快速铸造收缩-扩张形气膜孔空心涡轮叶片

本文将光固化成形技术和凝胶注模成形技术集成在一起,间接自由成形了带有收缩-扩张形气膜孔空心涡轮叶片整体式陶瓷铸型.通过建立收缩-扩张形气膜孔型芯干燥收缩受阻模型,推导了临界干燥收缩率计算公式,实验研究了凝胶注模成型坯体冻干特性.结果表明:冻干收缩率随着失水程度增加而增大,在失去约50%水分之后,干燥收缩停止;预冻温度越...     

钛铝低压涡轮叶片熔模铸造精确成形及冶金缺陷分析

目的 研究不同浇冒口设置对TiAl低压涡轮叶片的成形的影响及叶片冶金缺陷形成的原因。方法 采用熔模精铸方法,通过设计顶注式重力铸造浇注系统,采用冷坩埚感应熔炼炉进行TiAl叶片浇注实验,采用目视和X射线检验方法分析叶片铸件表面及内部缺陷,并结合金属凝固理论分析缺陷形成原因。结果 合理的浇口和排气孔设置有效避免了因熔体流动性差造成的叶片充型不完整,以及凝固收缩导致的应力开裂等问题,浇注出成形完整的铸造叶片;叶冠与叶身端部转角部位充型凝固过程中形成热节,容易出现贯穿性疏松缺陷;树脂基熔模焙烧后残留的碳黑在熔体充型凝固过程中,与面层中的ZrO2反应生产CO,导致叶身出现聚集性皮下气孔;由于凝固收缩引起叶身与铸型分离,降低横向散热能力,导致叶盆部位出现表面疏松。结论 通过浇注合理的浇注系统设置可实现TiAl叶片完整充型,疏松缺陷控制为进一步提高叶片质量的关键。     

第二代单晶高温合金空心涡轮叶片凝固过程数值模拟研究

为优化单晶空心涡轮叶片制造工艺及降低制造成本 ,采用 90年代ProCAST大型软件包对单晶空心涡轮叶片的凝固过程进行数值模拟 .建立了空心叶片模拟系统的实体模型 ,对其进行四面体网格剖分 ;计算并测试了单晶高温合金空心叶片定向凝固过程温度场 ,进行了单晶空心叶片定向凝固过程工艺优化 .结果表明 :计算结果和测试结果吻合良好 ,在大于 1 2 0 0℃时误差小于 2 % ;通过分析单晶高温合金空心涡轮叶片的凝固过程 ,对单晶空心叶片定向凝固过程工艺优化 ,获得良好的效果 .     

先进高强钢DP1000地板中央通道的成形回弹及补偿研究

高强度钢板因具有较高的强度而易产生严重的回弹缺陷,已成为其应用的最主要瓶颈.为此,本文以某车型地板中央通道零件为载体,针对其几何型面复杂、材料变形程度大的特点,研究先进高强度钢板DP1000的冲压成形回弹及补偿特性.通过对该零件的冲压成形工艺方案进行优化设计和全工序回弹数值模拟,并结合零件的几何特征和变形模式,对各成形工序的回弹进行精确预测.基于预测结果对模具型面采用折入处理的方式进行全工序几何补偿,实现回弹补偿的自工序完结.最后以补偿后的型面进行冲压实验,并对零件的型面尺寸进行检测分析.结果表明,全工序回弹数值模拟和型面几何补偿是解决复杂零件多工序冲压成形回弹问题的最有效方法.通过两次回弹补偿后,该零件的回弹得到完全控制,尺寸精度达到要求且成形质量良好.     

航空发动机燃烧室帽罩变压边热成形技术

目的 提出帽罩零件真空环境变压边热成形新技术,解决航空发动机燃烧室帽罩零件冷成形回弹大、精度低、内部应力大,以及热成形壁厚不均、氧化严重等问题。方法 利用有限元仿真和工艺试验相结合的方法,选用GH3625高温合金板材研究变压边热成形过程中压边力加载路径对帽罩成形质量的影响,分析热成形模具热膨胀与回弹变形对帽罩尺寸精度的影响,建立考虑热成形、变压边力加载及模具补偿的成形方案。结果 在900 ℃条件下,帽罩热成形力相比室温下降低约70%,内外径回弹量分别降低约67%和59%。基于几何特征优化的压边力加载路径有助于减小零件型面的回弹。结合回弹变形和热膨胀变形补偿,确定模具总补偿量为内径?0.49 mm,外径?0.62 mm。工艺试验结果表明,采用模拟所确立的成形方案成形的帽罩质量较好,尺寸精度达到IT9级,型面精度在0.2 mm以内,切边后回弹量为0.1 mm,与有限元仿真结果吻合较好。结论 建立的有限元模型和变形补偿方案可以有效地优化帽罩的工艺成形过程,所提出的变压边热成形技术能够显著降低高温合金变形抗力和回弹,可以解决高精度帽罩零件成形制造难题。     

