四角切圆煤-气混烧锅炉炉膛出口烟温偏差的控制

某石化公司热电厂四角切圆煤-气混烧锅炉在实际运行过程中,炉膛出口烟温与设计值偏差较大,导致对流受热面局部区域的管道超温爆管,原因是四角风粉不均及气体燃烧器结构、运行方式、负荷分配等不合理引起炉内火焰中心的偏斜。通过采取均衡四角风粉比例,采用多枪平流式气体燃烧器和对角投用最下层气体燃烧器,布置反切的二次风与三次风和优化最上层二次风挡板开度等措施,使炉膛出口烟温偏差控制在20℃以内,确保了锅炉的安全运行。     

卧式内燃燃油(气)锅炉炉膛出口烟温确定及影响因素探究

针对卧式内燃燃油(气)锅炉的特点对炉膛出口烟温的计算问题进行分析,结合公司产品研究了油(气)燃烧火焰的形状特性,给出系数M 的计算公式,并就炉膛出口烟温的影响因素进行探讨。     

600 MW燃用褐煤墙式切圆锅炉运行中存在的问题分析及优化措施

对某台采用四墙布置燃烧器切圆燃烧的600 MW超临界锅炉进行了优化调整试验和数值模拟,对锅炉存在的水冷壁严重结焦、超温爆管、炉膛出口速度及烟温偏差问题的原因进行了研究。结果表明：锅炉炉膛出口左、右侧存在速度与烟温偏差,燃尽风的投切对炉膛出口气流速度分布影响很大;提高一次风率对提高制粉系统出力有利,但过高的一次风率（40%以上）是导致锅炉发生水冷壁结焦和局部超温爆管的主要原因;一次风率控制在设计值36%左右,锅炉的运行状态明显改善。     

深度调峰工况下锅炉过量空气系数对炉内温度影响的分析

  [目的]  为了分析火电机组超低负荷运行工况下过量空气系数对于炉膛燃烧稳定性的影响,更好地指导机组参与调峰。  [方法]  通过深入分析锅炉运行和炉内传热机理,以炉膛出口烟温表征炉内燃烧温度,并作为燃烧稳定性的指标,在MATLAB/SIMULINK中搭建炉膛出口烟温模型。以某300 MW火力发电机组为例,首先选择几个典型工况点采用相似性求解方法计算炉膛出口烟温与锅炉厂家给出的设计数据进行比对,检验计算方法基本正确之后代入超低负荷运行参数,计算深调峰工况下不同过量空气系数对应的炉膛出口烟温。  [结果]  仿真结果表明:模型算得炉温与锅炉厂家给出的设计数据对比,计算误差小于±15 ℃,计算方法基本正确,可以将其应用于超低负荷工况计算。  [结论]  随着负荷的降低,使炉膛出口烟温达到最大值的最优过量空气系数逐渐增大。因此在超低负荷运行工况下,可在一定范围内适当增大过量空气系数以提高炉膛出口烟温,进而提高锅炉燃烧的稳定性,并且过量空气系数小于2.0时,数值越大炉膛出口烟温越高。     

燃尽风对四角切圆锅炉烟温偏差影响的数值模拟

对某电站四角切圆煤粉锅炉进行燃烧特性的数值模拟.炉膛出口存在烟温偏差,采用OFA(燃尽风)联合三次风反切的方法,减小炉膛出口烟温偏差.分析了4种不同反切角度对炉膛出口烟温偏差的影响.结果 表明:OFA和三次风在适当的角度下进行反切对主燃区的影响较小,但过度增大反切角度会使主燃区燃烧紊乱,增大炉膛出口的烟温偏差;OFA联...     

1 025 t/h锅炉再热器超温处理及可行性分析

针对某1 025 t/h锅炉再热器管壁超温、减温水量大的问题,通过现场试验、数值模拟和热力计算等方法,分析管壁超温和减温水量大的原因,提出燃烧调整和受热面改造方案。研究表明：该锅炉末级再热器出口管壁温度存在较大偏差,烟道中间及右侧部分管壁超温,原因在于炉膛出口的烟温偏差;通过将燃尽风由四角均匀配风调整为左侧风门开度50%、右侧风门开度100%,降低了炉膛出口左右两侧的烟温偏差,进而减小了再热器出口的壁温偏差;针对锅炉再热器、过热器减温水量大的问题,进行二次风优化调整,当二次风正塔配风时炉膛出口温度比二次风均等配风和束腰配风时有所降低,有利于降低减温水量;该炉二次风配风优化难以从根本上解决减温水量大的问题,为此提出减少再热器、过热器受热面及增加省煤器受热面的改造方案,使减温水量在不同负荷下均能满足锅炉运行要求。     

电站锅炉炉膛出口烟温算法改进与实现

电站锅炉炉膛出口烟温的计算是热力计算中的一个重要的环节，目前国内有些电站锅炉的实际出口烟温与原设计值的偏差很大，直接影响到锅炉的安全经济运行。文章结合实际的科研课题，对电站锅炉膛出口烟温计算方法进行了一些相应的算法改进。经过实际运行检验，结果表明，改进后的方法与实际的情况更吻合。同时也为电站锅炉的技术改造提供了有力依据。     

超临界压力W火焰锅炉运行方式对炉内热负荷影响的试验研究

对某600 MW超临界压力W火焰锅炉炉膛水冷壁壁温进行了测量,获得了炉膛水冷壁热负荷分布,调整锅炉运行方式(如磨煤机投运方式、前后墙的总风门挡板开度、煤粉细度和三次风风门挡板开度等),测量并计算炉内热负荷.结果表明:煤粉细度对炉内热负荷几乎没有影响;前后墙总风门挡板开度会影响炉内火焰行程,应该采用"前墙压后墙"的运行方式;三次风风门挡板开度变化会改变上、下炉膛热负荷的分布;不投运的磨煤机所对应区域的热负荷明显下降.     

切向燃烧摆动喷口附加进风诊断模型

利用二次风挡板和炉膛阻力特性的冷态测试结果,并根据实际运行时锅炉风箱与炉膛出口之间的差压、二次风挡板开度和风粉质量流量等参数,得到风箱与炉膛出口差压对烟风质量流量的跟随特性,采用多个负荷工况的测试数据,以炉膛出口过量空气系数计算值和测量值的偏差平方和最小为原则,建立了切向燃烧摆动喷口附加进风质量流量运行评估模型.在1台实际运行锅炉上的应用表明:利用该评估模型所得计算结果与设计数据相当,炉膛出口过量空气系数的计算结果与实测值吻合;该评估模型可用于燃烧器喷口状态诊断.     

600MW亚临界锅炉低氮改造后汽温特性研究

以某台600MW亚临界锅炉为例,分析了低氮改造对其汽温静态特性和动态特性的影响.结果表明:低氮改造后炉内温度场、受热面结渣情况和锅炉运行模式均发生较大变化,对锅炉汽温特性产生较大影响;高负荷时锅炉汽温主要受分级燃烧导致的炉膛出口烟气温度上升和受热面结渣改善导致的炉膛出口烟气温度下降的综合影响;低负荷时锅炉汽温主要受分级燃烧导致的炉膛火焰中心高度降低和炉膛出口氧量的影响;快速降负荷过程中,炉膛火焰中心高度降低与汽轮机高压缸排汽温度下降对再热汽温的叠加影响是导致再热汽温易超跌的主要原因.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996