲击防护结构在应力波作用下的结构响应分析,提出一套以壳体厚度h、泡沫铝密度ρ、泡沫铝厚度h_b为主要设计指标的弹载加速度记录仪抗冲击防护结构设计方法。设计出防护外壳半径为29 mm,壁厚3 mm,泡沫铝密度1.1g/cm~3,泡沫铝厚度23 mm的抗冲击防护结构,经计算该结构理论抗冲击能力为63 300 g。在实弹侵彻混凝土试验中,测得冲击加速度峰值为56 300 g,在此冲击下记录仪壳体结构稳定,内部电路工作正常,验证了此抗冲击防护结构具有较高的可靠性。     

漂珠聚氨酯复合泡沫力学特性及本构模型研究

以粉煤灰漂珠为主要组分的复合泡沫具有较高的比强度和比吸能,在轻质抗冲击结构设计和缓冲防护领域极具应用潜力。然而,漂珠尺寸和增强相等因素对材料力学性能和行为的影响机制尚不清楚,且当前研究尚未构建该类复合泡沫的力学模型,不利于开展结构设计中材料选型和数值仿真等工作。为此,该研究针对漂珠尺寸和蜂窝铝增强相对复合泡沫的力学性能和变形行为的影响规律进行系列准静态压缩实验研究,在此基础上采用Avalle理论构建该复合泡沫的力学模型。结果表明:①当相对密度小于0.29时,漂珠尺寸对复合泡沫的力学性能几乎没有影响;当相对密度大于0.29时,漂珠尺寸对复合泡沫力学性能的影响随密度的增大而增大;②对于含增强相的复合泡沫,含小尺寸漂珠的复合泡沫力学性能有明显提高,铝蜂窝的额外增强效果对包含小尺寸漂珠的复合泡沫更为明显,该增强机制主要是将材料的初始失效模式由剪切转变为轴向压溃;③使用Avalle理论构建的本构模型,其应力平台阶段和能量耗散特性的拟合与实验结果一致,可较为准确地预测该材料的基本力学性能。该研究可为粉煤灰的综合利用及其复合泡沫在轻质抗冲击结构设计中的应用提供理论参考和基本预测模型。