薄壁陶瓷型铸造工艺的研究与应用

薄壁陶瓷型铸造工艺是将陶瓷型厚度控毛制在2～3mm,并采用金属国外衬套,辅以喷雾冷却等措施.大大提高了铸件凝固时的冷却速度.有效地减少脱碳层,同时细化晶粒,提高了铸件的使用寿食.由于陶瓷型厚度的减薄.大大减少了铸型的脱液收缩及由此而引起的铸型变形和型裂.提高了铸件的精度.应用此工艺成功地试制了汽车万向节热锻模及自行车曲柄辊锻模,工艺简单,成本低,创作周期短.模具使用寿命长.     

基于偏差调节法的蠕变时效成形回弹补偿研究

为解决蠕变时效成形后板料回弹较大的问题,基于偏差调节法,在不同补偿方向建立了考虑水平方向偏差的模具型面修正方案.利用ABAQUS软件建立了板料成形的有限元模型并对成形过程进行了模拟,并分别用偏差调节法和改进后的方法通过反复迭代对构件进行回弹补偿.结果表明,使用偏差调节法至少需要5次迭代才能使构件满足成形精度要求,而考虑水平偏差的方法仅需要3次,而且获得的构件的精度更高.研究表明考虑水平偏差的方法具有收敛速度快、成形精度高的特点.     

数字摄影测量技术在抛物面天线型面精度、重力变形测试中的应用

对大口径抛物面天线而言,自重较大,型面精度会随天线俯仰角度的变化而变化,数字摄影测量技术可以量出天线任意姿态下型面精度,计算天线反射体重力变形数值,根据测量数据进行精度及重力预变形调整。66米口径天线实际应用中,型面调整精度0.25mm。测试结果表明数字摄影测量技术可用于天线重力变形测试和形面精度在位测量、调整。     

薄壁塑件的翘曲数值分析及模具补偿

目的解决薄壁塑件在注塑成形过程中出现的翘曲问题。方法采用moldflow软件对产品注塑成形过程进行了数值模拟分析,确定了补偿量,运用补偿法对模具进行了修正,补偿变形量。结果经过对模具的适当修正,薄壁塑件的翘曲量由原先的0.89 mm减少到0.29 mm,装配精度得到了很大改善。结论运用补偿法对塑件进行模具设计,使薄壁塑件的翘曲变形量大幅减少,尺寸精度满足使用要求,为生产实践提供了可靠依据。     

氧化锆陶瓷扫描光固化成形与脱脂烧结工艺研究

氧化锆陶瓷具有良好的力学性能、生物相容性以及耐腐蚀性, 在牙科修复领域得到了广泛应用。目前的氧化锆陶瓷光固化成形技术存在成形精度低, 烧结效率低, 收缩率高以及收缩各向异性明显等缺点。为解决以上问题, 本工作利用不同官能度单体配置了混杂体系树脂, 并利用混杂体系树脂配置了体积分数55%固相含量的陶瓷浆料, 离散了有机物热解区间, 有效避免素坯开裂, 提高脱脂效率。研究了激光功率和扫描速度对固化单元形状的影响, 并在兼顾成形精度和效率的前提下, 选择的最佳激光功率和扫描速度分别为670 mW和2500 mm/s。分别研究了扫描间距和线宽补偿对平面成形精度的影响以及分层厚度对堆积方向成形精度的影响, 选择的最佳扫描间距、线宽补偿和分层厚度分别为0.08、0.10和0.03 mm。在氮气气氛下对素坯进行脱脂, 降低了有机物热解速度, 进一步避免素坯开裂, 提高脱脂效率。脱脂件烧结后的平面收缩率为(18.26±0.10)%, 堆积方向收缩率为(19.20±0.13)%, 在收缩率降低的同时, 收缩各向异性也明显得到控制, 为其在牙科修复领域的应用奠定了基础。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...